Kyle J. Norton
Respiratory Disease is a medical condition that affects the breathing organ and tissues including Inflammatory lung diseases, such as obstructive lung diseases, restrictive lung diseases, respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, the nerves,....... and muscle breathing.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, affecting the airway of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.
The disease affects people of all ages and mostly starts during childhood.
According to the American Academy, allergy, asthma, and immunology, about 1 in 10 children (10%) had asthma and 1 in 12 adults (8%) had asthma in 2009. (about 25 million, or 8% of the U.S. population)(1).
Asthma symptoms vary from person to person. However, asthma attacks may induce serious symptoms of shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain,...... and cough that causes trouble sleeping
Some researchers suggested that asthma attacks may be a result of allergic effects, such as pollen, mold spores, occupational effects such as gases or dust,..... and physical effects such as exercise.
Epidemiological studies, linking herbs in reduced risk and treatment have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), but certain herbs have been found to be effective in some studies.
1. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)
Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis) is a herb of Genus Angelica from the family Apiaceae, indigenous to China.
The herb has been used as a Queen herb in traditional Chinese medicine as an antispasmodic and vasodilatory agent, to balance the hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation and strengthen the heart, spleen, kidneys, and liver for both men and women, etc.
In other words, Dang Qui is used frequently to treat gynecological ailments, fatigue, mild anemia, and high blood pressure.
The herb also processes analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc.
Ethanolic extract (AD of Angelica in the study at the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, showed to suppress airway allergic inflammation, by significantly lower airway eosinophilia, cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels, mucus production and immunoglobulin (Ig)E in mice(1).
Danggui Buxue Tang, a composition of Angelica sinensis (AS) and Astragalus membranaceous (AM), in OVA-sensitized mice, its DBT2 or DBT3 showed no improved effects relative to DBT1 in treating asthmatic symptoms but DBT1 showed to suppress airway hyperresponsiveness and OVA-immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum(2).
According to Thammasat University, ethanol found in Angelica sinensis exerted its anti-inflammatory activity through antioxidant effects(3).
2. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belongings to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from the temperate zone to the subtropical zone and some parts of North America.
It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders, and deafness as well as to prevent drunkenness and bedwetting.
Ginkgolide B (GKB), a major chemical compound of ginkgo biloba, in BALB/c mice exerted its anti-asthmatic activity through inhibited the increase of T-helper 2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreased eosinophil count via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway(4).
The composition of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb761), astaxanthin (ASX), and vitamin C, also inhibited asthma-associated inflammation in asthmatic guinea pigs (5)
And, Ginkgo biloba extracts showed to inhibit asthmatic disorder through the suppression of NF-kappaB gene expression actively in HL-60 cells(6).
According to Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, biloba alleviates all established chronic histological changes in the lung except smooth muscle thickness in a mouse model of asthma(7).
3. Licorice
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) also known as sweetwood, is the genus Glycyrrhiza, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia.
The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases, coughs, constipation, bronchitis, inflammation, arthritis, etc.
Licochalcone A (Lico A) isolated from the root of Xinjiang licorice, exerted its anti-inflammatory activity on a non-infectious mouse model of asthma, through inhibition of the increase in T-helper type 2 cytokines and reduced serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG(8).
ASHMI, the composition of aqueous extracts of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum), Kushen (Sophora flavescens) and Gancao (Glycyrrhizauralensis), is effective on allergic asthma, through inhibition of the production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 by murine memory Th2 cells and eotaxin-1 production by HLF-1 cells(9).
Another study in a murine model also suggested that ASHMI not only significantly reduces eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, serum IgE levels, IL-4 and IL-13 levels, but also increases IFN-γ production in lung cell cultures in response to antigen stimulation(10).
4. Chamomile
Chamomile is also known as camomile, the common name of many species of daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae.
The herb has been used in traditional medicine as an antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituent to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.
Water composition extract of a mixture of eight herbs (chamomile, saffron, anise, fennel, caraway, licorice, cardamom, and black seed), showed to alleviate the symptoms of asthma, through inhibition of histamine released from chemically- and immunologically-induced cells(11).
5. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia.
It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating the common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotics, etc.
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a major organosulfur compound found in garlic, in an ovalbumin-induced model of allergic asthma and RAW264.7 cells, showed to inhibit the proinflammatory proteins, through upregulation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and downregulation of NF-κB pathways(12).
According to the study by Tarbiat Modares University, purified aged garlic extract exhibited the protective effect of asthma through a significant decrease in the hallmark criteria of allergic airway inflammation levels(13).
6. Grape seed extract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a liquid extracted from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit.
The herb has been used in traditional medicine as an anti-bacterial, viral, fungal, parasite and to enhance the immune system, protect against colds and flu, and malignant diseases.
