Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Tuesday, 5 November 2013

#Healthy #Foods - Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Chicken
Chicken are domesticated fowl belonging to the subspecies of Gallus domesticus and is raised all over the world for its delicious meats and eggs. It can be roasted, broiled, grilled or poached into a very delicious, tasteful and nutritious meal.

Nutritional Supplements
In order to prevent the high levels in take of saturated fat (bad cholesterol), it is recommended to remove the skin before cooking.
1. Proteins
2. Cholesterol (LDL and HDL)
3. Vitamin B3
4. Vitamin B6
5. Selenium
6. Phosphorus
7. Iron
8.Choline
9. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Vitamins and minerals
In the classification of protein hydrolysates. Calcium, phosphorus and iron were analyzed by inductively coupled-plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry; vitamin C was analyzed by the reduction of cupric ions and vitamins B1 and B2 by fluorescence in beef, chicken, and turkey found that the beef hydrolysate (BH) had more iron than the turkey hydrolysate (TH) and the chicken hydrolysate (CH); TH had a little more phosphorus. BH had the largest amount of vitamin C, and similar amounts of vitamins B1 and B2. The amount of these nutrients found in the hydrolysates suggests that it is possible to use them to enrich special dietary formulations, according to "Mineral and vitamin content of beef, chicken, and turkey hydrolysates mineral and vitamin content of protein hydrolysates" by Maria Elisabeth Machado Pinto e SilvaI, Ive PatonI, Marlene TrigoI; Maria Carolina B. C. von AtzingenI, Carmem S. KiraII, Emiko I. InomataII, Leda C. A. LamardoII(a)

2. Hypercholesterolemia
In the research of the contribution of beef, pork, lamb, and veal to total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake from a total-diet standpoint found that Substituting skinless chicken or fish for meat may make sense from the standpoint of personal preference and dietary variety but does not confer additional benefits in terms of reducing blood cholesterol levels, according to "Hypercholesterolemia. Dietary advice for patients regarding meat" by Keenan JM, Morris DH.(b)

3. Iron and zinc
In the evaluation of Reducing red meat intake to lower serum cholesterol may also lower iron and zinc intake found that although serum ferritin level change between baseline and intervention was significantly different between the lean beef and lean poultry and fish groups (median [interquartile range] 0.7 [-6, 8] and -6.8 [-12, 2] microg/dL, respectively), the drop in the lean poultry and fish group was not clinically significant. No differences were observed in iron and zinc intake or in serum zinc and cholesterol levels. Teenagers eating diets low in saturated fat may benefit from adequate amounts of lean red meat, according to "Adolescents eating diets rich in either lean beef or lean poultry and fish reduced fat and saturated fat intake and those eating beef maintained serum ferritin status" by Snetselaar L, Stumbo P, Chenard C, Ahrens L, Smith K, Zimmerman B.(c)

4. Nutrients
In the investigation of food selection of the healthy elderly may be influenced by life-styles, the food supply, and recommendations related to diet and disease found that a moderate but not excessive intake of meat/poultry/fish made a substantial contribution to nutrient intake. The fat contribution of these food groups could be decreased by emphasizing lower-fat selections of meat, poultry, and fish, according to "Meat, poultry, and fish consumption and nutrient intake in the healthy elderly" by Koehler KM, Hunt WC, Garry PJ.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin B complex

a) Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is one of very important vitamin in metabolism of energy by helping the transforming of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and high dose riboflavin appears to be useful alone or along with beta-blockers in the prevention of migraine, according to the study of "Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial" by Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484373)

b) Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by

Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

c) Vitamin B6

c. 1. Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

c.2. It also plays a pivotal role as a methyl donor in the basic cellular process of methylation, through which methyl groups are transferred from one molecule to another, resulting in the formation of a wide variety of precess, including regulation of gene expression, protein function, and RNA metabolism. When levels of B6 are inadequate, it may cause faulty Methylation with high levels of homocysteine that can cause variety of disease, including cervical dysplasia, faulty detoxification and impaired DNA repair, etc., according to the study of "Back To Life Natural Health Center - Healthcare Through Natural Methods"(http://www.backtolifehealth.com/Methylation.htm)

