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Saturday 24 August 2019

Turmeric Promotes Myeloma Cancer Cells Apoptosis

By Kyle J. Norton

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by irregular cell growth that starts in the tissue of specific organs.

Most cases of cancer overtime after penetrating into deeper layers of the affected organs, the oversize tumor can sometimes spread to other organs in the body via lymph or blood, leading to secondary metastasis.

Over time, multiple myeloma can lead to the accumulation of cancer cells in the bone marrow, overcrowding out healthy blood cells.

According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, In the US, the lifetime risk of getting multiple myeloma is 1 in 132. In 2019, about 32,110 new cases will be diagnosed including 18,130 in men and 13,980 in women.

The causes of multiple myelomas are unidentified. However certain factors have been found to increase the risk of the conditions, inclduing

* Age
If you are between 50 and 70 years old, you are at higher risk to develop multiple myeloma.

*Gender
Men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women.

*Race
Cancer tends to affects blacks more often than whites.

* Previous multiple myeloma
People who previously had been treated with multiple myeloma are at a higher risk to develop it again.

*Exposed to certain chemicals
Increased risk of multiple myeloma if you are exposed to certain chemicals such as occupation.

* Family history
If a direct member of the family has multiple myeloma, the risk of the disease is increased.

* Radiation
Increased risk of cancer if you are exposed to radiation, such as radiation exposure of nuclear accident.

Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia.

The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.

On finding a potential ingredient for the treatment of multiple myeloma,, researchers examined the synergistic apoptotic effects on arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) and curcumin (turmeric) on human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line U266.

The study included U266 cells cultured with MGN-3 (50 or 100μg/ml) and curcumin (2.5-10μM) for 3 days.

Based on the results of cells differentiation assays, MGN-3 alone or curcumin alone showed a significant anti-proliferation of U266 cells at a dose-dependent inhibition manner.

The synergistic effect was noticed at maximized at 100μg/ml MGN-3 plus 10μM curcumin, according to the analysis of post-treatment by inducing the 87% decrease in cell number and a 2.6 fold increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells.

This effect was also exhibited cell cycle arrest in the G0-G1 phase by a 53% decrease in the percentage of cells.in the G0-G1 phase.

More precisely, the combination exerted a strong activity in the stimulation of pro-apoptosis and inhibition of anti-apoptotic by the decreased and increased expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively.

Collectively, researchers wrote in the final report, "MGN-3 and curcumin synergize in the induction of U266 cell apoptosis".

Taken altogether, turmeric used alone or combined with arabinoxylan rice bran may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of multiple myeloma, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of turmeric in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Curcumin-induced promoter hypermethylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin gene in multiple myeloma cells by Chen J1, Ying Y2, Zhu H1, Zhu T3, Qu C1, Jiang J3, Fang B. (PubMed)
(2) Synergistic apoptotic effect of arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) and curcumin (turmeric) on human multiple myeloma cell line U266 in vitro by Ghoneum M1, Gollapudi S. (PubMed)

Wednesday 4 December 2013

Multiple myeloma – Antioxidants to prevent Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma. also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a types of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the none marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can cause kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay caused by precipitate formation of that can cause clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). there is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
V. Preventions
C. Antioxidants to prevent Multiple myeloma
According to the study by University of Iowa, Iowa Cityprovides, there is stronge evidence that increases in MnSOD expression mediate IL-6-induced resistance to Dex and radiation in myeloma cells. The results indicate that inhibition of antioxidant pathways could enhance myeloma cell responses to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy(46).
According to the study by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 4 antioxidant constituents from black tea, namely theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF2B) and theaflavin digallate (TF3) have stronger antioxidant activity than that of BHT (Butylated hydorxytoluene)(47).
1. Theaflavin (TF1)
Black tea extract (T5550) enriched in theaflavins inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (CT) activity of the proteasome and proliferation of human multiple myeloma cells in a dose-dependent manner, according to Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College(48).
2. Vitamin A
Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that critically regulate several physiological and pathological processes, including immune functions and cancer development. According to the study by the Seràgnoli University of Bologna, in vitro treatment with retinoids decreases bcl-2 protein expression and enhances dexamethasone-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells(49).
3. Quercetin and myricetin
Dietary flavonoids, quercetin and myricetin, which are abundant in plasma, inhibited bortezomib-induced apoptosis of primary CLL and malignant B-cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was associated with chemical reactions between quercetin and the boronic acid group, -RB(OH)2, in bortezomib. The addition of boric acid diminished the inhibitory effect of both quercetin and plasma on bortezomib-induced apoptosis. The protective effect was also reduced when myeloma cell lines, but not B-cell lines, were preincubated with quercetin, indicating a direct effect of quercetin on myeloma cells. At high doses, quercetin itself induced tumor cell death(50).
4. Betulinic acid
According to the study by The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, in the study to investigate Whether betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, can modulate the STAT3 pathway, was investigated in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells, indicated that betulinic acid inhibited constitutive activation of STAT3, Src kinase, JAK1 and JAK2. Pervanadate reversed the betulinic acid-induced downregulation of STAT3 activation, suggesting the involvement of a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). Furthermore, betulinic acid induced the expression of the PTP SHP-1 and silencing of the SHP-1 gene abolished the ability of betulinic acid to inhibit STAT3 activation and rescued betulinic acid-induced cell death. Betulinic acid also downregulated the expression of STAT3-regulated gene products such as bcl-xL, bcl-2, cyclin D1 and survivin(50a)
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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251580
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073517
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471522
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15850353
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=theaflavin+and+Multiple+myeloma
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10089890
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Myricetin+in+multiple+myeloma
(50a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19937797

About kylenorton

All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have the author name and all the links intact. "Let Take Care Your Health, Your Health Will Take Care You" Kyle J. Norton I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention for over 20 years and working as a financial consultant since 1990. Master degree in Mathematics, teaching and tutoring math at colleges and universities before joining insurance industries. Part time Health, Insurance and Entertainment Article Writer.