Grape seed extract (GSPE) may alleviate the symptoms of asthma through its antioxidant activities.
According to the study of the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, GSPE effectively suppressed inflammation in both acute and chronic mouse models of asthma, through reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), decreased inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid, reduced lung inflammation, and decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 expression(14) by downregulating the iNOS expression(15).
Some researchers suggested that GSE significantly ameliorated the pathological changes of ovalbumin-induced asthma, through inhibition of altered lung parenchyma pathology and inflammation in the ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model(16).
Most important, even though the application of some herbs mentioned above exerted an enormous effect in the inhibition of asthma symptoms and asthma but most of the data on the health effects are based on human cells and animal models.
Therefore, further data collection on studies performed with human consumption over a long term and during the course of the disease will be necessary to complete the picture of the possibilities of the above herbal efficacy.
Additionally, while addressing the possible advantages of herbal intake researchers must also take into account potential, risks such as quality controls, dosages, and dosage-induced adverse effects of acute liver toxicity.
Where interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, 13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are pro-inflammatory cytokines activated by an immune response against infection caused by microorganisms.
Eotaxin-1 expression is activated by IL-13 or TNF-α with the function of directing inflammatory cells through its receptors.
Nrf2/HO-1 is a protein with the function to react as the anti-oxidative stress response.
Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a major mediator of inflammation, plays an important role in response to stress.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anti-asthmatic effects of Angelica dahurica against ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by Lee MY1, Seo CS, Lee JA, Lee NH, Kim JH, Ha H, Zheng MS, Son JK, Shin HK. (PubMed)
(2) Danggui Buxue Tang attenuates eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice by Lin CC1, Liou CJ, Chiang CY, Huang WY, Huang WC. (PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of Thai medicinal plants by Makchuchit S1, Itharat A, Tewtrakul S.(PubMed)
(4) A novel anti-inflammatory role for ginkgolide B in asthma via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway by Chu X1, Ci X, He J, Wei M, Yang X, Cao Q, Li H, Guan S, Deng Y, Pang D, Deng X.(PubMed)
(5) Summative interaction between astaxanthin, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and vitamin C in suppression of respiratory inflammation: a comparison with ibuprofen by Haines DD1, Varga B, Bak I, Juhasz B, Mahmoud FF, Kalantari H, Gesztelyi R, Lekli I, Czompa A, Tosaki A(PubMed)
(6) [Studies on the effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts on NF-kappaB pathway].[Article in Chinese] by Li GH1, Lei XX, Yi YM, Xu BL, Wang HP, Du J.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of Ginkgo biloba on airway histology in a mouse model of chronic asthma by Babayigit A1, Olmez D, Karaman O, Ozogul C, Yilmaz O, Kivcak B, Erbil G, Uzuner N.(PubMed)
(8) Attenuation of allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma by Licochalcone A by Chu X1, Jiang L, Wei M, Yang X, Guan M, Xie X, Wei J, Liu D, Wang D.(PubMed)
(9) Constituents of the anti-asthma herbal formula ASHMI(TM) synergistically inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by murine Th2 memory cells, and eotaxin by human lung fibroblasts in vitro by Jayaprakasam B1, Yang N, Wen MC, Wang R, Goldfarb J, Sampson H, Li XM. (PubMed)
(10) Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids present in anti-asthma formula, ASHMI™, inhibit memory Th2 responses in vitro and in vivo by Yang N1, Patil S, Zhuge J, Wen MC, Bolleddula J, Doddaga S, Goldfarb J, Sampson HA, Li XM.(PubMed)
(11) The effect of a herbal water extract on histamine release from mast cells and on allergic asthma by Haggag EG1, Abou-Moustafa MA, Boucher W, Theoharides TC. (PubMed)
(12) Diallyl-disulfide, an organosulfur compound of garlic, attenuates airway inflammation via activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and NF-kappaB suppression by Shin IS1, Hong J, Jeon CM, Shin NR, Kwon OK, Kim HS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS. (PubMed)
(13) Purified aged garlic extract modulates allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice by Zare A1, Farzaneh P, Pourpak Z, Zahedi F, Moin M, Shahabi S, Hassan ZM. (PubMed)
(14) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma by Lee T1, Kwon HS, Bang BR, Lee YS, Park MY, Moon KA, Kim TB, Lee KY, Moon HB, Cho YS. (PubMed)
(15) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase by Zhou DY1, Du Q, Li RR, Huang M, Zhang Q, Wei GZ. (PubMed)
(16) Grape seed extract attenuates lung parenchyma pathology in ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model: an ultrastructural study by Mahmoud YI. (PubMed)
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