d) Vitamin B12In the evaluation of vitamin B12 in Turnip greens found that vitamin Bi2 was present in the
leaves of a higher plant in amounts. there is no evidence supporting the synthesis of vitamin Bi2 by a higher plant. Was it produced by soil microorganisms and subsequently absorbed via the plant roots? There is ample proof of such synthetic activity by certain microorganisms and of vitamin B12 activity in soil , but no evidence that the vitamin B]2molecule is absorbed by the plant from the soil. Could it have been produced by bacteria living epiphytically
on the turnip leaf? Ericson and Lewis ('54) postulated such a relationship in their studies of vitamin Bt2 compounds found in certain algae, according to "STUDIES OF VITAMIN B12IN TUENIP GREENS" by LOUISE F. GEAY ANDLOUISE J. DANIEL(http://jn.nutrition.org/content/67/4/623.full.pdf)

2. Protein
Protein beside is important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood, it also enhances the nervous system in information transmitting between cells and cells of the other parts of the body, thus reducing the risk of nervous tension, (according to the study of "The planar polarity protein Scribble1 is essential for neuronal plasticity and brain function" by Moreau MM, Piguel N, Papouin T, Koehl M, Durand CM, Rubio ME, Loll F, Richard EM, Mazzocco C, Racca C, Oliet SH, Abrous DN, Montcouquiol M, Sans N, posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660256)

3. Iron
Beside as a mineral in carrying life-giving oxygen to human blood cells and maintaining robust health as an essential protein component for metabolism, it also helps in synthesis of a number of essential neurotransmitters like dopamine, nor-epinephrine, along with serotonin. acccording to the study of "Brain Iron Dysregulation and the Risk of Ageing White Matter Lesions" by Gebril OH, Simpson JE, Kirby J, Brayne C, Ince PG., posted in PubMed, researchers found that The mRNA expression using QPCR suggests a pattern that favours decreased intracellular iron influx, increased ferrous oxidation and increased iron export from the cells. Iron metabolism seems to be changed in brains with WML, increased elemental iron in these brains and in turn increased production of free oxidative radicals could represent a potentiating factor for the development of ageing WML.

4. Selenium
In the investigation of genistin and selenium and their effect in breast cancer found that Supplementation of genistin alone or with selenium provided antioxidant defense with high-potential chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors more than selenium alone, according to "Prevention of rat breast cancer by genistin and selenium" by Hamdy SM, Latif AK, Drees EA, Soliman SM.(I)

5. phosphorus
Phosphorus is one of essential trace minerals to maintains healthy teeth and bones, according to the study of "Phosphorus nutrition and the treatment of osteoporosis" by Heaney RP, posted in PubMed (II).

6. Calcium
In the investigation of micronutrients, calcium (Ca) and inorganic (i) phosphate (P) ,the two main constituents of hydroxyapatite and theirs effect on bone health found that they are endowed with a transport system that accumulates Pi inside the matrix vesicles, followed by the influx of Ca ions. This process leads to the formation of hydroxyapatite crystal and its subsequent association with the organic matrix collagen fibrils. In addition to this structural role, both Ca and Pi positively influence the activity of bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. Pi plays a role in the maturation of osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone. Osteocytes are implicated in bone mineralization and systemic Pi homeostasis, according to "Calcium and phosphate: a duet of ions playing for bone health" by Bonjour JP.(III)

7. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cholesterol
The chicken of skin contains about 50 - 50 good and bad cholesterol. We know that cholesterol good or bad are necessary for keeping good health for all the cells in the body, including brain cells, according to the study of "Liposome formulated with TAT-modified cholesterol for improving brain delivery and therapeutic efficacy on brain glioma in animals" by Qin Y, Chen H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Yuan W, Kuai R, Tang J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Liu J, He Q., posted in PubMed(1) Too much of bad cholesterol can cause clotting up the arteries and veins and hardening the arterial walls, leading to break off or blocking the flow, causing heart disease and stroke, according to the study of "Dietary fat and cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults: the Health ABC Study" by Houston DK, Ding J, Lee JS, Garcia M, Kanaya AM, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB; Health ABC Study, posted in PubMed(2). It is advised that people with high levels of bad cholesterol should avoid to eat chicken and replace it with plant base cholesterol.

2. Reduce the risk of cancer
B vitamin- niacin is important component of the enzyme systems that repair broken DNA molecules. Deficiency of niacin can cause genetic DNA damage, leading to cancer, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency and cancer in women" by Jacobson EL., posted in PubMed(3), the researchers wrote that Studies of the consequences of DNA damage in cultured mouse and human cells as a function of niacin status have supported the hypothesis that niacin may be a protective factor that limits carcinogenic events.

3. Antioxidant
Since it contain high levels of selenium which the essential trace minerals necessary for the major metabolic pathways and immune system in fighting against the forming of free radicals and prevent the invasion of foreign virus and bacteria, causing irregular cells growth, infection and inflammation, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Collagen
Collagen from the chicken leg, a fibrous protein, is used to connect and support other body tissues, has an ability to act as an ACE inhibitor in reducing blood pressure in people with hypertension, acording to the study of "Therapeutic effects of marine collagen peptides on Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and primary hypertension" by Zhu CF, Li GZ, Peng HB, Zhang F, Chen Y, Li Y, posted in PubMed(5), researchers wrote that MCPs(Marine collagen peptides) supplement may benefit glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, renal function and hypertension management in Chinese patients with T2DM and hypertension
6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Increases the risk of heart attack and stoke, due to bad cholesterol.
2. Purines in all meat, including chicken can cause health problems in some individuals due to excess of uric acid.
3. Etc.

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

#Healthy #Foods - Lean Meats - Lamb

Lamb
Lamb is the meat from young sheep that are less than one year old. Although they are not consumed much in the North America but it is used in cooking some wonderful recipes throughout the world.

Nutritional supplements
1. Protein
2. B vitamin
3. Folate
4. Fat (Saturated and mono-unsaturated)
5. Zinc
6. Niacin
7. Selenium
8. Phosphorus
9. Iron
10. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Serum lipid profileIn the investigation of total and saturated fat intake in the management of high blood cholesterol levels for cardiovascular risk found that consumption of lean red meat (lamb) or lean white meat (chicken) as part of the usual diet is associated with a similar lipid response. These two foods can be exchanged in a healthy diet to increase palatability, according to "Effect of lean red meat from lamb v. lean white meat from chicken on the serum lipid profile: a randomised, cross-over study in women" by Mateo-Gallego R, Perez-Calahorra S, Cenarro A, Bea AM, Andres E, Horno J, Ros E, Civeira F.(a)

2. Hypercholesterolemia
In the investigation of intake of all meat, particularly red meat and theirs effect in lowering cholesterol found that Consumption of lean red meat or lean white meat, as part of an NCEP Step I diet, is similarly effective for reducing LDL cholesterol and elevating HDL cholesterol concentrations in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia, according to "Incorporation of lean red meat into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet: a long-term, randomized clinical trial in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia" by Hunninghake DB, Maki KC, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Davidson MH, Dicklin MR, Kafonek SD.(b)

3 . Blood pressure
In the research of Low-sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets and its health effect found that a low-sodium DASH diet with a low dietary acid load, which also included lean red meat on most days of the week, was effective in reducing BP in older women, particularly in those taking antihypertensive medications, according to "Low-sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension-type diet including lean red meat lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women" by Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Pachett A.(c)