Friday 10 September 2021

Beta-Sitosterol, the Potential Anti Multiple Myeloma Supplement

By Kyle J. Norton

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by irregular cell growth that starts in the tissue of specific organs.

Most cases of cancer overtime after penetrating into deeper layers of the affected organs, the oversize tumor can sometimes spread to other organs in the body via lymph or blood, leading to secondary metastasis.

Pre-cancer is a medical condition that likely develops into cancer if untreated.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a precancerous condition and the most common plasma cell disorder.

In other words, monoclonal myeloma gammopathies is a precancerous condition that may cause myeloma, a cancer of white blood cell disorder.

Multiple myelomas (Myeloma) is a type of cancer originated from plasma cells in the bone marrow that produces the white blood cells which are normally responsible for the production of antibodies to protect our body against infection.

Over time, multiple myeloma can lead to the accumulation of cancer cells in the bone marrow, overcrowding out healthy blood cells.

According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon cancer. In the United States, the lifetime risk of getting multiple myeloma is 1 in 132 (0.76%).

Every year, approximately, 32,110 new cases are diagnosed, including 18,130 in men and 13,980 in women. The disease also causes the death of 12,960 Americans including 6,990 in men and 5,970 in women.

The Grades of multiple myeloma are depending on the tendency of spreading. Low-grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high-grade cancer indicates otherwise.

The exact causes of MS are unknown. Epidemiologically, the increase of age (If you are between 50 and 70 years old you are at higher risk to develop Multiple Myeloma), gender (men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women), race (Cancer tends to affects blacks more often than whites), previous multiple myeloma, exposed to certain chemicals, family history, and radiation.

Beta-Sitosterol is a phytochemical in the class of Phytosterols, belongings to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in avocados, rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils, fennel, peanuts, soybeans, hawthorn, basil, buckwheat. etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the prevention and treatment of cancer, researchers examined the anti-cancer effects of beta-sitosterol (BS), a plant-derived sterol on multiple myeloma U266 cells.

According to the experimental analysis, Beta-sitosterol induced cytotoxicity increased sub-G1 apoptotic population and activated caspase associated with the pro-apoptotic activity and blocked the cancer cell in the energetic converting process in U266 cells.

Furthermore, Beta-sitosterol promoted ROS expression by activating the enzymes involved in free radical production in U266 cells.

Moreover, beta-sitosterol attenuated the induction of new blood vessels by the cancer cells to promote proliferation and suppressed pathways associated with suppression of cancer cell apoptosis and tumor progression.

Additionally, beta-sitosterol also suppressed the proteins associated with DNA repair. sub-G1 accumulation, proliferation, and pro-oncogenic function in U266 cells.

Taken altogether, beta-Sitosterol may be considered a supplement for the prevention and treatment of multiple myeloma, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of beta-Sitosterol in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase plays a critical role in beta-sitosterol-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma U266 cells by Sook SH1, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Sohn EJ, Jung JH, Kim B, Kim JH, Jeong SJ, Kim SH. (PubMed)

Wednesday 4 December 2013

Multiple myeloma- Misdiagnosis

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a type of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the bone marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can cause kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay by precipitate formation of that can lead to clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). There is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
A. Misdiagnosis
1. Spinal epidural metastasis
There is a report of a 42-year-old man presented with a one-month history of upper back pain and a two-week history of progressive spastic paraparesis. Thoracic spinal MRI showed an epidural mass with spinal cord compression at T6-8 but no bony involvement. The patient underwent T6-8 laminectomy for decompression. Lumbosacral MRI and CT scans revealed bony abnormalities on the sacrum and left posterior iliac bone. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM)(28).
2. Orbital mass
There is a report of a case of a 28-year-old African-American woman presented with new onset of left exophthalmos and diplopia with initially vomputed tomography of the head showed a solitary mass in the left orbit, But excisional biopsy revealed a diffuse infiltrate composed of exclusively λ-restricted monotypic plasma cells based on morphology and immunohistochemistry, consistent with a plasma cell neoplasia. A subsequent staging bone marrow biopsy showed involvement of the bone marrow by λ-restricted monotypic plasma cells, consistent with a plasma cell myeloma. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation studies on the peripheral blood showed a monoclonal band of IgE-λ; thus, an IgE-λ plasma cell myeloma(29).
3. Acute liver diseases
According to the study by St. Vincent’s Comprehensive Cancer Center, there is a report of a case of a 55-year-old woman with MM who presented with painless jaundice, mild pruritus, and abnormal liver function tests resembling acute cholestatic hepatitis without the stigmata of chronic liver disease, but clinical manifestations of liver involvement in multiple myeloma (MM) are uncommon. Rare cases of MM present as acute liver disease(30).
4. Pituitary mass lesion
there is a report of a case of a 71-year-old female patient affected by an extramedullary IgG-lambda multiple myeloma presenting as a pituitary mass lesion. The diagnostic approaches confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and describe treatment outcome after therapy, according to the study by Medizinische Klinik Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der LMU(31).
5. Intrasellar plasmacytoma
Plasmacytomas are unusual causes of a sellar mass. Occasionally, they can be misdiagnosed as a nonfunctioning adenoma because of radiological and clinical similarities. there is a report of a 70-year-old woman presented with a recurrent hypophysial mass. Initial diagnosis of a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma was later overruled by a repeat biopsy, which showed a plasmacytoma. The tumor stained positively for CD138 and kappa light chain(32).
6. Pituitary adenoma
There is a report of a case of multiple myeloma which presented as a solitary intrasellar tumor. The initial radiographic and light microscopic findings were interpreted as being consistent with pituitary adenoma. Subsequently, when systemic disease developed and a bone marrow biopsy demonstrated multiple myeloma(33),
7. Chromophobe adenoma
62-year-old woman presenting with intracranial lesion eroding the sella with compression of optic chiasma was found to have plasmacytoma of the pituitary area. At the time of initial surgery, the patient had no biochemical, immunologic or marrow findings of multiple myeloma. The intracranial tumor was interpreted initially as chromophobe adenoma on light microscopy, but the diagnosis of plasmacytoma was established by electron microscopic examination of the tumor(34).
8. Etc.
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Optimal Health And Loose Weight

