An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque ("plaque"), is an abnormal accumulation of plaque in the inner layer of the wall of an artery, found in most adults, a leading cause of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a condition caused by long-term plaques built up on the wall of the arteries, leading to narrowing the arteries, a major cause of the cardiovascular disease (CVD)
CVD is a medical condition involved in blood vessels. CVD can be heart disease or stroke depending on the location of a blood clot which causes blockage of the blood flow in the artery.
According to the statistics provided by the Europeanean Hear Network, cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes 3.9 million deaths in Europe and over 1.8 million deaths in the European Union (EU) every year. In 2015, approximately, 11.3 million new cases of CVD in Europe and 6.1 million new cases of CVD in the EU were diagnosed.
Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
Atheromatous plaques build up in the arteries can be classified into several stages, including
* Stage 1 is the foam cells of macrophage and fatty deposits are localized on blood vessel walls.
* Stage 2 Type II is various thread-like fibers or filaments accumulated on the arterial wall.
* Stage 3 is connective tissue deposition on the arteries is thicker.
Stage 1-3 is most frequently found in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and who smoke.
* The stages 4 and 5 Type IV and V are conditions in the softer plaque with a thinner fibrous cap containing macrophages and smooth muscle cells are formed.
Atherosclerosis at the early stage is asymptomatic. However, in stage 4 and 5, patients may experience symptoms of chest pain, pain in your leg, arm, particularly in the area of a blocked artery, shortness of breath, fatigue muscle weakness due to reduced blood flow in the artery.
Indicaxanthin is a phytochemical in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belonging to the group of Betalains found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.
In finding a potent compound for the treatment of atheromas, 7-Ketocholesterol (7-KC)-induced apoptosis of macrophages is considered a key event in the development of human atheromas.
In human atheromatous plaque-induced by the 7-Ketocholesterol (7-KC), researchers found that* The induction of atheromatous plaque within 24 h of injection of 7-KC was associated with the induced cytotoxicity by elevating the expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species over basal levels.
* Furthermore, levels of preceding NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4) over-expression and elevation of cytosolic Ca²⁺ associated with an imbalanced ratio of free radicals and antioxidants were also induced by the administration of 7-KC.
* Moreover, the progressive depletion of total thiols that cause oxidative stress was also promoted by the 7-KC
* Additionally, the redox-sensitive NF-κB involved in the inhibition of oxidation was also de-promoted by 7-KC activation.
* Co-incubation of 2·5 μm of Ind not only completely prevented 7-KC-induced pro-apoptosis in the tested cells but also decreased the parameters that lead to the risk of atheromas.
Based on the findings, researchers said, " Indicaxanthin( a highly bioavailable dietary phytochemical, may exert protective effects against atherogenesis toxicity of 7-KC at a concentration of nutritional interest".
Taken together, indicaxanthin may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of atheromas, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Phytochemical indicaxanthin suppresses 7-ketocholesterol-induced THP-1 cell apoptosis by preventing cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and oxidative stress by Tesoriere L1, Attanzio A, Allegra M, Gentile C, Livrea MA. (PubMed)
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