4. Good Sources of Nutrient
In the investigation of "Lean meat and heart health" found that lean red meat consumption has no effect on in vivo and ex vivo production of thromboxane and prostacyclin or the activity of haemostatic factors. It is also a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, niacin, zinc and iron. In conclusion, lean red meat, trimmed of visible fat, which is consumed in a diet low in saturated fat does not increase cardiovascular risk factors (plasma cholesterol levels or thrombotic risk factors), according to "Lean meat and heart health" by Li D, Siriamornpun S, Wahlqvist ML, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ.(d)

5. Lean meat and over all health
In the observation of Dietary lean red meat and human evolution found that lean meat is a healthy and beneficial component of any well-balanced diet as long as it is fat trimmed and consumed as part of a varied diet, according to "Dietary lean red meat and human evolution" by Mann N.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(I)

2. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(II)

3. Selenium
Lamp contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

4. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

5. Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by
Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Zinc
Zinc beside promote healthy immune system in fighting against the forming of free radical and guarding our body from infection and inflammation due to foreign invasion, according to the study of "Essential role of vitamin C and zinc in child immunity and health" by Maggini S, Wenzlaff S, Hornig D., posted in PubMed (1) it is also an essential trace mineral for prostate health in assisting the male reproduction system to maintain healthy sperm production and against prostate cancer, according to the study of "The role of survivin and Bcl-2 in zinc-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells" by Ku JH, Seo SY, Kwak C, Kim HH., posted in PubMed(2).

2. Weigh loss
High levels of protein only is necessary for the body growth, according to the study of "A high-protein diet with resistance exercise training improves weight loss and body composition in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes" by Wycherley TP, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Cleanthous X, Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD., posted in pubMed(3) but also helps you feel satisfied longer, thus preventing the weigh gain.

3. Iron
Iron is one of important mineral in forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin, according to the study of "Glutathionyl Hemoglobin Is Elevated in Iron Deficiency Anemia" by Shet AS, Pinto SM, Mitra G, Mandal AK., posted in PubMed(4), thus helping to carry oxygen to the muscles for energy and enhancing the brain performance, including memory and concentration.

5. Mono-unsaturated fat
Lamb contains mono-unsaturated fat, that helps to reduce the risk of bad cholesterol accumulation in the blood stream, causing hypertension and heart diseases and stroke., according to the study of "Dietary fats and oils: technologies for improving cardiovascular health" by Flickinger BD, Huth PJ., posted in PubMed(5)

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Saturated fat may cause clotting up of the arteries and vein.
2. Purines in lamp can cause the forming of kidney stone and problem for certain people.
3. Etc.

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

#Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Cod

Cod
Cod is the common name for genus Gadus belonging to the family Gadidae, same family as haddock and pollack, feeding feed on molluscs, crabs, starfish, worms, squid, and small fish and weight about 5–12 kilograms (11–26 lb). Pacific or saltwater cod are also found around the coast of British Columbia, Canada and the northwestern US coastal areas. These fish are three times the size of their eastern counterparts and are darker in color. According to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the "best choices" for sustainability are Atlantic cod, from Iceland and the Northeast Arctic and Pacific cod, from Alaska.

Nutritional Supplement

1. Protein,
2. Vitamin A
3. Vitamin B complex
4. Vitamin D,
5. Vitamin E
6. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA)
7. Selenium
8. Phosphorus
9. Potassium,
10. Dietary fiber
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Zinc
14. Manganese
15. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Plasma triacylglycerols (TAG)
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to "Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects" by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(a)

2. Lipid and fatty-acid composition
In the investigation and to determine whether diets supplemented with oils from three different marine sources, found that the factors that regulate specific deposition of n-3 PUFA from either dietary oils or individual PUFA are not yet known, however the differences that we observed could in some manner be related to cardiac function and thus their relative potentials as health-promoting dietary fats, according to "Diets enriched in menhaden fish oil, seal oil, or shark liver oil have distinct effects on the lipid and fatty-acid composition of guinea pig heart" by Murphy MG, Wright V, Ackman RG, Horackova M.(b)