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Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898195
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084304
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18021472
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851185
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18726062
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3791987
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/445346

Multiple myeloma – Phytochemicals to prevent Multiple myeloma

About kylenorton

Multiple myeloma- Diet to prevent Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a type of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the bone marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can cause kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay by precipitate formation of that can lead to clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). There is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
V. Preventions
A. Diet to prevent Multiple myeloma
1. Turmeric
In the study of Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and IkappaBalpha kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, scientists at the The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, showed that Curcumin suppressed the constitutive IkappaBalpha phosphorylation through the inhibition of IKK activity. Curcumin also down-regulated the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products, including IkappaBalpha, Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), cyclin D1, and interleukin-6. This led to the suppression of proliferation and arrest of cells at the G(1)/S phase of the cell cycle. Suppression of NF-kappaB complex by IKKgamma/NF-kappaB essential modulator-binding domain peptide also suppressed the proliferation of MM cells. Curcumin also activated caspase-7 and caspase-9 and induced polyadenosine-5′-diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Curcumin-induced down-regulation of NF-kappaB, a factor that has been implicated in chemoresistance, also induced chemosensitivity to vincristine and melphalan(38)
2. Green tea
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea have exerted the inhibitory effect against multiple myeloma cells. Dr. Shammas MA and the research team at Veterans Administration Boston Health Care System, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, showed that EGCG interacts with the 67-kDa laminin receptor 1 (LR1), which is significantly elevated in myeloma cell lines and patient samples relative to normal PBMCs. RNAi-mediated inhibition of LR1 resulted in abrogation of EGCG-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells, indicating that LR1 plays an important role in mediating EGCG activity in MM while sparing PBMCs. Evaluation of changes in gene expression profile indicates that EGCG treatment activates distinct pathways of growth arrest and apoptosis in MM cells by inducing the expression of death-associated protein kinase 2, the initiators and mediators of death receptor-dependent apoptosis (Fas ligand, Fas, and caspase 4), p53-like proteins (p73, p63), positive regulators of apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation (CARD10, CARD14), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16 and p18)(39)
3. Skins and seed of grape and wine
In the study to investigate the effect of Resveratrol trans-3, 4′, 5,-trihydroxystilbene, insuppressing the multiple myeloma (MM), found that Resveratrol activated IRE1α as evidenced by XBP1 messenger RNA splicing and phosphorylation of both IRE1α and its downstream kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase in MM cells. These responses were associated with resveratrol-induced cytotoxicity of MM cells. Resveratrol selectively suppressed the transcriptional activity of XBP1s while it stimulated gene expression of the molecules that are regulated by the non-IRE1/XBP1 axis of the ER stress response. Luciferase assays indicated that resveratrol suppressed the transcriptional activity of XBP1s through sirtuin 1, a downstream molecular target of resveratrol. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that resveratrol decreased the DNA binding capacity of XBP1 and increased the enrichment of sirtuin 1 at the XBP1 binding region in the XBP1 promoter(40)
4. Carrot
Retinoic acid found of a measure amount in carrot has a potential in prevent and treat Myeloma (Multiple Myenoma). Study showed that The inhibitory effect of cRA was significantly superior to tRA (P = 0.0129) and IFN-alpha, similar to IFN-gamma and DEX. The combinations of cRA + IFN alpha, tRA + IFN-gamma, tRA + DEX did not show any synergistic effect on myeloma proliferation. In contrast, the combination cRA + DEX (0.29 +/- 0.04, M +/- SEM) markedly increased the effect of both cRA and DEX used as single agents. Ig synthesis was not significantly affected by CRA, tRA, IFN-gamma and the combination tRA + IFN-gamma. As expected, only IFN-alpha (P = 0.002) and DEX (P < 0.001) inhibited Ig production(41).
5. Black tea
In the study to assess the effect of its polyphenols, theaflavins found in black tea on the tumor's cellular proteasome function, an important biological target in cancer prevention, found that black tea extract (T5550) enriched in theaflavins inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (CT) activity of the proteasome and proliferation of human multiple myeloma cells in a dose-dependent manner(41a).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393461
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809610
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723843
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7734354
(41a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22351658
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367

