Kyle J. Norton
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens at the top of the vagina.
The cervix acts as a transition area for the vaginal lining (squamous epithelium) to change to uterus type (columnar epithelium) through the transitional area (squamous columnar epithelium) to host the development of the fetus.
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area caused by abnormal cell growth with alternation of cells DNA.
At the later stage, the cancerous cells may travel a distance away from the cervix to infect other healthy organs and tissue.
According to the statistic, every year, approximately,13,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer, and 4,170 die from the disease.
Women between the ages of 35 and 44. are associated with a substantially increased risk of cervical cancer compared to only 15% in women over age 65.
According to cancer.net, in the early stage of cervical cancer, patients may experience some mild symptoms of blood spots or light bleeding between or following periods, and longer and heavier menstrual bleeding.
If you experience some of the symptoms above, please let your family doctor knows. Early diagnosed
is associated closely with 100% of the survival rate.
In the later stage, patients may experience symptoms of bleeding after intercourse, douching, or a pelvic examination...........and unexplained, persistent pelvic and/or back pain. If you develop the above symptoms, please see your doctor immediately.
The American cancer associate suggested that women with genetic mutation and infected by human papillomavirus (HPV) become aggressive in the induced production of proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes, which maybe the cause of cervical cancer.
Please note that most women with HPV don’t get cervical cancer
Risk factors besides HPV also include immune system deficiency, herpes, smoking, age. group ... use of oral contraceptives, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES).
The risk of cervical cancer is also higher in Hispanic women followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and whites(a).
Depending on the stage and grade of cancer, if the cancer is found in the early stage, a hysterectomy may not be needed.
Others, after surgery, may require chemotherapy including Cisplatin, Fluorouracil (5-FU), Mitomycin, Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, Bevacizumab, and radiotherapy if necessary,
All these chemo-drugs have been known to induce serious side effects
Epidemiological studies strongly suggested that a healthy and balanced diet improved serum levels of antioxidants and may reduce cervical neoplasia risk(b)(c)
Foods have been found effective in reducing the risk and treatment of cervical cancer., include
1. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables are a group of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli, etc.
Isothiocyanates, a major chemical constituent found in Cruciferous vegetables, inhibited the cell viability of human cervical cancer cells, through improvement of antioxidant status(1).
β-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). induced apoptosis to inhibit cell proliferation in human cervical cancer cell lines (HEp-2 and KB), through increased expression of the death receptors (DR4 and DR5) and cleaved caspase-3(2).
Other chemical compounds, such as I3C (indole-3-carbinol) and DIM (diindolylmethane) found in all types of cruciferous vegetables, demonstrated exceptional anti-cancer effects against hormone-responsive cancers such as ovarian cancers(3).
Some researchers suggested that isothiocyanates and indoles through the intake of cruciferous vegetables may decrease cancer risk, but the protective effects may be influenced by individual genetic variation (polymorphisms) in the metabolism and elimination of isothiocyanates from the body.
And in some instances, long-term exposure to sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), may have a negative implication in the treatment of a variety of anticarcinogenic mechanisms(4).
2. Tomato
Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to South America.
Because of its health benefits, the tomato is grown worldwide for commercial purposes and often in the greenhouse.
Glycoalkaloid-rich green tomato extracts, according to the Seowon University inhibited proliferation of HeLa in cervical carcinoma cells through inactivation(5).
Dr. Ferguson LR, in the study of prospects for cancer prevention, suggested that fruit and vegetable servings with a total minimum of five each day, particularly in some specific fruits and vegetables (e.g., tomato, broccoli, onions) may have strong benefits against individual cancer types(6).
But, the reviews of FDA in 2004 studies which indicated an inverse association between tomato and/or lycopene intake and the risk of some types of cancer, suggested that there is no credible evidence for an association between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of lung, colorectal, breast, cervical, or endometrial cancer(7).
3. Garlic
Garlic is a natural superfood healer for its natural antibiotic with antiviral, antifungal, anticoagulant and antiseptic properties.
