Sunday, 30 July 2023

#Taraxasterol (TAR) Found in #Herbal #Dandelion Inhibits Proteins and Pathways Associated with the Onset and Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Kyle J. Norton

Arthritis, one of the Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) degenerative disease, is a general term of joint inflammation, affecting over 21% of the US population.
There are over 100 different forms of arthritis and related diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is the common form of arthritis involved in chronic low-grade inflammation.

Juvenile arthritis is an inflammatory disease affecting the synovium in children aged 16 or younger.

In other words, it is an autoimmune disorder caused by the immune system attacking some of the body's own healthy cells and tissues, in this case, the immune system attacks the joint tissue in the juvenile.


that are associated with the risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis include HLA-A. HLA-B. HLA-DPB1. HLA-DQA1. HLA-DQB1. HLA-DRB1. IL2RA. IL6, according to the National Institute of Health.

According to the statistic, the most common form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), affects over 50,000 children in the United States alone.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a type of arthritis associated with inflammation that affects mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body.

The disease affects more women than men and generally occurs after the age of 40, causing the diminished quality of life of many older adults.

According to the CDC, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affect over 52 million adults in the US alone, including 294,000 children under age 18 with some form of arthritis or rheumatic conditions.

Rheumatoid Arthritis can induce bone loss through elevating bone resorption without increasing bone formation.

A cross-sectional population-based study of 1042 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that RA patients had an increased risk of death from various causes.

Dandelion is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Taraxacum, belongings to the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the world. It has been used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat gout, eczema, acne, gall bladder, kidney, liver, and urinary disorders, hypoglycemia, dyspepsia with constipation, edema, blood pressure, and heart weakness, chronic joint, skin diseases, etc.

In finding a natural ingredient for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, scientists examined taraxasterol (TAR), a bioactive active compound pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from the Chinese medicine herb Taraxacum officinale effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

In Vitro and Vivo, the application of TRA significantly suppressed the proteins involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8 by blocking NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, activators of IL-1β secretion, particularly in the joints tissues of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice.

Furthermore, the application of TRA also inhibited the enzymes involved in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), like MMP-1 and MMP-3 in HFLS-RA in vitro, degradation of the normal tissues.

Moreover, the injection of TRA also blocked nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation via modulating inhibitors of kappa B (IκB), IκB kinase (IKK) in the control of cytokines production and cell survival and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) to prevent the accumulation of ROS, resulting in cell death and inflammation.

Taken altogether, dandelion may be considered a remedy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Taraxasterol suppresses inflammation in IL-1β-induced rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and rheumatoid arthritis progression in mice by Chen J1, Wu W2, Zhang M1, Chen C. (PubMed)

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