About kylenorton

Tuesday 12 November 2013

Multiple Myeloma (Myeloma)

Multiple myeloma (Myeloma) is a type of cancer originated from plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is a type of white blood cell normally responsible for the production of antibodies to protect our body against infection with some characteristics

Symptoms
1. Bone pain
Abnormal growth of plasma cell can cause collapse of the bone
2. Infection
Due to over crowd of abnormal plasma cells reduces the functions white blood cells produced by the bone marrow, leading to weakened immune system. Most common infection found to be pneumonias and pyelonephritis.
3. Anemia
As a result of malignant plasma cells has interfering with normal production of red blood cells
4. Bleeding
Due to lower production of platelet
5. Renal failure
Abnormal plasma cells can also effect the function of kidney in getting rid of waste, causing urea and creatinine accumulated in the bloodstream
6. Neurological symptoms
Due to hypercalcemia, as a result of the breakdown of bone cause of the release of calcium into the blood stream
a. Headache
b. Confusion
c. Fatigue
d. Radicular pain,
e. Loss of bowel or bladder control
7. Back pain
As a result of the small degree of collapse of the spine.

Causes of risk factors
1. Age
If you are between 50 and 70 years old you are at higher risk to develop Multiple Myeloma.
2. Gender
Men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women
3. Race
The cancer tends to affects blacks more often than whites
4. Previous multiple myeloma
People who previously had been treated with multiple myeloma are at higher risk to develop it again.
5. Exposed to certain chemicals
Increased risk of multiple myeloma if you are exposed to certain chemicals such as occupation.
6. Family history
If a direct member of the family has multiple myrloma, risk of the disease increased
7. Radiation
Increased risk of the cancer if you are exposed to radiation, such as radiation exposure of nuclear accident.
8. Etc.

Grades
The Grades of multiple myeloma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.

Stages
Stages of the multiple myeloma may be classified according to the monoclonal protein or M protein or M band. High levels indicate that many myeloma cells are present but they also can indicate of kidney damage that occurs in some people with multiple myeloma.

Diagnosis and tests
After family history and careful physical examination, the first two tests that your doctor orders are
1. Blood and urine test
The blood and urine test are to determine the presence of the M band, the higher the levels indicates more advance of the disease. Although the presence of the M band in blood sample can be caused by other diseases, M band found in the urine is rare to others.

2. Bone marrow biopsy
The test usually is done in your doctor or in hospital as a outpatient by using a thin, tube-like needle inserted into the hip to withdraw a small sample from bone marrow. The sample will be view under microscopy by a pathologist to look for any abnormality of Multiple Myeloma.

3. X ray
X ray should be helpful to examine any damage of the bone as they have been dissolved by the cancerous cells.

4. Etc.

Prevention
A. How to prevent
1. Radiation and Toxic chemicals
Avoid directed contact with radiation or any toxic chemicals, such as the toxic chemicals benzene, pesticide. If not possible due to occupation, please take all pre-cautious.
2. Family history and previous multiple myeloma
Take a more active approach in examination by seeing your doctor more often, if one of your direct family had multiple myeloma in the past.
3.
B. With Diet
1. Cruciferous Vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.

2. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.

3. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.

4. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.

5. Green-yellow and green leafy vegetables
In a population-based prospective study of Japanese individuals, researchers found that consumption of vegetables, green-yellow and green leafy vegetables was inversely associated with the risk of liver cancer. British Journal Cancer. 200. In fact, traditional Chinese medicine view the green color vegetables are liver tonification.

6. Etc.

C. With nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants
Antioxidants such free radical scavengers vitamin A, C, E enhance the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here

2. Quercetin
Quercetin is a type of phytochemical, also known as a flavonoid. In cell culture or animal studies, researchers found that quercetin has activity against some types of cancer cells and suggested it may be potential benefits in treating cancer.

2. Flavonoids
In a study of flavonoids intake in human, The researchers found that flavonoids’ anticancer property has been proposed to exist via prevention of the formation of cancer-causing metabolites, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, and stimulation of programmed tumor cell self-destruction (apoptosis).

3. Beta Carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.

4. Selenium
In a study of Selenium-induced Cytotoxicity of Human Leukemia Cells Interaction with Reduced Glutathione, researchers suggested that Only selenocystine and sodium selenite showed anti-tumor activity, and these were also the only compounds which demonstrated significant redox chemistry, including depletion of cellular glutathione, stimulation of glutathione reductase, and stimulation of oxygen consumption. The interaction of these two compounds with glutathione suggests an intriguing potential role for them in cancer therapy.

5. Etc.

Treatments
A. Conventional medicine
1. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy, most of the time uses medications to eliminate cancer cells with IV or injection by giving of medicine directly into a vein or taking orally. As the medications travel through our bloodstream, they kill cancer cells throughout the body including the cancer of myeloma. It is the primary treatment for patient with multiple myeloma as it is a slow growing and very sensitive to certain drugs used, such as melphalan and steriods depending to the stage of the cancer.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

2. Biological therapy
By enhancing the body's own immune or hormonal system to kill cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells relatively intact with the use of antibodies to attack cancer cells or block their activities or interrupting the hormonal or chemical pathways of the cancers with certain drugs composed of small molecules. In multiple myeloma, bortezomib has been shown to be extreme effective.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Allergic reactions,
b. 2. Difficulty breathing, swelling,
b. 3. Nausea,
b.4. Fever or chills, and
b. 5. Dizziness and fatigue
b.6. Etc.
3. Radiotherapy
a. Radiation therapy or radiotherapy use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. If the esophageal cancer is on the upper part of the esopgagus, radio therapy is a choice to use to kill the cancer cells. If multiple myeloma has caused pain to one area or sustained a fracture to the bone then radiotherapy is recommended to reduce the symptoms.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.

