Candida albicans are members of a large group of microorganisms whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within the membranes, including yeast(2)(3), fungi(4)(5)(6), and mold(6) that live among the gut flora in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract.
Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species cause 35-65% of all candidaemias in the general patient population(1).
According to a joint study, in many cases, biofilm(microorganisms with cells stick to each other on a surface) formation(7) gene mutations(8), and overexpression of genes(9)(10) are often associated with increased candida resistance toward antifungal drugs.
NADPH oxidase (NOX) are enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species by transporting electrons across lipid membranes. to induce cytotoxicity against invading microbes. However, according to the joint study led by Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Candida albicans is capable of a ROS burst, using a member of the NOX enzyme family to produce ROS with an aim to drive fungal morphogenesis in the animal host(a).
Vitamin A, B2, C, and E as antioxidants and free radical scavengers may have a potential role in inhibited superoxide anion (ROS) radicals caused by overexpression of candida via NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes(b).
The Anti Over Growth of Candida Albivans Vitamins
1. Vitamin B2
Vitamin B2 required for a wide variety of cellular processes plays a key role in energy metabolism and enhances the digestive system in absorbing nutrients and supports the immune system(230)(231) in fighting against bacteria causes of inflammatory disease, including candida(232).
2. Vitamin C
Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin and an antioxidant found in high concentrations in immune cells is not only important in aiding the digestive system in absorbing nutrients but also enhances the production of white blood cells (233)(234) of the immune system(235) in protection of the body by binding to the harmful bacteria(236) and ingesting them.
3. Vitamin A
Retinoic acid appears to maintain normal skin health by switching on genes and differentiating keratinocytes (immature skin cells)(237) into mature epidermal cells and helps to detox the liver(238).
The vitamin also enhances the immune system(239)(240) in protecting our body through its antimicrobial functions, including Candida albicans(241).
4. Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound that included both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It not only is a polyphenol antioxidant (242)(246) in scavenging free radicals and microorganisms but also promotes the immune system is enhanced functions of B-cells(244)(245), the immune cells(245)(247) in the production of antibodies to destroy infectious agents.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been referenced in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(a) Candida albicans FRE8 encodes a member of the NADPH oxidase family that produces a burst of ROS during fungal morphogenesis by Rossi DCP1, Gleason JE1, Sanchez H2, Schatzman SS1, Culbertson EM1, Johnson CJ2, McNees CA1, Coelho C3, Nett JE2, Andes DR2, Cormack BP4, Culotta VC(PubMed)
(b) Free radical scavenging and antiproliferative properties of Biginelli adducts by da Silva DL1, Reis FS, Muniz DR, Ruiz AL, de Carvalho JE, Sabino AA, Modolo LV, de Fátima A(PubMed)
(1) Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance by Krcmery V1, Barnes AJ. (PubMed)
(2) Pathogenicity and drug resistance in Candida albicans and other yeast species. A review by Mishra NN1, Prasad T, Sharma N, Payasi A, Prasad R, Gupta DK, Singh R.(PubMed)
(3) Multidrug resistance in the yeast Candida by Prasad R1, Kapoor K.(PubMed)
(4) New evidence that Candida albicans possesses additional ATP-binding cassette MDR-like genes: implications for antifungal azole resistance. by Walsh TJ1, Kasai M, Francesconi A, Landsman D, Chanock SJ.(PubMed)
(5) Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolates from AIDS patients involve specific multidrug transporters.by Sanglard D1, Kuchler K, Ischer F, Pagani JL, Monod M, Bille J.(PubMed)
(6) Structural analysis of phospho-D-mannan-protein complexes isolated from yeast and mold form cells of Candida albicans NIH A-207 serotype A strain by Shibata N1, Fukasawa S, Kobayashi H, Tojo M, Yonezu T, Ambo A, Ohkubo Y, Suzuki S.(PubMed)
(7) The effect of the antifungal combination on transcripts of a subset of drug-resistance genes in clinical isolates of Candida species induced biofilms by Ibrahim NH1, Melake NA2, Somily AM3, Zakaria AS4, Baddour MM5, Mahmoud AZ6(PubMed)
(8) Antifungal drug resistance in pathogenic fungi. by Vanden Bossche H1, Dromer F, Improvisi I, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH, Sanglard D.(PubMed)
