Anise may have a potential and substantial effect in reduced risk and progression and treatment of osteoporosis, some scientists suggested.
Osteoporosis is considered as a bone disease that caused substantial loss of bone density and deterioration of bone tissue. In other words, the disease is caused by the body's inability to make new bone to replace bone loss.
According to statistics, osteoporosis affects an estimated 75 million people in Europe, the USA, and Japan, causing more than 8.9 million fractures annually.
The disease is also the leading cause of fracture. The International Osteoporosis Foundation wrote, " For the year 2000, there were an estimated 9 million new osteoporotic fractures, of which 1.6 million were at the hip, 1.7 million were at the forearm and 1.4 million were clinical vertebral fractures. Europe and the Americas accounted for 51% of all these fractures, while most of the remainder occurred in the Western Pacific region and Southeast Asia ".
Osteoporosis is not caused by a single factor, The combination factors below are associated to the causes of the disease, including low levels of estrogen in women and testosterone in men due to aging, abnormal levels of a hormone that plays an important role in regulated bone growth, such as parathyroid hormone and growth hormone.
Decreased levels of vitamin D or mineral calcium also have a strong implication in accelerated bone loss.
Some researchers suggested that genetic mutation diseases such as multiple myeloma, long-term unhealthy diet, and lifestyle and use of medication may also have a direct effect on the disease development.
If you experience symptoms of frequent back pain, loss of height over time, a stooped posture,... and bone fracture that occurs much more easily than normal, you may have osteoporosis.
Conventional medicine used to treat osteoporosis, such as Bisphosphonates, Denosumab, Parathyroid Hormone Hormone Therapy,... and SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators) may be effective in slowing down bone loss and reduced risk of fracture. However, the medicine may induce certain side effects such as ulcers of the esophagus, upper GI irritation, irregular heartbeat, low calcium levels, skin rash Joint, bone,...... and muscle pain
In serious cases, although it is rare, the medication may cause osteonecrosis of the jaw and increased production of a parathyroid hormone that can lead to fragile bones, risk of kidney stones, excessive urination, abdominal pain,..... psychological symptoms of depression and forgetfulness.
If you are taking osteoporosis medicine, please make sure that you understand the risk and side effects.
Anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to Egypt and the Mediterranean region.
The herb has been used in traditional herbal medicine as a fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and as an anti stomachic, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, .... agent.
Chemical constituents
Anethole, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.
In the investigation of the herbal selective estrogen receptor modulators or SERMs effect on the risk of osteoporosis by comparison of plant aqueous extracts derived from Greek flora (Sideritis euboea, Sideritis clandestina, Marticaria chamomilla, and Pimpinella anisum), researchers at the Medical School, University of Athens found that all extracts exert profound activities in stimulating the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cell culture.
Further analysis, also discovered that all plant extracts at the concentration range of 10-100 microg/mL, including Anise induced osteoblastic cell differentiation in the formation of bone and improved bone density.
These results indicated that Anise and other plant extracts may comprise a substantial anti-estrogenic effect in reducing the risk of osteoporosis in a dose-dependent manner.
Also, in the evaluation of (E)-anethole, a major bioactive compound isolated from Anise protective effect on H2O2-induced alterations in collagen metabolism, researchers showed that application of anethole of 0.5 µM for 1 h completely prevents the alternation of cells treated with 300 µM H2O2.
In detail, Anethole injection inhibited the effect of 300 µM H2O2 that caused a significant decrease in collagen biosynthesis of 54 %, correlated with alterations of type I collagen mRNA expression in the osteoblasts in initiated higher bone turnover.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the reactive oxygen species(ROS) is responsible for inducing bone loss.
Type I collagen, a determinant of the biomechanical properties of bone tissue, is a type of collagen that forms large, eosinophilic fibers known as collagen fibers in the human body. Alternation of type I collagen mRNA causes the opposite effect.
Additional differentiation also revealed that Anise anethole administration at 10 µM, exerts most efficient suppression in the ameliorated expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 caused by H2O2 induced alterations in collagen metabolism, contributing to the 8 % decrease in the amount of collagen secreted-into the medium.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes process function in processing certain components of bone tissue, through the expression of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
The result suggested that the application of H2O2 not only directly activates MMPs but also causes a decrease in the expression of their inhibitors, such as TIMP2, a metastasis suppressor in initiated alterations of collagen metabolism in bone.
The loss of MMP-9 improved the connectivity density of the trabeculae, whereas the loss of MMP-2 reduced this parameter. Similar differential effects in architecture were observed in the L5 vertebra, but bone volume fraction was lower for both MMP-2 and MMP-9 (in mice study) "
Taken together, Anise and its bioactive anethole may be considered a functional herb for reduced risk and treatment of osteoporosis caused by collagen loss in bone. However, intake of Anise supplements should be taken with extreme care in prevented toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been referenced in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties by Kassi E1, Papoutsi Z, Fokialakis N, Messari I, Mitakou S, Moutsatsou P.(PubMed)
(2) Anethole prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and collagen metabolism alterations in human skin fibroblast by Anna Galicka,
Rafał Krętowski, Jolanta Nazaruk, and Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko(PubMed)(3) Differential Effects Between the Loss of MMP-2 and MMP-9 on Structural and Tissue-Level Properties of Bone by Jeffry S Nyman,1,2,3,4 Conor C Lynch,5 Daniel S Perrien,2,3 Sophie Thiolloy,6 Elizabeth C O’Quinn,2,7 Chetan A Patil,4 Xiaohong Bi,2,4 George M Pharr,8,9 Anita Mahadevan-Jansen,4 andGregory R Mundy(PMC)
(4) Osteoporosis, a unitary hypothesis of collagen loss in skin and bone by Shuster S1.(PubMed)
(5) Osteoporosis - Incidence and burden by the International Osteoporosis Foundation
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