4. Surgery
a. Although surgery is not considered as a primary treatment, it is vital if a fracture occurs that unlikely it will heal itself.
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks

5. High dose therapy
a. High dose therapy may only be recommended in case of bone marrow transplant.
b. Side effects
See chemotherapy risks and side effects
6. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.

2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.

3. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Green tea
In a study od examination of the effects of green tea extracts, researcher found that halts growth of oral cancer cells and breaks down and kills existing oral cancer.

5. Pau D’Arco
Pau D’Arco is also known as Pink Lapacho, genus Tabebuia, belonging to family, native to the America. It contains high levels of alpha-lapachone, beta-lapachone and xyloidone demostrated anti cancer effects. An article published by Dr. Daniel B. Mowrey on Pau d'Arco stated that "Lapacho has produced clinical anti-cancer effects without side effects."

6. Etc.

C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Shan Dou Gen
Shan Dou Gen is also known as sophora root. The bitter, cold and toxic herb has been used in TCM to hemorrhoids, cancer of the bladder, acute tonsillitis, psoriasis, hepatitis due to viral infection, etc. In a study, researcher found that purified compound Shan Dou Gen induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells and identified it as sophoranone... Our results indicate that sophoranone might be a unique apoptosis-inducing anticancer agent that targets mitochondria." Int J Cancer 2002 Jun 20;99(6):879-90

2. Jie geng is also known as Platycodon Root. The acrid, bitter and neutral herb has been use in TCM as anti-inflammatory, anti ulcers agent and to inhibit cough, treat bronchitis, sore throat etc., as it stimulates the lung in dispersing and descending functions, transforms phlegm, etc., by enhancing the functions of the lung channels.The Researchers found that Saponins in Jie Geng have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.

3. Qing Hao
Qing hao is also known as wormwood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to
trea lupus, schistosomiasis, chronic bronchitis (essential oil) to elevate the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, etc. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.

4. Bai Hua She She Cao The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

5. Etc.
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Wednesday 4 December 2013

Multiple myeloma- The Risk Factors

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a types of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the bone marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can cause kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay by precipitate formation of that can lead to clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). There is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
B. Risk Factors
1. Age
The risk of Multiple myeloma increase with Age and multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy in China. According to the study by the Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, in the retrospectively analyzed study of 264 newly diagnosed MM patients from the Beijing Chaoyang Hospital showed that the median patient age was 59 years (range, 28-84) and the most common monoclonal protein (42%) was the IgG subtype(12).
2. Gender
In the study to to characterize gender disparities in myeloma, showed that
a. Genetic lesions (13q- trisomy 1q, and an IGH)
Disparities were found in the prevalence of primary genetic lesions with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) translocations being more common in women (50% of female patients vs. 38% of male patients, P < 0.001).
b. Hyperdiploidy
Hyperdiploidy is being more common in men (50% female vs. 62% male, P < 0.001)(13).
3. Excess body weight
Excess body weight is a risk factor for multiple myeloma. According to the stdy by the National Institute of Environmental Medicine suggested that excess risk of multiple myeloma (MM) among obese persons could be the result of altered circulating levels of adipokines, polypeptide hormones with pro- and anti-inflammatory properties secreted by adipose tissue as adiponectin may play an important role in obesity-related myelomagenesis(14).
4. Body build or nutritional status
In an exploratory study conducted of common clinical conditions as predictors of subsequent cancer in 143,574 outpatients of a health maintenance organization (in California, USA), suggest that body build or nutritional status may be involved in the development of MM by mechanisms that are presently unknown(15).
5. Race
Epidemiological data have suggested that African Americans (AA) are twice as likely to be diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) as compared to European Americans (EA)(16).
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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251580
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073517
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23420708
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680536
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23007407
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7999970
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23422747

Multiple myeloma- The Causes

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a types of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the bone marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can causes kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay by precipitate formation of that can lead to clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). there is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).

A. Causes
1. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) has been associated with an increased risk of smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM. Strong evidence showed that multiple myeloma is consistently preceded by a precursor state at the molecular level, there is urgent need to better understand mechanisms that regulate transformation from precursor to full-blown multiple myeloma(7).
2. Genetic abnormalities
a. Dysregulation of c-myc Gene
Dysregulation of c-myc by translocation to the switch regions of the IgH locus occurs in most murine plasmacytomas. Translocations involving 14q32 have been reported in 20-40% of abnormal karyotypes from human multiple myeloma (MM), and involve a variety of loci(8).
b. Gene (IgH)
Chromosome translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) on 14q32 are a seminal event in the pathogenesis of many B-cell malignancies. According to the study by the New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Medical College of Cornell University, , Recurrent Ig translocations identify at least three distinct molecular subtypes of myeloma(9).
c. Chromosome translocations
(11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (FGFR3 and MMSET), and 16q23 (c-maf))
Four chromosomal partners appear to account for the majority of primary IgH translocations: 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (FGFR3 and MMSET), and 16q23 (c-maf). They are mediated primarily by errors in IgH switch recombination and less often by errors in somatic hypermutation, with the former dissociating the intronic and 3′ enhancer(s), so that potential oncogenes can be dysregulated on each derivative chromosome (e.g., FGFR3 on der14 and MMSET on der4). Secondary translocations, which sometimes do not involve Ig loci, are more complex, and are not mediated by errors in B cell specific DNA modification mechanisms(10).
d. Cytogenetic alteration and/or hyperdiploidy
At diagnosis, 96% of cases with multiple myeloma versus 77% of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance cases showed at least one cytogenetic alteration and/or hyperdiploidy(11).
3. Etc.
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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251580
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073517
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411440
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9308253
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10707795
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11607813
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929983

