Kyle J. Norton
Scientists may have found a bioactive compound for the replacement of antibiotics with no side effects, some studies suggested.
Infection is a human disease characterized by the invasion of an organism that multiplied in a specific tissue or organ.
In bodily injury due to physical impact, the white blood cells of the immune first line of defense stimulate the production of proteins associated with the coagulation to cover the wound against the entrance of the microorganisms and inflammatory cytokines to kill off the infectious pathogens before they can enter the body and cause damage.
Most microorganisms were killed in the acute phase of the infection.
The infection is progressing through 5 stages, including
1. The incubation stage is a stage that microorganisms have successfully entered the host and started a period of multiplication. At this period patients do not experience any symptoms.
2. The prodromal stage, followed after the incubation period, after gaining strength in numbers and continued multiplication, the presence of the invasive pathogens is noticed by the immune system, leading to an immune system response. At this period, patients may experience symptoms of fever, pain, and swelling.
3. The stage of illness is a stage the disease is formed with signs and symptoms of the disease that are most obvious and severe.
4. The stage of decline, the stage that saw the immune system has won the battle. In this stage, the number of pathogens and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline.
5. The stage of convalescence is a stage of recovery.
Some scientists in the study of the immune evolution suggested that the immune system is designed to kill off invasive pathogens in 3-8 weeks, otherwise, it will adapt to the change, leading to diseases associated with chronic infection.
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Besides foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play an important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.
With an aim to find a natural antibiotic for the replacement of conventional medicine for the prevention and treatment of microbial infection, researchers examined the anacardic acid mixture antibacterial quorum sensing (QS), which is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that controls a large number of systems affecting pathogenicity.
An anacardic acid mixture (AAM) used in the experiment was produced by the A. astringent hexane extract (HE) in the bacterial strain Chromobacterium violaceum.
By comparing the 2 extracts, researchers found that
* HE induced a 91.6% of inhibition of the violecin production at 55 μg/mL concentration, whereas AAM showed 94% of inhibition at 166 μg/mL.
* Interestingly, both extracts were found to inhibit violacein production by affecting the viability of the bacterium.* Furthermore, AAM inhibited the substance which stimulates redox cycling in bacteria (pyocyanin 86% at 200 μg/mL) and glycolipid biosurfactants of bacterial structure (rhamnolipid, 91% at 500 μg/mL) production in a dose/response form and decreases the elastase (75% at 500 μg/mL) activity in P. aeruginosa without affecting its development.
Where violecin is a naturally-occurring bis-indole pigment with antibiotic properties produced by the bacteria.
These results indicated that Anacardic acid disrupts the quorum sensing (QS) of bacteria by inhibiting the substances which play a critical role in microbial survival in cell-cell communication.
Dr.Castillo-Juárez I, the lead scientist said, " anacardic acids mixture isolated from A. astringent demonstrated anti-QS, it could be further exploited for novel molecules to treat the emerging infections of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens".
Additionally, in the evaluated new anacardic acid, 6-[16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid (1), along with seven known compounds isolated from the bark of Amphipterygium astringent using a bioassay-guided fractionation method, researchers showed that compounds 1-4 exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutants and Porphyromonas gingivalis with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7 to 104 µg mL and from 12 to 126 µg mL.
Where compounds 1-4 are 6-[16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid (1), 6-[8'Z-pentadecenyl] salicylic acid (15:1 anacardic acid) (2), 6-nonadecenyl salicylic acid (anacardic acid 19:0), (3), 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid (anacardic acid 15:0) (4).
Taken together, anacardic acid and its bioactive derivatives may be considered antibiotics alternative for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infection with no side effects
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blog, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been referenced in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Amphypterygium adstringens anacardic acid mixture inhibits quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors of Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Castillo-Juárez I, García-Contreras R, Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Soto-Hernández M, Martínez-Vázquez M. (PubMed)
(2) Isolation of the new anacardic acid 6-[16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by Rivero-Cruz BE, Esturau N, Sánchez-Nieto S, Romero I, Castillo-Juárez I, Rivero-Cruz JF.(PubMed)
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