Obesity is a chronic medical condition caused by excess body fat accumulated to some extent that impacts personal health. The hallmark of obesity is attenuated metabolism and structural cell changes in the obese fat observed by reducing metabolic activity.
According to the statistics provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (2015-2016), in the US, approximately 39.8% of adults aged 20 and over were obese accompanied by another 31.8% overweight.
Visceral fat is a layer of fat that surrounds the organs. Overexpression of visceral fat has been found to promote insulin resistance, diabetes, heart disease, and inflammation.
In obese, accumulation of visceral fat is predominant in the intra-abdominal cavity.
According to the BMI index, a person is considered overweight, if he/she has a BMI between 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. A BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more is an indication of obesity.
In other words, obesity is a progressive chronic disease characterized by abnormal fat accumulation in the body tissues that may impair health.
Similar to other chronic medical conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or high blood pressure, obesity has recently become a serious health problem in the US as nearly 35% of Americans are obese accompanied by a similar percentage of overweight adults.
Obesity and overweight in the U.S. economy have eclipsed $1.7 trillion, equivalent to 9.3 percent of the nation's gross domestic product, according to a new overweight report on chronic diseases.
Dr. Maximilian Tremmel, the lead scientist in a systematic literature review of the economic burden of obesity, wrote, "Almost half of the world’s adult population will be overweight or obese by 2030 if the prevalence continues on the current trend [6] and consequently also the costs attributable to obesity will increase"
And, "A useful example of rapidly rising costs attributable to obesity from these selected studies are the two mentioned studies from Germany [44,46]. The results of the two papers together show that total societal costs in Germany due to obesity have increased from €9.8 million to €12.2 million between 2002 and 2008. Therefore, public health interventions should focus on the prevention of obesity as soon as possible, ideally at a young age".
Description
Cynometra cauliflora is a species of the genus Cynometra, native to Malaysia, and found mainly in northern Peninsular Malaysia.
In finding a potential phytochemical for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, researchers examined the anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects of ethanolic extract of C. cauliflora leaves and its major compound (vitexin) in C57BL/6 obese mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD).
The study included male C57BL/6 mice induced obesity by feeding with HFD (60% fat) for 16 weeks followed by the treatment that starts during the last 8 weeks of HFD feeding with C. cauliflora leaf extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, orlistat (10 mg/kg) and vitexin (10 mg/kg).
According to the chemical analysis,
* The oral administration of C. cauliflora (400 and 200 mg/kg) and vitexin significantly reduced body weight, adipose tissue and liver weight, and lipid accumulation in the liver compared to the control HFD group.
* Both doses of C. cauliflora also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased serum triglyceride, LDL, lipase, IL-6, peptide YY, resistin levels, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia compared to the control HFD group.
* C. cauliflora significantly up-regulated the expression of adiponectin, Glut4, Mtor, IRS-1, and InsR genes associated with sustaining weight loss and significantly decreased the expression of Lepr in white adipose tissue involved in stimulating weight gain.
Based on the findings, researchers said, "This study shows interesting outcomes of C. cauliflora against HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities".
Taken altogether, beta-sitosterol may be considered a supplement for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infectious diseases, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of beta-sitosterol in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Cynometra cauliflora Linn. Attenuates metabolic abnormalities in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by Seyedan A1, Mohamed Z2, Alshagga MA3, Koosha S4, Alshawsh MA. (PubMed)
(2) Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review by Maximilian Tremmel,1,* Ulf-G. Gerdtham,2,3,4 Peter M. Nilsson,5 and Sanjib Saha. (PMC)
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