Multiple myeloma- The Symptoms

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a types of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the none marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can causes kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay is caused by precipitate formation of that can cause clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). there is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
I. Symptoms
1. Bone and back pain
Bone pain, especially back pain, is a common presenting feature of myeloma patients. According to the study by the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, there is a report of three multiple myeloma patients with exacerbations of back pain and referred shoulder pain resulting from vertebral infections(1).
2. Infections
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of clonal plasma cells, resulting in an increased production of ineffective immunoglobulins with suppression of non-involved immunoglobulins. According to the study by The John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, patients with MM are at increased risk of infectious complications, particularly streptococcal and staphylococcal infections(2).
3. Fatigue, pain, sleep and mood disturbances, and diminished functional performance.
Cancer-related fatigue and insomnia are common distressing symptoms and may affect mood and performance status. In the study to describe fatigue, sleep, pain, mood, and performance status and the relationships among these variables in 187 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) and conduct an analysis using the correlates of fatigue, showed that patients with newly diagnosed MM presented with fatigue, pain, sleep and mood disturbances, and diminished functional performance. The regression model, which included all of these variables along with age, sex, and stage of disease, was statistically significant with a large measure of effect. Mood was a significant individual contributor to the model(3).
4. Vertebral fracture
Patients with painful vertebral compression fractures produced by multiple myeloma (MM) often experience reduction in pain after spinal augmentation with kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty, according to teh study by the The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center(4)
5. Others symptoms
According to the study by the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Multiple myeloma is a rare, largely incurable malignant disease of plasma cells. Patients usually present with hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia and/or lytic bony lesions along with a monoclonal protein in the serum and/or urine in addition to an increase in the number of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow(5). Other study indicated that patients with MM reported a mean decrease (e.g., worsening) between baseline and 1-yr follow-up scores for: quality of life (mean, 68 vs. 55, respectively, P < 0.001; 74% of patients had a deteriorated score), fatigue (33 vs. 39, P < 0.05; 50%), nausea and vomiting (6.3 vs. 13, P < 0.05; 71%), pain (33 vs. 43, P < 0.05; 59%), and dyspnea (17 vs. 33, P < 0.001; 66%). The most bothering symptoms during the past week were tingling hands/feet (32%), back pain (28%), bone aches/pain (26%), pain in arm/shoulder (19%), and feeling drowsy (18%)(6).

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251580
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073517
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648075
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678167
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522061
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543044
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23386937
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762785

Multiple myeloma – Treatments In traditional Chinese medicine perspective

Multiple myeloma. also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a types of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the none marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can cause kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay caused by precipitate formation of that can cause clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). there is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
VI. Treatments
C. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
A number of natural products isolated from Chinese herbs have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, suppress angiogenesis, retard metastasis and enhance chemotherapy, exhibiting anti-cancer potential both in vitro and in vivo, including flavonoids (gambogic acid, curcumin, wogonin and silibinin), alkaloids (berberine), terpenes (artemisinin, β-elemene, oridonin, triptolide, and ursolic acid), quinones (shikonin and emodin) and saponins (ginsenoside Rg3), which are isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs(72).
1. Sophora roots
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow in the elderly. Matrine, a main alkaloid if Sophora roots, has been shown to inhibit cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis of various cancer cells. According to the study by the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, matrine could exert antiproliferative effects on myeloma cells and induce apoptosis of myeloma cells in vitro. The induction of apoptosis appeared to proceed via the mitochondrial pathway, including down-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, loss of Deltapsim, release of cyt c from mitochondria to cytosol, and activation of caspase-3(73).
2. the root and rhizomes of Rheum palmatum L.
Emodin is an active component of a traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine isolated from the root and rhizomes of Rheum palmatum L. According to the study by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, emodin significantly induces cytotoxicity in the human myeloma cells through the elimination of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1). Emodin inhibited interleukin-6-induced activation of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), followed by the decreased expression of Mcl-1. Activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was triggered by emodin, but the expression of other antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, except Mcl-1, did not change in the presence of emodin(74).
3. Scutellaria radix
In the study to investigate the effects of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan (GZFLW), and Huang-Lian-Tang (HLT) on the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells by the Yamaguchi University, indicated that HLJDT inhibited the proliferation of myeloma cell lines and the survival of primary myeloma cells, especially MPC-1- immature myeloma cells, and induced apoptosis in myeloma cell lines via a mitochondria-mediated pathway by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. Further experiments confirmed that Scutellaria radix was responsible for the suppressive effect of HLJDT on myeloma cell proliferation, and the baicalein in Scutellaria radix showed strong growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in comparison with baicalin or wogonin(75).
4. Cantharidin (CTD)
Cantharidin (CTD) a vesicant produced by beetles in the order Coleoptera has a long history in both folk and traditional medicine. In the study to investigate the possibility of CTD as a novel therapeutic agent for the patients with multiple myeloma, showed that CTD inhibited the cellular growth of human myeloma cell lines as well as freshly isolated myeloma cells in patients. Cultivation with CTD induced apoptosis of myeloma cells in a cell-cycle-independent manner. Treatment with CTD induced caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities, and it was completely blocked by each caspase inhibitor. We further examined the effect of CTD on the IL-6 signaling pathway in myeloma cells, and found that CTD inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 at tyrosine 705 residue as early as 1 h after treatment and down-regulated the expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-xL protein. STAT3 directly bound and activated the transcription of bcl-xL gene promoter, resulting in the induction of the expression of bcl-xL in myeloma cells(76).
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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca l Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251580
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073517
(72) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777476
(73) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20528251
(74) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363492
(75) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15626742
(76) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544087