3. Respiratory tract illness
In the assessment of Cod liver oil, available without a prescription for hundreds of years,and its valuable source of vitamins A and D, as well as long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, found that it may be important in the prevention of respiratory tract illnesses in children (see below. Frequent Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children), according to "Cod Liver Oil, the Ratio of Vitamins A and D, Frequent Respiratory Tract Infections, and Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Children in the United States" by Linda A. Linday, MD; John C. Umhau, MD, MPH; Richard D. Shindledecker, MA; Jay N. Dolitsky, MD; Michael F. Holick, PhD, MD(c)

4. Cod liver oil health benefits
In the observation of cod liver oil and its vitamin D effect in cell function like multiplication, differentiation and metabolism found that an adequate intake of vitamin D may significantly decrease prevalence and clinical outcome of these diseases (infective, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes). Estimated reduction of the economic burden might reach about 10 percent through normalizing vitamin D levels for these diseases. However, high doses of vitamin D monotherapy needs precaution for potential adverse effects and it should be substituted with the recommended doses of vitamin D in combination with synergistic vitamin A and omega 3 fatty acids, such as cod liver oil, according to "[Cod liver oil. A natural Vitamin D for preserving health].[Article in Hungarian]" by Fehér J, Kovács I, Corrado BG.(d)

5. Type 1 diabetes
In the assessment of the use of cod liver oil during the first year of life and its association with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes found that use of cod liver oil in the first year of life was associated with a significantly lower risk of type 1 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.99). Use of other vitamin D supplements during the first year of life and maternal use of cod liver oil or other vitamin D supplements during pregnancy were not associated with type 1 diabetes,. according to "Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study" by Stene LC, Joner G; Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "The tryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(I) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (II)

2. Selenium
Turkey contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(III)

4. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

5. Phosphorus
a. Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(IV)

b. Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium,according to the study of "The Abnormal Phenotypes of Cartilage and Bone in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Deficient Mice Are Dependent on the Actions of Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH" by Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D., posted in PubMed(IV), it also helps to converse Riboflavin and Niacin to the active coenzyme forms for digestion and absorption.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Vitamin B12
Although vitamin B12 is a water solute vitamin, it does not secrete fast through urinary but stored in kidney, liver and other body tissues for future used in case of deficiency. Besides Playing a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, according to the study of "Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly" by Vogiatzoglou A, Refsum H, Johnston C, Smith SM, Bradley KM, de Jager C, Budge MM, Smith AD.. posted in PubMed(1), it also promotes healthy wall of arteries and vein, thus reducing the risk of heart diseases and stroke., according to the study "Hyperhomocysteinaemia and vitamin B12 deficiency: the long-term effects in cardiovascular disease" by van Oijen MG, Vlemmix F, Laheij RJ, Paloheimo L, Jansen JB, Verheugt FW., Posted in PubMed(2)

2. Omega 3 fatty acid
Cod contains high levels of Omega 3 fatty acid which lowers triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol and prevent blood from clotting as it is a good source of anticoagulant, according to the study of "[Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemorheology and coagulation in atherosclerotic rats].[Article in Chinese]" by Yang YB, Li P, Liu ML., posted in PubMed(3). It also helps to reduce the accumulation of bad cholesterol in the blood stream, thus increasing the blood flow that needs to nourish the body cells and reducing the risk of hypertension and arrhythmia, according to the study of "CYP-eicosanoids-A new link between omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac disease?" by Westphal C, Konkel A, Schunck WH., posted in PubMed(4).