(9) The genetic basis of fluconazole resistance development in Candida albicans by Morschhäuser J1.(PubMed)
(10) A proteomic approach to understanding the development of multidrug-resistant Candida albicans strains by Kusch H1, Biswas K, Schwanfelder S, Engelmann S, Rogers PD, Hecker M, Morschhäuser J.(PubMed)
(230) Edible mushrooms: improving human health and promoting quality life by Valverde ME1, Hernández-Pérez T1, Paredes-López O1.(PubMed)
(231) [Effect of some vitamins on the activity of immunocompetent cells].[Article in Russian]by Nezgovorov DV. (PubMed)
(232) Antioxidants keep the potentially probiotic but highly oxygen-sensitive human gut bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alive in ambient air by Khan MT1, van Dijl JM1, Harmsen HJ1. (PubMed)
(233) Storing red blood cells with vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine prevents oxidative stress-related lesions: a metabolomics overview by Pallotta V1, Gevi F1, D'alessandro A1, Zolla L1. (PubMed)
(234) Red blood cell metabolism under prolonged anaerobic storage by D'Alessandro A1, Gevi F, Zolla L.(PubMed)
(235) Alterations in the antioxidant defense system of workers chronically exposed to arsenic, cadmium, and mercury from coal flying ash by Zeneli L1, Sekovanić A, Ajvazi M, Kurti L, Daci N.(PubMed)(236) Indomethacin-induced translocation of bacteria across enteric epithelia is reactive oxygen species-dependent and reduced by vitamin C by Schoultz I1, McKay CM, Graepel R, Phan VC, Wang A, Söderholm J, McKay DM. (PubMed)
(237) Vitamin C derivative ascorbyl palmitate promotes ultraviolet-B-induced lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity in keratinocytes by Meves A1, Stock SN, Beyerle A, Pittelkow MR, Peus D.(PubMed)
238. Effects of dried fish on antioxidant levels in rat liver by Anilakumar KR1, Khanum F, Krishna KR, Viswanathan KR. (PubMed)
(239) Vitamin A and retinoic acid in T cell-related immunity by Ross AC1.(PubMed)
(240) Vitamin A and immune regulation: role of retinoic acid in gut-associated dendritic cell education, immune protection and tolerance by Cassani B1, Villablanca EJ, De Calisto J, Wang S, Mora JR.(PubMed)
(241) Modulatory role of vitamin A on the Candida albicans-induced immune response in human monocytes by Klassert TE1, Hanisch A, Bräuer J, Klaile E, Heyl KA, Mansour MK, Tam JM, Vyas JM, Slevogt H.(PubMed)
(242) [Toxicology of the synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT in comparison with the natural antioxidant vitamin E].[Article in German]by Kahl R1, Kappus H.(PubMed)
(243) Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants by Darr D1, Dunston S, Faust H, Pinnell S.(PubMed)
(244) Immune dysfunction and cytokine production in hemodialysis. Could they be lessened by vitamin E-coated dialyzer membrane by Senatore M, Cecere P, Colombo P, Costantini L, Filiberti O, Piccini G, Peona C, Buemi M, Nicoletti A, Rizzuto G.(PubMed)
(245) Prospective crossover trial of the influence of vitamin E-coated dialyzer membranes on T-cell activation and cytokine induction by Girndt M1, Lengler S, Kaul H, Sester U, Sester M, Köhler H.(PubMed)
(246) Vitamin E and immunity by Moriguchi S1, Muraga M.(PubMed)
(247) The role of vitamin E in T-cell differentiation and the decrease of cellular immunity with aging.by Moriguchi S1.(PubMed)(249) By the way, doctor. I recently saw a TV ad for a product called "coralcalcium," which is supposed to prevent osteoporosis and other diseases. What do you know about it by Robb-Nicholson C.(PubMed)
(242) [Toxicology of the synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT in comparison with the natural antioxidant vitamin E].[Article in German]by Kahl R1, Kappus H.(PubMed)
(243) Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants by Darr D1, Dunston S, Faust H, Pinnell S.(PubMed)
(244) Immune dysfunction and cytokine production in hemodialysis. Could they be lessened by vitamin E-coated dialyzer membrane by Senatore M, Cecere P, Colombo P, Costantini L, Filiberti O, Piccini G, Peona C, Buemi M, Nicoletti A, Rizzuto G.(PubMed)
(245) Prospective crossover trial of the influence of vitamin E-coated dialyzer membranes on T-cell activation and cytokine induction by Girndt M1, Lengler S, Kaul H, Sester U, Sester M, Köhler H.(PubMed)
(246) Vitamin E and immunity by Moriguchi S1, Muraga M.(PubMed)
(247) The role of vitamin E in T-cell differentiation and the decrease of cellular immunity with aging.by Moriguchi S1.(PubMed)(249) By the way, doctor. I recently saw a TV ad for a product called "coralcalcium," which is supposed to prevent osteoporosis and other diseases. What do you know about it by Robb-Nicholson C.(PubMed)
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