Kyle J. Norotn
The prevalence of breast cancer has been acknowledged in the scientific community worldwide.
Breast cancer is widespread in women in Southeast Asia as a result of over 2 decades of economic prosperity caused by an unhealthy diet is a major concern.
The findings for effective treatments are ongoing with some successes, but discovering effective prevention and treatment with little or no side effects has proven difficultly.
According to statistics, the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during the lifetime of a woman is 1/8.
Suggestions of a healthy diet with plenty of vegetables and fruits(1)(2)(3) with a change of lifestyle (4)(5)(6) may be the only choice for women in reducing the risk of the diseases.
1. Black Rice
Black Rice is a type of rice with enriched Anthocyanins. including Indonesian black rice and Thai jasmine black rice, considered one of nature's superfoods with various antioxidants.
Anthocyanins in black rice, oral administration of AEBR (100 mg/kg/day) to BALB/c nude mice bearing MDA-MB-453 cell xenografts significantly suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of the physiological process factors MMP-9MMP-2(enzymes involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix), and uPA(activator) in tumor tissue.
AEBR also induced human breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and suppressing angiogenesis(37)(38).
Other chemical constituents of species of black glumed’ Njavara (Oryza sativa L.) isolation, namely, flavonolignans, tricin 4'-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (compound 1), and tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (compound 2), also inhibited breast cancer cell line MCF-7, by inducing apoptosis at concentration 40 and 30 μg/ and chromatin condensation by decreasing protein in the mitochondrial membrane(39).
2. Green tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drink or food with the same volume is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, which undergo minimal oxidation during processing and originated from China.
Regular green tea intake is associated with an inverse risk of breast cancer, as green tea enhanced the production of Ki-67, a cancer antigen compared to non-drinkers. (63).
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a phytochemical in green tea exert its epigenetic effects in altering the DNA methyltransferase expression in many types of cancer, including breast cancer(64).
Catechins, another phytochemical of green tea, inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and blocked carcinogenesis in breast cancer probably through the expression of translocation across membranes or for degradation, ribonucleoprotein DNA reduplication, apoptotic cascade, etc.(65).
In inflammatory breast cancer, a most aggressive type of breast cancer, green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), decreased expression of genes in promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival in human breast cancer cell lines, SUM-149 and SUM-190 by reduced lymphangiogenesis-promoting genes(66) and inhibited the cell proliferation at 72 hours, after 10 microM of EGCG treatment.
These suggested green tea induced a reactivation of apoptosis, probably through the complexity of the angiogenic switch which can lead to the modulation of the cell migration processes against triple-negative breast cancer cells (67).
In human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, selenium-containing polysaccharides (Se-GTPs) from a new variety of selenium-enriched Ziyang green tea, in dose-dependent, exhibited an effective cell growth inhibition by inducing MCF-7 cancer cells to undergo G2/M(cell cycle) phase arrest and apoptosis by up-regulation of p53 (tumor antigen) expression(68).
Unfortunately, epidemiological data, on the incidence of breast cancer and the recurrence of breast cancer, consumption of 5 or more cups of green tea a day showed a non-statistically significant trend towards the prevention of breast cancer development. But some evidence indicated that green tea consumption may possibly help prevent breast cancer recurrence in early-stage (I and II) cancers(69).
3. Red wine
Red wine, made from the pigments of grape varieties is a wine that involved the extraction of color, and flavour components from the grape skin.
Red wine phenolics piceatannol and myricetin reduced the proliferation of estrogen hormone-dependent breast cancer cells by binding to the gene expression of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, which interacts with responsive DNA sequences located within the promoter region of target genes(70).
Catechin hydrate (CH), an antioxidant in red wine, induced apoptosis against MCF-7 cells, with a rate of 40.7% and 41.16% in the volume of 150 μg/ml CH in 24 hours, respectively.
Moreover, a 48-hour exposure to 150 μg/ml CH and 300 μg/ml CH resulted in 43.73% and 52.95% apoptotic cells, through increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes such as caspase-3, -8, and -9 and TP53(71).