3. Menstrual cramps and pain
Imbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids increases the risk of over production of prostaglandin hormone, leading to excessive movement of the abdominal muscles, causing menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "[Painful menstruation and low intake of n-3 fatty acids].[Article in Danish]" by Deutch B., posted in PubMed(5)

4. Immune system
Since Omega 3 fatty acid helps to enhance the immune function in fighting against the foreign invasion such as virus and bacteria by producing specific antibodies to battle, destroy and then remove from your system, that reduce the risk of infection and inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis that causes joint stiffness and pain, according to the study of "The role of omega-3 fatty acids contained in olive oil on chronic inflammation" by Wardhana, Surachmanto ES, Datau EA., posted in PubMed(6)

5. Calcium
Researcher found that Omega 3 fatty acids also improves the digestive system in calcium absorption, thus increasing the bone density resulting in lessening the risk of osteoporosis due to the effect of EPA and GLA., according to the study of "A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health and osteoporosis" by Salari P, Rezaie A, Larijani B, Abdollahi M., posted in PubMed(7)

6. Antioxidant
Selenium contains high amount of selenium, one of most powerful antioxidant helps to aid pregnant women with health fetus development, according to the study of "Prooxidant-antioxidant balance in pregnancy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation" by Tara F, Rayman MP, Boskabadi H, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Sahebkar A, Alamdari DH, Razavi BS, Tavallaie S, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shakeri MT, Oladi M, Yazarlu O, Ouladan S, Sangani MT, Omran FR, Ferns G., posted in PubMed(8), increases the production of sperm quality and quantity, according to the study of "Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men" by Hawkes WC, Turek PJ., posted in PubMed(9) and protects against the hardening of arteries and promotes the immune function infighting against forming of free radicals, acording to the study of "An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status" by Broome CS, McArdle F, Kyle JA, Andrews F, Lowe NM, Hart CA, Arthur JR, Jackson MJ., posted in PubMed(10)

7. Etc.

Side effects
1. Allergic effect
2. Purines
Excess accumulation of purines can cause kidney stone due to accumulation of uric acid.
3. Omega 3 fatty acids can become oxidized from heat, light, and oxygen.
4. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Halibut

Halibut

Halibut is a flatfish, averaging 11–13.5 kgs (24–30 lb), genus Hippoglossus, from the family of Pleuronectidae, living in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans. They do not reproduce until age of eight and therefore are considered as a matures slowly fishes, thus require international management of many countries for their survival, such as individual fishing quotas, total allowable catch each year, etc.

Nutritional Supplements

1. Protein

2. Vitamin A

3. Vitamin B 3

4. Vitamin B6

5. Vitamin B12

6. Vitamin D

7. Vitamin E

8. Omega 3 Fatty acid

9. Iron

10. Calcium

11. Selenium

12. Iodine

13. Zinc

14. Magnesium

15. Potassium

16. Phosphorus
17. Copper
18. Etc.

Health Benefits
C. Health benefits according to studies
1. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes
In the study of Preferential consumption for maximum health benefits indicated that consumption of fish and shrimp containing omega-3 fatty acids can result in protective health effects including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes, but Mercury can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems and impede neurological development., according to" Mercury concentrations and omega-3 fatty acids in fish and shrimp: Preferential consumption for maximum health benefits" by Smith KL, Guentzel JL.(a)

2. Neurodegenerative diseases
In the assessment of the hydrophobins and the antifreeze protein from winter flounder indicated that function of other natural, protective amyloids like fish chorion, the protein Pmel17 which forms amyloid fibrils that act as templates and accelerate the covalent polymerization of reactive small molecules into melanin, the hydrophobins and the antifreeze protein from winter flounder, according to "Natural protective amyloids" by Iconomidou VA, Hamodrakas SJ.(b)

3. Plasma concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
In the investigation of intake of fatty fish decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and increase the body burden of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) found that even though the participants had a high intake of marine food they did not have elevated levels of POPs compared to other study groups. Intake of fatty fish did not significantly affect the body burden of POPs in this study group, according to "Associations between marine food consumption and plasma concentrations of POPs in a Norwegian coastal population" by Rylander C, Sandanger TM, Brustad M.(c)

4. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. TryptophanTryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(I)

2. SeleniumSelenium is an essential antioxidants--glutathione peroxidase-- besides fighting against the forming of free radicals, such as tumors and cancers and invasion of foreign invasion such as virus and bacteria, according to the study of "Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)" by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH., posted in PubMed(II) it is also important for a healthy liver in helping our body in detoxification., according to the study of "Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease"- Correlations with clinical and nutritional status by Brad Dworkin, William S. Rosenthal, Rita H. Jankowski, Gary G. Gordon and Daulat Haldea, posted in Digestive Diseases and Sciences(III).

3. ProteinIn the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(IV)

4. Vitamin B3Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

5. Phosphorusa. Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(V)

b. Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium,according to the study of "The Abnormal Phenotypes of Cartilage and Bone in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Deficient Mice Are Dependent on the Actions of Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH" by Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D., posted in PubMed(VI), it also helps to converse Riboflavin and Niacin to the active coenzyme forms for digestion and absorption.

6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits

1. Cardiovascular health

It contains high levels of vitamin B complex, such as vitamin B6, 12 and folic acid that lower the levels of homocystein produced during the methylation cycle, resulting in lessening the risk of hardening arterial wall and high blood pressure, according to the study of "Plasma total homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of coronary atherosclerosis." by Verhoef P, Kok FJ, Kruyssen DA, Schouten EG, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, Ueland PM, Refsum H., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Heart diseases and stroke

High levels of Omega 3 fatty acid balances the levels of good and bad cholesterol as it reduces the risk of inflammation, thus reducing the the risk of plaque clogging the arteries, leading to heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases" by Carl J. Lavie, MD, Richard V. Milani, MD, Mandeep R. Mehra, MD{dagger} and Hector O. Ventura, MD, posted in Journal of American College of Cardiology(2)

3. Magnesium

Magnesium and copper are essential minerals help to increase blood flow to the body cells including the cells in the reproductive organ, thus reducing the risk of infertility, according to the study of "Correction of subnormal fertility with copper and magnesium supplementation" by Ingraham RH, Kappel LC, Morgan EB, Srikandakumar A., posted in Pubmed (3), researchers found that cows supplemented with both Cu and Mg showed improved fertility, whereas those supplemented with Cu or Mg alone did not.

4. Normal cell growth

Zinc is an important minerals that helps to improve the immune system in regulating the proper of cell division and growth, according to the study of "Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells" by Prasad AS., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Etc.

Side effects

1. Since halibut is on top of the food chain, contamination may be a concern.

2. Purine may cause kidney stone to some people if accumulated in a large amount.
3. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Sardines

Sardines

Sardines are several types of small, salt-water, soft-boned small oily fish in the family Clupeidae. There are as many as 21 species can be classified as sardines and their main food is plankton on the surface of the water. They are commercially fished for foods and variety of uses, including animal feed, sardine oil used in manufacture paint, varnish and linoleum.

Nutritional Supplements

1. Protein

2. Dietary fiber

3. Fat

4. Vitamin A

5. Vitamin B2, 3

6. Vitamin D

7. Iron

8. Calcium

9. Tryptophan

10. Omega 3 Fatty acid

11. Selenium

12. Phosphorus

13. Etc.

Healthy benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. cardiovascular diseases
In the investigation of the nutritional benefits of fish consumption relate to the utilization of proteins of high biological value, as well as certain minerals and vitamins of fish found that The top 11 fish species [e.g., sardines, mackerel, herring (Atlantic and Pacific), lake trout, salmon (Chinook, Atlantic, and Sockeye), anchovy (European), sablefish, and bluefish] provide an adequate amount of omega-3 PUFAs (2.7-7.5g/meal) and appear to meet the nutritional recommendation of the American Heart Association, according to "Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil" by Sidhu KS.(a)