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a chemical component of garlic-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, caused the release of cytochrome c for causing apoptosis in human cervical cancer Ca Ski cells(8) and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the p53, caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways in HeLa human cervical cancer cells(9).
The Defense Food Research Laboratory study indicated that garlic exerted its anticarcinogenic effect(including cervical cancer) through a number of mechanisms, including scavenging of radicals, increasing glutathione levels, and increasing the activities of enzymes(10).
In 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of virgin young adult Swiss albino mice study, researchers found that there is a significant decline in the incidence of carcinoma with oral administration of garlic at the dose level of 400 mg/kg body wt./day for 2 weeks before and 4 weeks following carcinogen thread insertion(11).
4. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus Zingiber, belongings to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil.
The root has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Crude methanol and fractionated extract of the rhizomes of Alpinia pahangensis, wild ginger distributed in the lowlands of Pahang, Malaysia, showed a potent cytotoxic effect against certain cancer cell lines, including human cervical cancer cell line, Ca Ski(12).
In human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa), aqueous extract of ginger (GAE) induced apoptosis of cancer cells by interacting directly with cellular microtubules and disrupting their structure(13).
Another study indicated that Benjakul [BEN], a composition of five plants: Piper Chaba fruit [PC], Piper sarmentosum root [PS], Piper interruptum stem [PI], Plumbago indica root [PL] and Zingiber officinale rhizome [ZO] in Thai herbal medicine, exerted potential cytotoxic activity against certain types of cancer cell line including cervical cancer cell line Hela(14).
5. Carrot
Carrots can grow to 3ft tall. They are root vegetables with orange color normally, a subspecies of Daucus carota, belongings to the family Apiaceae, native to Asia and Europe.
According to Aichi Cancer Center, frequent intakes of carrots are associated with decreased risk of cervical cancer(15).
The Shandong University study in assessing the risk of cervical cancer association of vitamin A, found abundantly in carrots (retinol, carotene, and other carotenoids) indicated that vitamin A intake and blood vitamin A levels are inversely associated with the risk of cervical cancer(16).
Others in the testing of concentrations of retinol and beta carotene in serum samples taken from 113 women with cervical cancer, 32 with invasive and 81 with pre-invasive disease, and compared with those from 226 age-matched control women, scientists after taking into account of other confounders suggested that there is a significantly reduced concentration of beta carotene levels in women with pre-invasive disease compared to the control(17).
6. Dulse
Dulse is a red seaweed of genus Palmaria, belongings to Family Palmariaceae that grows attached to rocks by a "holdfast" in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific.
Seaweed is commonly used in Ireland and Atlantic Canada both as food and medicine. Today, dulses are now shipped around the globe for commercial benefits because of their health benefits
And fried dulses can be found in many health food stores or fish markets or can be ordered directly from local distributors.
Ryerson University's study of the extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds showed a positive effect of dulse polyphenols in inhibited cell proliferation in the human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) through its antioxidant activity(18)(19).
Fucoxanthin found abundantly in dulse, in the study by Henan University, displayed an autophagy-dependent cytotoxic effect in cervical cancer cell lines HeLa cells via inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway(20).
8. Strawberry
Strawberries are a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongings to the family Rosaceae.
The fruits have been grown all over the world in a suitable climate for commercial profits and health benefits.
The studies of the effects of a variety of berry extracts in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, indicated that
* Tannin-rich fraction of procyanidins of the strawberry extract are most potent in comparison with other berries(21).
* The extract of Strawberry, Blueberry, and Raspberry extract. showed a positive effect in inhibited CaSki and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines(22).
9. Grape and Red wine
Grape is a woody vine of the genus Vitis, belongings to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey.
Grape extracts were found to interact effectively with decaffeinated green tea extracts both in the inhibition of tNOX activity and in the inhibition of cancer cell growth(23).
Red and white wine polyphenols and resveratrol exerted higher cytotoxic activity against HeLabut white wine polyphenolic extract exhibited a significantly higher antiproliferative action on cancer cell lines than red wine extract(24).
