Kyle J. Norton
The prevalence of breast cancer has been acknowledged in the scientific community worldwide.
Breast cancer is widespread in women in Southeast Asia as a result of over 2 decades of economic prosperity caused by an unhealthy diet is a major concern.
The findings for effective treatments are ongoing with some successes, but to discover effective prevention and treatment with little or no side effects has proven difficult.
According to statistics, the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during the lifetime of women is 1/8.
A healthy diet with plenty of vegetables and fruits(1)(2)(3) with a change of lifestyle(4)(5)(6) may be the only choice for women in reducing the risk of the diseases.
1. Blueberry
Blueberry is a flowering plant, belongings to the family Eriaceae, native to Northern America.
Triple-negative breast cancer TNBC, cancer does not express the genes for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor(PR), and HER2(gene) affecting approximately 15% of all cancer cases.
Female MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice fed with a high-fat diet with 5% whole blueberry powder (BB), inhibited TNBC and TNBC-related metastasis by reducing inflammation via specific cytokine-driven pathways through the immune response in reduced tumor growth and metastasis(40).
In 17β-estradiol-mediated mammary tumorigenesis, a 5% blueberry diet, decreased tumor volume and multiplicity significantly, by down-regulation of CYP 1A1(enzymes, able to activate compounds with carcinogenic properties) and ER-α (a receptor activated by the sex hormone estrogen)genes expression and also favorable modulation of microRNA (mir-18a and mir-34c) levels in gene regulation(41).
Other chemical constituents such as anthocyanin and anthocyanin-pyruvic acid adduct extract of blueberry restricted cancer cell proliferation by acting as cell anti-invasive factors and chemoinhibitors(42).
2. Avocado
Avocados, the green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting are a commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America, and Central America, belongings to the flowering plant family Lauraceous.
Avocado-produced toxin persin may contain a positive anti-breast cancer effect(43).
Persin exerted a significant anti-breast cancer effect in both estrogen receptor (ER) and ER-negative breast cancer cells(45).
Application of persin in animal models, selectively induced G2-M cell cycle arrest and cell death through the caspase-dependent pathway(44).
3. Strawberry
Strawberries are a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongings to the family Rosaceae, grown all over the world with suitable climates for commercial profits and health benefits.
Methanolic extract of strawberry (MESB) fruits induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells, irrespective of origin, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, in the testing against leukemia (CEM) and breast cancer (T47D) cell lines through induction of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by activating p73 (a tumor suppressor) in breast cancer cells, when tumor suppressor gene p53 was mutated(46).
Polyphenols, a major chemical component found in strawberries, exhibited cytotoxic with doses of approximately 50 microg/ml, inducing a 50% reduction in cell survival in both the normal and the tumor lines, including (MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines(47).
In another study, freeze-dried fruits of two strawberry cultivars ethanol extract strongly inhibited CaSki and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines and MCF-7 and T47-D breast cancer cell lines(48).
4. Pomegranate
The pomegranate is a fruit-bearing small tree, genus Punica, belongings to the family Lythraceae, native to Iran, and cultivated in Asia since ancient times.
Pomegranate extracts and genistein exerted anti-cancer effects in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells(MCF-7) in doses and time depending manner(49) by downregulated HR genes (a ubiquitous cellular pathway that mediates the transfer of genetic information) and increased expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-183 (predicted target RAD50) and miR-24 (regulation of gene expression)(50).
Pomegranate fruit extracts (PFEs), on dose-dependent, inhibited NF-kB-dependent reporter gene responses associated with proliferation, invasion, and motility in aggressive breast cancer phenotypes while decreasing RhoC and RhoA protein expression as these genes are associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis(51).
6. Grapes
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound known as a good chemopreventive agent for inhibiting carcinogenesis processes that target the regulators of cell function and DNA replication, found abundantly in grapes, berries, and peanuts is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.
HS-1793, a synthetic version of the compound of resveratrol-induced G2/M(DNA damage checkpoint) arrest in the cell cycle progression through induction of p53(tumor suppressor gene)-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells(52).