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Wednesday 2 August 2023

#Withanolide D (WND) Isolated From #Herbal #Ashwagandha Exerts Anti Multiple Myeloma Activity by Its Cytostatic Effects, Researchers Say

Kyle J. Norton

Multiple myeloma (Myeloma) is a type of cancer that originated from plasma cells in the bone marrow.
The disease is a condition of DNA alternation of white blood cells normally responsible for the production of antibodies to protect our body against infection with some characteristics.

According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon cancer. In the United States, the lifetime risk of getting multiple myeloma is 1 in 132 (0.76%).

Every year, approximately, 32,110 new cases are diagnosed, including 18,130 in men and 13,980 in women. The disease also causes the death of 12,960 Americans including 6,990 in men and 5,970 in women.

The Grades of multiple myeloma are depending on the tendency of spreading. Low-grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high-grade cancer indicates otherwise.

The exact causes of MS are unknown. Epidemiologically, the increase in age (If you are between 50 and 70 years old you are at higher risk to develop Multiple Myeloma), gender (men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women), race (Cancer tends to affect blacks more often than whites), previous multiple myeloma, exposed to certain chemicals, family history, and radiation
The most common symptoms of MS are* Bone pain
Abnormal growth of plasma cells can cause a collapse of the bone.

* Infection
Overcrowding of abnormal plasma cells reduces the functions of white blood cells produced by the bone marrow, leading to a weakened immune system. The most common infections found to be pneumonia and pyelonephritis.

* Anemia
As a result, malignant plasma cells have to interfere with the normal production of red blood cells.

* Bleeding
Due to the lower production of the platelet.

* Renal failure
Abnormal plasma cells can also affect the function of the kidney in getting rid of waste, causing urea and creatinine to accumulate in the bloodstream.

* Neurological symptoms
Hypercalcemia is a result of the breakdown of the bone caused by the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

However, most people with some of the above symptoms never developed MS.

Ashwagandha also known as Withania somnifera is a nightshade plant in the genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry parts of India, North Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean.
The herbal medicine has been considered as Indian ginseng and used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands, carbuncles, memory loss, and ulcers and considered an anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging herbal medicine.

In finding a potent compound for the treatment of tumors of the bone marrow, researchers examined the growth inhibitory effects of withanolide D (WND), a steroidal lactone isolated from Withania somnifera on drug-resistant subpopulation known as cancer stem cells (CSCs).

According to tested assays, WND exhibited similar cytostatic effects by inhibiting cancer cell growth and division. on drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cell lines in the nM range.

In cancer cell lines MM-CSCs and RPMI 8226, the administration of WND also induced cancer cell death and apoptosis.

However, WND did not increase the accumulation of the fluorescent P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 in MM-CSCs associated with cancer cells' drug resistance. More precisely, the result suggested that WND at the tested doses may not inhibit P-gp accumulation involved in the development of resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.

Based on the findings, researchers said, " the WND-induced cytostatic effect may be independent of P-gp efflux".

Taken together, Ashwagandha may be considered a functional herb for the prevention and an adjunct therapy combined with the primary medicine for the treatment of myeloma, pending to the result of a larger sample size and multicenter study

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Withanolide D Exhibits Similar Cytostatic Effect in Drug-Resistant and Drug-Sensitive Multiple Myeloma Cells by Issa ME1, Wijeratne EMK2, Gunatilaka AAL2, Cuendet M. (PubMed)