10. Cactus pear
Cactus pear also known as Prickly pear is a genus Opuntia, belongings to the family Cactaceae, native to Mexico.
Cactus pear extracts, in the study of immortalized ovarian and ovarian cancer cells (OVCA420, SKOV3), exhibited an anti-proliferative effect through a dramatic increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS),(25).
A study from the University of Arizona indicated that aqueous extracts of cactus pear significantly increased apoptosis and growth inhibition in both immortalized epithelial cells and cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner through cell cycle arrest(26).
11. Vitis coignetiae Pulliat
Vitis coignetiae Pulliat also known as Yamabudo, Crimson Glory Vine, is the genus Viti, belongings to the family Vitaceae, native to the temperate climes of Asia.
It has been used as a healthy juice and wine because of the abundant polyphenols and anthocyanins.
Anthocyanins isolated from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (AIMs), inhibited the invasion of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner,(26).
The stem extracts from Greek Vitis vinifera varieties of the total polyphenolic content (TPC) inhibited at low concentrations, the growth of HepG2 and HeLa cancer cells compared to those of seed extracts(27)(28).
Taken altogether, without going into reviews, the list of foods above may be potent in reducing the risk and treatment of cervical cancer. But further studies with large sample sizes and multi-centers are necessary to improve the validation of these claims.
However, some researchers argued that the role of diet and nutrition in the etiology of cervical cancer is not yet resolved(d).
And, the Catalan Institute of Oncology study showed statistically nonsignificant inverse associations were observed for leafy vegetables, root vegetables, garlic and onions, citrus fruits, vitamin C, vitamin E, and retinol for invasive squamous cervical cancer (ISC)(e).
As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been referenced in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(a) Cervical cancer (American cancer society)
(b) Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among low-income Brazilian women by Tomita LY1, Longatto Filho A, Costa MC, Andreoli MA, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA; Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) Study Team. (PubMed)
(c) Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking by Tomita LY1, Roteli-Martins CM, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA; BRINCA Study Team. (PubMed)
(d) Diet and the risk of in situ cervical cancer among white women in the United States by Ziegler RG1, Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Norman SA, Mallin K, Levine RS, Lehman HF, Hamman RF, Trumble AC, Rosenthal JF, et al.(PubMed)
(e) Dietary factors and in situ and invasive cervical cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study by González CA1, Travier N, Luján-Barroso L, Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Roura E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, Boeing H, Pala V, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Manjer J, Dillner J, Hallmans G, Kjellberg L, Sanchez MJ, Altzibar JM, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Rodriguez L, Allen N, Key TJ, Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Munk C, Kjaer SK, Peeters PH, van Duijnhoven FJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Naska A, Lund E, Engeset D, Skeie G, Franceschi S, Slimani N, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(1) The anti-oxidant properties of isothiocyanates: a review by de Figueiredo SM1, Filho SA, Nogueira-Machado JA, Caligiorne RB. (PubMed)
(2) Effect of β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate from cruciferous vegetables on growth inhibition and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through the induction of death receptors 4 and 5 by Huong le D1, Shim JH, Choi KH, Shin JA, Choi ES, Kim HS, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Cho NP, Cho SD(PubMed)
(3) Chemopreventive properties of indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane and other constituents of cardamom against carcinogenesis by Acharya A1, Das I, Singh S, Saha T.(PubMed)
(4) Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis by Higdon JV1, Delage B, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. (PubMed)