Catechin (RQC), a polyphenol, was effective in ameliorating mammary tumor growth and metastasis, by reducing Akt (multiple cellular process activity, induced the activation of AMPK(cellular energy)), and inhibited mTOR(mediate cellular responses) signaling in breast cancer cells(53).
In Her-2 breast cancer, fox grape seed extract increased the expression of Bax(an apoptosis promoter) and AIF(Apoptosis-inducing factor), and decreased total PARP(cellular processes) expression, leading to significant downregulation of Her-2 in MCF-7 cells(54).
7. Pineapple
Pineapple is a species of Ananas Comos, belongings to the family Bromeliaceae and native to southern Brazil and Paraguay, cultivated for commercial uses.
Pineapple is rich in vitamins and minerals and digesting enzyme bromelin seems to help digestion after a high protein meal.
Persin exerted a significant anti-breast cancer effect in both estrogen receptor (ER) and ER-negative breast cancer cells(45).
Bromelain, a major chemical constituent exerted anti-metastasis against breast cancer by upregulating the function of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration, and p38 kinase to cause programmed cell death(56).
In GI-101A breast cancer cells, bromelain induced cell death via activation of the apoptosis mechanism, in increased dose-dependent by promoting apoptosis and cytokine processing of caspase-9 and caspase-3 coinciding with the elevation of serum CK18 levels(56).
In the brMDA-MB-231 mammary carcinoma, oral administration of bromelain increased the reduced bMAK- and MAK-cell activity in cell cycle regulation from 7.8% to 54% (bMAK-cell activity) and from 16% to 47% (MAK-cell activity by stimulating the deficient monocytic cellular cytotoxicity of the mammary tumor(57).
8. Apple
Apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family Rosaceae, which originated in Central Asia.
In estrogen-dependent MCF-7 and estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, apple phytochemical extracts significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and cell cycle modulation(58).
In breast carcinoma, Mcf-7 and Mcf-7, Her18 cells, peels of apple were effective in antiproliferation accompanied by a G0-G1 phase arrest in cell cycle through activated tumor suppressor protein that suppressed the regulation of cell invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis(59).
A study of apple extracts and quercetin 3-beta-d-glucoside combination also showed to possess a synergistic effect in MCF-7 cell proliferation(60).
9. Orange
Orange is a species of Citrus Sinensis, belongings to the family Rutaceae and native to Southeast Asia.
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), a chemical compound found in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peel, induced Ca(2+)-mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through proapoptotic activity(61).
D-limonene, another compound in orange peel oil, in rodent studies, also exhibited chemotherapeutic activity against mammary cells, through the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, tumor redifferentiation, and/or suppression of key proteins of cell growth-regulating (62).
Taken Together, vegetables(7)(8) and fruits(9)(10) or their chemical compounds may process a huge effect in reducing the risk, progression, and treatment of breast cancer through induced apoptosis by blocking the energy sources of the pathways, influencing the signal pathways of cell proliferation or suppressing the promoted cancers genes.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
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(2) Fruits, vegetables, and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Aune D, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Norat T.(PubMed)
(3) Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients.
Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Brasure JR, Swanson MK, Nemoto T, Graham S.(PubMed)(4) Lifestyle and risk of development of breast and ovarian cancer by Pięta B, Chmaj-Wierzchowska K, Opala T.(PubMed)
(5) Epidemiological evidence for a relationship between life events, coping style, and personality factors in the development of breast cancer by Butow PN, Hiller JE, Price MA, Thackway SV, Kricker A, Tennant CC. (PubMed)
(6) Epidemiological correlates of breast cancer in South India by Babu GR, Lakshmi SB, Thiyagarajan JA. (PubMed)
(7) Dietary organic isothiocyanates are cytotoxic in human breast cancerMCF-7 and mammary epithelial MCF-12A cell lines by Tseng E, Scott-Ramsay EA, Morris ME. (PubMed)
(8) Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype by
(9) Extracts of strawberry fruits induce intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor progression in mice.by Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Chiruvella KK, Musini A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC.(PubMed)
(10) Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro.by Seeram NP, Adams LS, Zhang Y, Lee R, Sand D, Scheuller HS, Heber D.(PubMed)(43) Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of analogues of avocado-produced toxin (+)-(R)-persin in human breast cancer cells by Brooke DG, Shelley EJ, Roberts CG, Denny WA, Sutherland RL, Butt AJ. (PubMed)
(44) A novel plant toxin, persin, with in vivo activity in the mammary gland, induces Bim-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by Butt AJ, Roberts CG, Seawright AA, Oelrichs PB, Macleod JK, Liaw TY, Kavallaris M, Somers-Edgar TJ, Lehrbach GM, Watts CK, Sutherland RL. (PubMed)
(45) Synergistic cytotoxicity between tamoxifen and the plant toxin persin in human breast cancer cells is dependent on Bim expression and mediated by modulation of ceramide metabolism by Roberts CG, Gurisik E, Biden TJ, Sutherland RL, Butt AJ. (PubMed)
(46) Extracts of strawberry fruits induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibit tumor progression in mice by Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Chiruvella KK, Musini A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. (PubMed)
(47) Strawberry polyphenols are equally cytotoxic to tumourigenic and normal human breast and prostate cell lines by Weaver J, Briscoe T, Hou M, Goodman C, Kata S, Ross H, McDougall G, Stewart D, Riches A.(PubMed) (48) Anticarcinogenic Activity of Strawberry, Blueberry, and Raspberry Extracts to Breast and Cervical Cancer Cells, by Wedge DE, Meepagala KM, Magee JB, Smith SH, Huang G, Larcom LL. (PubMed)
(49) Anticancer activities of pomegranate extracts and genistein in human breast cancer cells by Jeune MA, Kumi-Diaka J, Brown J.(PubMed)
(50) Antiproliferative effects of pomegranate extract in MCF-7 breast cancer cells are associated with reduced DNA repair gene expression and induction of double-strand breaks by Shirode AB, Kovvuru P, Chittur SV, Henning SM, Heber D, Reliene R.(PubMed)
(51) Pomegranate fruit extract impairs invasion and motility in human breast cancer by Khan GN, Gorin MA, Rosenthal D, Pan Q, Bao LW, Wu ZF, Newman RA, Pawlus AD, Yang P, Lansky EP, Merajver SD. (PubMed)
(52) The effect of grapefruit intake on endogenous serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women by Monroe KR, Stanczyk FZ, Besinque KH, Pike MC. (PubMed)
(53) HS-1793, a resveratrol analogue, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in human breast cancer cells by Kim JA, Kim DH, Hossain MA, Kim MY, Sung B, Yoon JH, Suh H, Jeong TC, Chung HY, Kim ND. (PubMed)
(54) Grape polyphenols inhibit Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and potentiate the effects of gefitinib in breast cancer by Castillo-Pichardo L, Dharmawardhane SF. (PubMed)
(55) Suppression of oncoprotein Her-2 and DNA damage after treatment with Flavan-3- of Vitis labrusca extract by Scola G, Fernandes Correia Laurino CC, Menin E, Salvador M.(PubMed)
(56) Bromelain-induced apoptosis in GI-101A breast cancer cells by Dhandayuthapani S, Perez HD, Paroulek A, Chinnakkannu P, Kandalam U, Jaffe M, Rathinavelu A.(PubMed)
(57) Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immune cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients by Eckert K, Grabowska E, Stange R, Schneider U, Eschmann K, Maurer HR. (PubMed)
(58) Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit the proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation by Sun J, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(59) Antiproliferative effects of apple peel extract against cancer cells by Reagan-Shaw S, Eggert D, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N.(PubMed)
(60) Synergistic effect of apple extracts and quercetin 3-beta-d-glucoside combination on antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 human breast cancercells in vitro by Yang J, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(61) Apoptosis-inducing activity of hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones and polymethoxyflavones from orange peel in human breast cancer cells by Sergeev IN, Ho CT, Li S, Colby J, Dushenkov S.(PubMed)
(62) Monoterpenes in breast cancer chemoprevention by Crowell PL. (PubMed)
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