Kyle J. Norton
According to the statistic, in 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in the U.S. and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during the lifetime of a woman is 1/8.
Most cases of breast cancer begin in the cells on the surface of inner lining tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk.
At the early stage, breast cancer is a painless lump in the breast or armpit. However, at the later stage, most women with breast cancer may experience symptoms of nipple discharge (clear or bloody)
inverted or retracted nipple, scaly or pitted skin on nipple, persistent tenderness of the breast and
unusual breast pain or discomfort.
According to statistics, the 5 years survival rate of early diagnosed breast cancer is closed to 100%.
However, in the rare case of aggressive inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) that induces the growth in sheets instead of lumps and invades nearby skin, the whole breast may go suddenly red and feel hot, resembling an inflammation.
The disease only occurs in 1-6% of all breast cancer cases in the USA. Women with IBC are first treated with chemotherapy before surgery. On average, the 5-year survival rate of women diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer is 34% compared to the early stage of breast cancer of 100%.
Out of many risk factors associated with the risk of breast cancer, the genetic proposition is one of the factors that may predict the onset of the disease.
Dr. Turnbull C, the lead scientist said, "BRCA1 and BRCA2 are high-penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes identified by genome-wide linkage analysis and positional cloning. Mutational screening of genes functionally related to BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 has revealed four genes, CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, and PALB2; mutations in these genes are rare and confer an intermediate risk of breast cancer".
Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine-S-oxide) is a phytochemical compound sulfoxide, and a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, belonging to the class of sulfur compounds, found abundantly in fresh garlic and onion.
On finding a natural potential for the treatment of breast cancer, researchers examined the combination of garlic-derived S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) and paclitaxel (PTX) effect on breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells.
According to Western blotting assay, alliin and PTX worked synergistically to promote and potentiate apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by inhibiting the altered expression of importin-9 (IPO9) involved in transcription, cell signaling, and cell cycle regulation.
Furthermore, the inhibition of the IPO9 expression was also found to correlate with a significant reduction in the apoptotic cell population as well as with a decrease in F-actin content in the cancer cells, leading to alteration of cell DNA and in the cortical and nuclear/perinuclear areas of the cells.
Simultaneously, the inhibition of IPO9 by alliin and PTX was also accompanied by the increased post-translational expression of CFL1 associated with the reduction of cell proliferation and metastasis.
In other words, garlic-derived S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) and paclitaxel (PTX) induced breast cancer MCF-7 cell death by inhibiting the protein associated with cell differentiation and division through the reduction of cell proliferation and metastasis.
The combined compound exhibited anti-MCF-7 cell activity by targeting modulating the cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasm of cancer cells through some aforementioned mechanisms.
Taken together, alliin used alone or combined with primary medicine may be used for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of alliin in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best Before it's News, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Downregulation of importin-9 protects MCF-7 cells against apoptosis induced by the combination of garlic-derived alliin and paclitaxel by Izdebska M1, Grzanka D2, Gagat M1, Hałas-Wiśniewska M1, Grzanka A. (PubMed)
(2) Genetic predisposition to breast cancer: past, present, and future by Turnbull C1, Rahman N. (PubMed)
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