Wednesday 4 December 2013

Multiple myeloma- The Diagnosis

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler’s disease, is a type of abnormal growth of plasma cells collected in the bone marrow where they grow and multiple to interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Paraprotein, an abnormal antibody produced by the plasma cell myeloma not only can cause kidney problem but also interference with the Roche automated total bilirubin assay by precipitate formation of that can lead to clinical confusion, according to the study by the Harvard Medical School, Boston(1). Other study indicated that the production of paraproteins caused spurious results on individual analytes including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), or HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)(b). There is also a report of a 50 years old
chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis in a patient with hypercalcemia related to Multiple Myeloma (MM)(c).
B. Diagnosis
If you are experience some of the above symptoms, after recording the complete family history and physical examination, the test which your doctor orders may include
1. Standard Blood and urine tests
The aim of the tests are to detect the presence of M proteins of which may be an indication of Multiple myeloma. If M protein is found in the test, additional boold test for beta-2-microglobulin may be necessary for the comfirmation of outcome.
2. Serum Free Light Chain Assays
Free light chain (FLC) assays are important in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Elevated immunoglobulin free light chain (FLC) level and abnormal FLC ratio are commonly seen in multiple myeloma (MM) and have prognostic implications, accosing to the study by the Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, a combination of the risk factors; either abnormal FLC estimate and/or the presence of high-risk IgH translocation, achieved better prognostic stratification. We conclude that patients with IgH translocations have higher FLC levels and abnormal ratios, but the prognostic effect of FLC is only partially explained by translocation status. A system including both these risk factors allows better prediction of outcome(35).
3. Imaging
In multiple myeloma, imaging is required to determine the stage of disease and to anticipate impending bone fractures. According to the study by the Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, modern systems include
a. MRI findings. MRI is most sensitive to both diffuse bone marrow involvement as well as solid plasma cell tumors.
b. Whole-body low-dose CT (WBCT) may replace plain films in the near future, since it is quicker, more sensitive, and is better tolerated by patients. Intramedullary lesions are well seen as long as they are located in long bones where they are surrounded by fat. Diffuse bone marrow infiltration as well as intravertebral lesions, however, are difficult to detect with WBCT in the absence of frank destruction of cancellous bone.
c. PET or PET-CT with 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) are insensitive to diffuse bone marrow infiltration, but may help to assess treatment response in solitary or multiple solid plasma cell tumors which have a high FDG uptake before treatment(36).
4. Bone marrow examination
There have been suggestions to eliminate the need for BM examinations as a result of a bone marrow (BM) examination showing less than 5% plasma cells in addition to negative serum and urine immunofixation. In the study to evaluate of patients with multiple myeloma who achieved negative immunofixation in the serum and urine after therapy and found that 14% had BM plasma cells more than or equal to 5%. Adding a requirement for normalization of the serum-free light chain ratio to negative immunofixation studies did not negate the need for BM studies; 10% with a normal serum-free light chain ratio had BM plasma cells more than or equal to 5%. We also found that, on achieving immunofixation-negative status, patients with less than 5% plasma cells in the BM had improved overall survival compared with those with 5% or more BM plasma cells (6.2 years vs 2.3 years, respectively; P = .01)(37).
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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521367
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520636
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21509684
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641191

Multiple myeloma – Initial therapy for myeloma treatments In conventional medicine perspective

Sunday 28 May 2023

The Effects of #Herbal #Ashwagandha Cytostatic Activities on #MultipleMyeloma, Scientists Say

By Kyle J. Norton

Multiple myeloma (Myeloma) is a type of cancer that originated from plasma cells in the bone marrow.

The disease is a condition of DNA alternation of white blood cells normally responsible for the production of antibodies to protect our body against infection with some characteristics.

According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon cancer. In the United States, the lifetime risk of getting multiple myeloma is 1 in 132 (0.76%).

Every year, approximately, 32,110 new cases are diagnosed, including 18,130 in men and 13,980 in women. The disease also causes the death of 12,960 Americans including 6,990 in men and 5,970 in women.
The Grades of multiple myeloma are depending on the tendency of spreading. Low-grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high-grade cancer indicates otherwise.

The exact causes of MS are unknown. Epidemiologically, the increase of age (If you are between 50 and 70 years old you are at higher risk to develop Multiple Myeloma), gender (men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women), race (Cancer tends to affects blacks more often than whites), previous multiple myeloma, exposed to certain chemicals, family history, and radiation
Most common symptoms of MS are* Bone pain
Abnormal growth of plasma cells can cause a collapse of the bone.

* Infection
Overcrowding of abnormal plasma cells reduces the functions of white blood cells produced by the bone marrow, leading to a weakened immune system. The most common infections found to be pneumonia and pyelonephritis.

* Anemia
As a result, malignant plasma cells have to interfere with the normal production of red blood cells.

* Bleeding
Due to the lower production of the platelet.

* Renal failure
Abnormal plasma cells can also affect the function of the kidney in getting rid of waste, causing urea and creatinine to accumulate in the bloodstream.

* Neurological symptoms
Due to hypercalcemia, as a result of the breakdown of the bone caused by the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

However, most people with some of the above symptoms never developed MS.

Ashwagandha also is known as Withania somnifera is a nightshade plant in the genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean.
The herbal medicine has been considered as Indian ginseng and used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands, carbuncles, memory loss, and ulcers and considered an anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging herbal medicine.

On finding a potent compound for the treatment of tumor of the bone marrow, researchers examined the growth inhibitory effects of withanolide D (WND), a steroidal lactone isolated from Withania somnifera on drug-resistant subpopulation known as cancer stem cells (CSCs).

According to tested assays, WND exhibited similar cytostatic effects by inhibiting cancer cell growth and division. on drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cell lines in the nM range.

In cancer cell lines MM-CSCs and RPMI 8226, the administration of WND also induced cancer cell death and apoptosis.

However, WND did not increase the accumulation of the fluorescent P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 in MM-CSCs associated with cancer cells' drug resistance. More precisely, the result suggested that WND at the tested doses may not inhibit P-gp accumulation involved in the development of resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.

Based on the findings, researchers said, " the WND-induced cytostatic effect may be independent of P-gp efflux".

Taken altogether, Ashwagandha may be considered a functional herb for the prevention and an adjunct therapy combined with the primary medicine for the treatment of myeloma, pending the result of larger sample size and multicenter study

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Withanolide D Exhibits Similar Cytostatic Effect in Drug-Resistant and Drug-Sensitive Multiple Myeloma Cells by Issa ME1, Wijeratne EMK2, Gunatilaka AAL2, Cuendet M. (PubMed)