Kyle J. Norton
Fennel may have a potential and positive effect on the improvement of cardiovascular activity, some scientists suggested.
The results of vascular and cardiovascular protective effects were reported by a number of universities including Birzeit University and published in online medical literature.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belongings to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional and herbal medicine as a warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...
In the study to investigate the vascular effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare leaves in pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats, researchers found that intravenous administration of the lyophilized boiled water extract exerted a significant dose-related reduction in arterial blood pressure, without affecting the heart rate or respiratory rate in compared to histamine antagonists.
However, the application of non-boiled aqueous extract showed very little hypotensive activity.
In contrast to the conventional medicine histamine antagonists, the hypotensive effect of the boiling water extract appeared not to be mediated by adrenergic, muscarinic, ganglionic, or serotonergic receptors.
Furthermore, in the examine the cardiovascular effect of the main component of the oil, anethole isolated from tested guinea pig fennel oil in inhibited arachidonic acid, collagen-, ADP- and U46619-induced aggregation, researchers found that application of anethole displayed comparable NO-independent vasorelaxant activity at antiplatelet concentrations.
Anethole also prevented thrombin-induced clot retraction at concentrations similar to fennel oil in comparison to U46619-induced aggregation (IC(50) from 4 to 147 microg ml(-1)). These results were confirmed in tested mice with the application F. vulgare essential oil and anethole in a subacute treatment of 30 mg kg(-1)day(-1) for 5 days.
F. vulgare essential oil and anethole also showed significant antithrombotic activity in preventing paralysis induced by collagen-epinephrine intravenous injection with 70% and 83% protection, respectively.
In a rat model, both F. vulgare essential oil and anethole (100 mg kg(-1) oral administration) provided significant protection against ethanol-induced gastric lesions.
After taking into account of other co and confounders, together with the collected information Dr. Tognolini M, the lead author said, " F. vulgare essential oil, and its main component anethole, a safe antithrombotic activity that seems due to their broad spectrum antiplatelet activity, clot destabilizing effect, and vasorelaxant action".
Further to re assess other cardiovascular activity of Foeniculum vulgare L, researchers at the UFR Physiologie-Pharmacologie, launched an investigation compared the effects of Marrubium vulgare L. and Foeniculum vulgare L. in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
Interestingly, oral application of Foeniculum extract exerted lowered the systolic blood pressure of SHR without induced change of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY).
These results were probably associated with the function of the Foeniculum in increased water, sodium, and potassium excretion.
More importantly, Foeniculum extract hypertensive efficacy was decreased substantially in rats and mice presented with N-nitro-L-arginine.
The results indicated that fennel demonstrated vascular protective activity as a diuretic and a natriuretic.
Taken together, Fennel and its essential oil and bioactive compound anethole may be considered a function substance in promoting cardiovascular and vascular activity, particularly in animal models with a high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Intake of fennel extract should be taken with extreme care as overdoses may induce liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bio Science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis by Tognolini M1, Ballabeni V, Bertoni S, Bruni R, Impicciatore M, Barocelli E.(PubMed)
(2) Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat by El Bardai S1, Lyoussi B, Wibo M, Morel N.(PubMed)
(3) The vascular action of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare leaves by Abdul-Ghani AS1, Amin R.(PubMed)
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