(5) Changes in free amino acid, phenolic, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and glycoalkaloid contents in tomatoes during 11 stages of growth and inhibition of cervical and lung human cancer cells by green tomato extracts by Choi SH1, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Lee IS, Kozukue N, Levin CE, Friedman M.(PubMed)
(6) Prospects for cancer prevention by Ferguson LR. (PubMed)
(7) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer by Kavanaugh CJ1, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. (PubMed)
(8) Diallyl sulfide promotes cell-cycle arrest through the p53 expression and triggers induction of apoptosis via caspase- and mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways in human cervical cancer Ca Ski cells by Chiu TH1, Lan KY, Yang MD, Lin JJ, Hsia TC, Wu CT, Yang JS, Chueh FS, Chung JG. (PubMed)
(9) Diallyl sulfide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa human cervical cancer cells through the p53, caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways by Wu PP1, Chung HW, Liu KC, Wu RS, Yang JS, Tang NY, Lo C, Hsia TC, Yu CC, Chueh FS, Lin SS, Chung JG.(PubMed)
(10) Anticarcinogenic properties of garlic: a review by Khanum F1, Anilakumar KR, Viswanathan KR.(PubMed)
(11) Chemopreventive action of garlic on methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mice by Hussain SP1, Jannu LN, Rao AR.(PubMed)
(12) Antioxidant potential, cytotoxic activity and total phenolic content of Alpinia pahangensis rhizomes by Phang CW1, Malek SN, Ibrahim H.(PubMed)
(13) Aqueous extract of ginger shows antiproliferative activity through disruption of microtubule network of cancer cells by Choudhury D1, Das A, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti G.(PubMed)
(14) In vitro cytotoxic activity of Benjakul herbal preparation and its active compounds against human lung, cervical and liver cancer cells by Ruangnoo S1, Itharat A, Sakpakdeejaroen I, Rattarom R, Tappayutpijam P, Pawa KK.(PubMed)
(15) [Hospital epidemiology--a comparative case control study of breast and cervical cancers].
[Article in Japanese] by Tajima K1, Hirose K, Ogawa H, Yoshida M, Ohta M.(PubMed)
(16) Vitamin A and risk of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis by Zhang X1, Dai B, Zhang B, Wang Z.(PubMed)
(17) Cancer of the cervix uteri and vitamin A by Harris RW, Forman D, Doll R, Vessey MP, Wald NJ.(PubMed)
(18) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds by Yuan YV1, Walsh NA.(PubMed)
(19) Extracts from dulse (Palmaria palmata) are effective antioxidants and inhibitors of cell proliferation in vitro. by Yuan YV1, Carrington MF, Walsh NA.(PubMed)
(20) Essential role of autophagy in fucoxanthin-induced cytotoxicity to human epithelial cervical cancer HeLa cells by Hou LL1, Gao C, Chen L, Hu GQ, Xie SQ.(PubMed)
(21) Berry extracts exert different antiproliferative effects against cervicaland colon cancer cells grown in vitro by McDougall GJ1, Ross HA, Ikeji M, Stewart D.(PubMed)
(22) Anticarcinogenic Activity of Strawberry, Blueberry, and Raspberry Extracts to Breast and Cervical Cancer Cells. by Wedge DE1, Meepagala KM, Magee JB, Smith SH, Huang G, Larcom LL.(PubMed)
(23) Anticancer activity of grape and grape skin extracts alone and combined with green tea infusions by Morré DM1, Morré DJ.(PubMed)
(24) Cytotoxic effect of wine polyphenolic extracts and resveratrol against human carcinoma cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Matić I1, Zizak Z, Simonović M, Simonović B, Godevac D, Savikin K, Juranić Z.(PubMed)
(25) Cactus pear extracts induce reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by Feugang JM1, Ye F, Zhang DY, Yu Y, Zhong M, Zhang S, Zou C.(PubMed)
(26) Cactus pear: a natural product in cancer chemoprevention by Zou DM1, Brewer M, Garcia F, Feugang JM, Wang J, Zang R, Liu H, Zou C.(PubMed)
(27) Anthocyanins from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Inhibit Cancer Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, but These Effects Can Be Attenuated by Tumor Necrosis Factor in Human Uterine Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells by Lu JN1, Lee WS, Yun JW, Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Kim DC, Jeong JH, Choi YH, Kim GS, Ryu CH, Shin SC.(PubMed)
(28) Assessment of polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, protection against ROS-induced DNA damage and anticancer activity of Vitis vinifera stem extracts by Apostolou A1, Stagos D, Galitsiou E, Spyrou A, Haroutounian S, Portesis N, Trizoglou I, Wallace Hayes A, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D.
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