4. Black bean
Black bean is a Small roughly ovoid legume with glossy black shells, genus Phaseolus, belongings to the family Fabaceae. It is believed that the black bean was the first domesticated growth in South America.
Water-soluble condensed tannins isolated from black beans inhibited breast cancer cell line MCF-7 at 24 microM by suppresseing a fetal bovine serum (blood fraction remaining after the natural coagulation of blood) stimulated cell migration and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2 or gelatinase A), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9 or gelatinase B)(involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix), and vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF(165)(regulator of angiogenesis) receptors expression(72).
The phytochemical of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed coats, also enhanced potent antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in doses depending on manner(73).
5. Fermented soybean
Fermented soybean made from ground soybeans, is a popular ingredient used in the cuisines of East and Southeast Asia.
Chungkookjang, a Korean fermented soybean, containing a high concentration of isoflavones and peptides inhibited the growth of breast cancer MCF7 cells in decreased dependent on the concentration by activating the TGFβ pathway in cellular processes and depressing inflammation(74).
In murine breast adenocarcinoma, fermented soy products (FSP) are effective in tumor containment with the smallest tumor volumes. (75).
6. Peanut
Peanuts, belonging to the the legume related to the bean family is first cultivated in the in the Chaco region of Paraguay and Bolivia.
Lectin ( (PNA), a chemical constituent of peanut was effective in inhibiting the proliferation of human breast cell lines (ZR-75.1 and 734-B)(76) and MCF-7, T 47D, HBL 100, BT 20(77).
Beta-Sitosterol found in legumes, oil seeds, and unrefined plant oils such as peanut butter, pistachios, and sunflower, exhibited the extrinsic apoptotic programmed cell death pathway in human breast MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231(78).
7. Faxseed
Flax seed also known as common flax or linseed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India.
A study of athymic mice fed with basal diet (control), or 10% FS diet, with or without TRAS (2.5mg/kg) for 5 wk, displayed positive effects in reduced tumor size and increased tumor apoptosis.
Dietary FS improved the function of TRAS in increased overall survival(79).
Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil combined with tamoxifen reduced the growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors (MCF-7) at low circulating estrogen levels by inhibiting cell proliferation, expression of genes, and proteins involved in the ER- and growth factor-mediated signaling pathways(80).
FO induced greatest effect in increasing apoptosis in compared with TAM treatment alone(80).
Lignans (a class of phytoestrogens) consumption was associated with a significant reduction in breast cancer risk(81).
In estrogen-receptor-positive (MCF-7) and estrogen-receptor-negative (MDA-MB-231) cells, Flaxseed sprouts induced apoptosis and inhibited cancer cell growth by significantly upregulated p53(Anti-tumor antigen) mRNA (transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell) in both cell cancer lines(82).
Taken together, certain vegetables(7)(8) and fruits(9)(10) or their chemical compounds may heave a potential and therapeutic effect in the treatment of breast cancer, by blocking the cancer energy sources of the pathways, influencing the signal pathways of the cell proliferation or suppressing the promoted cancers genes.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bio Science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
1) Intake of specific fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer among postmenopausal women by Fung TT, Chiuve SE, Willett WC, Hankinson SE, Hu FB, Holmes MD. (PubMed)
(2) Fruits, vegetables, and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Aune D, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Norat T.(PubMed)
(3) Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients.
Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Brasure JR, Swanson MK, Nemoto T, Graham S.(PubMed)(4) Lifestyle and risk of development of breast and ovarian cancer by Pięta B, Chmaj-Wierzchowska K, Opala T.(PubMed)
(5) Epidemiological evidence for a relationship between life events, coping style, and personality factors in the development of breast cancer by Butow PN, Hiller JE, Price MA, Thackway SV, Kricker A, Tennant CC. (PubMed)
(6) Epidemiological correlates of breast cancer in South India by Babu GR, Lakshmi SB, Thiyagarajan JA. (PubMed)
(7) Dietary organic isothiocyanates are cytotoxic in human breast cancerMCF-7 and mammary epithelial MCF-12A cell lines by Tseng E, Scott-Ramsay EA, Morris ME. (PubMed)
(8) Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with the consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype by
(9) Extracts of strawberry fruits induce an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibit tumor progression in mice.by Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Chiruvella KK, Musini A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC.(PubMed)
(10) Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro.by Seeram NP, Adams LS, Zhang Y, Lee R, Sand D, Scheuller HS, Heber D.(PubMed)
(63) logical effects of green tea capsule supplementation in pre-surgery postmenopausal breast cancer patients by Yu SS, Spicer DV, Hawes D, Tseng CC, Yang CS, Pike MC, Wu AH(PubMed)
(64) Epigenetic effects of green tea polyphenols in cancer by Henning SM, Wang P, Carpenter CL, Heber D.(PubMed)
(65) Green Tea Catechins: Proposed Mechanisms of Action in Breast Cancer Focusing on The Interplay Between Survival and Apoptosis by Yiannakopoulou EC. (PubMed)
(66)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits stem-like inflammatory breast cancer cells by Mineva ND, Paulson KE, Naber SP, Yee AS, Sonenshein GE. (PubMed)
(67) Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) inhibits cell proliferation and migratory behaviour of triple-negative breast cancer cells by Braicu C, Gherman CD, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I.(PubMed)
(68) Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms of selenium-containing tea polysaccharides on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by He N, Shi X, Zhao Y, Tian L, Wang D, Yang X.(PubMed)
(69) The effects of green tea consumption on incidence of breast cancer and recurrence of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Seely D, Mills EJ, Wu P, Verma S, Guyatt GH. (PubMed)
(70) The red wine phenolics piceatannol and myricetin act as agonists for estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells by Maggiolini M, Recchia AG, Bonofiglio D, Catalano S, Vivacqua A, Carpino A, Rago V, Rossi R, Andò S.(PubMed)
(71) Catechin hydrate suppresses MCF-7 proliferation through TP53/Caspase-mediated apoptosis. by Alshatwi AA.(PubMed)
(72) Inhibition of Caco-2 colon, MCF-7, and Hs578T breast, and DU 145 prostatic cancer cell proliferation by water-soluble black bean condensed tannins by Bawadi HA, Bansode RR, Trappey A 2nd, Truax RE, Losso JN.(PubMed)
(73) Phytochemicals of black bean seed coats: isolation, structure elucidation, and their antiproliferative and antioxidative activities by Dong M, He X, Liu RH. (PubMed)
(74) Inflammation-related signaling pathways implicating TGFβ are revealed in the expression profiling of MCF7 cell treated with fermentedsoybean, chungkookjang by Hwang JS, Yoo HJ, Song HJ, Kim KK, Chun YJ, Matsui T, Kim HB.(PubMed)
(75) A soy-based product fermented by Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus helveticus inhibits the development of murine breast adenocarcinoma by Kinouchi FL, Maia DC, de Abreu Ribeiro LC, Placeres MC, de Valdez GF, Colombo LL, Rossi EA, Carlos IZ. (PubMed)
(76) Peanut agglutinin inhibits proliferation of cultured breast cancer cells by Marth C, Daxenbichler G.(PubMed)
(77) The influence of dietary lectins on the cell proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines in vitro by Valentiner U, Fabian S, Schumacher U, Leathem AJ. (PubMed)
(78) beta-Sitosterol activates Fas signaling in human breast cancer cells by Awad AB, Chinnam M, Fink CS, Bradford PG. (PubMed)
(79) Dietary flaxseed-trastuzumab interactive effects on the growth of HER2-overexpressing human breast tumors (BT-474) by Mason JK, Fu MH, Chen J, Yu Z, Thompson LU. (PubMed)
(80) Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil combined with tamoxifen treatment affects MCF-7 tumor growth through estrogen receptor- and growth factor-signaling pathways by Saggar JK, Chen J, Corey P, Thompson LU. (PubMed)
(81)Consumption of flaxseed, a rich source of lignans, is associated with reduced breast cancer risk by Lowcock EC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA. (PubMed)
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