2. Cardiometabolic syndrome
In the research of Ogema 3 fatty acids (Found abundantly in sardine) and its effect in reducing cardiometabolic syndrome risk factors found that consumption of fish or fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, decreases triglyceride, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers, improves endothelial function, prevents certain cardiac arrhythmias, reduces platelet aggregation (including reactivity and adhesion), reduces vasoconstriction, enhances fibrinolysis, reduces fibrin formation, and decreases the risk of microalbuminuria and sudden cardiac death. Thus, fish intake or fish oil supplement use is beneficial to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors, according to "Omega-3 fatty acids and the cardiometabolic syndrome" by Juturu V.(b)

3. Glucose tolerance
In the observation of an enzymatic hydrolysate of sardine protein (sardine peptide, SP) derived from sardine muscle possesses angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, found that treatment with SP and captopril decreased ACE activity in the kidney, aorta, and mesentery. SP and captopril administration significantly suppressed the increase in blood glucose after glucose loading in the control SHRSPs, according to "Sardine peptide with angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity improves glucose tolerance in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats" by Otani L, Ninomiya T, Murakami M, Osajima K, Kato H, Murakami T.(c)

4. Anti-Hyperleptinemia and anti- inflammation
In the exploring the effects of sardine protein on insulin resistance, plasma lipid profile, as well as oxidative and inflammatory status in rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome found that Sardine protein diets also prevented hyperleptinemia and reduced inflammatory status in comparison with rats fed casein diets, according to "Dietary sardine protein lowers insulin resistance, leptin and TNF-α and beneficially affects adipose tissue oxidative stress in rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome" by Madani Z, Louchami K, Sener A, Malaisse WJ, Ait Yahia D.(d)

5. Lactation
In the assessment of what effect the ingestion of sardines, rich in omega-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids, has on the composition of breastmilk found that incorporating fish into the diets of nursing mother during lactation, in the form of 100 g of sardines two or three times a week, contributes to an increase in omega-3 series fatty acids, according to "The influence of sardine consumption on the omega-3 fatty acid content of mature human milk" by Patin RV, Vítolo MR, Valverde MA, Carvalho PO, Pastore GM, Lopez FA.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

2. Vitamin D
Vitamin D not only is important to the heart health with calcium supplementation, according to "Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular event` by Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD.(Ia) but also plays an vital role in epidemiological associations between vitamin D status and a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, according to "Vitamin D and inflammation" by Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC.(Ib)

3. Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids is necessary to maintain the ratio of good and bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of cholesterol inflammation according to the study of "In vitro fatty acid enrichment of macrophages alters inflammatory response and net cholesterol accumulation" by Wang S, Wu D, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, Honda KL, Lichtenstein AH., posted in PubMed (II) and forming of free radical in the heart cells, leading to heart diseases. It also reduces the risk of plaque forming in the arterial wall, thus also decreasing the risk of stoke, according to the study of "N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: effects on the arterial wall" by Sudheendran S, Chang CC, Deckelbaum RJ., posted in PubMed (III).

4. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "The tryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(IV) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (V)

5. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(VI)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Calcium

Since it contains high levels of vitamin D and protein, it improves our body in absorption of calcium, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis, ensuring strong, healthy bones and teeth, especially for vegetarian, according to the study of "Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly" by Gennari C, posted In PubMed (1) and acting as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, contraction of all muscle cell types, and fertilization., according to the article of "Calcium in biology" posted in Wikipedia (2)

2. Coenzyme Q10
CoQ10 is an antioxidant that scavenge free radicals, regulate the normal cells growth by reducing the risk of damaging compounds in the cell membranes that tamper with DNA, according to the study of "Coenzyme Q10 as a potent compound that inhibits Cdt1-geminin interaction" by Mizushina Y, Takeuchi T, Takakusagi Y, Yonezawa Y, Mizuno T, Yanagi K, Imamoto N, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi K, Yoshida H, Fujita M., posted in PubMed(3)

3. Niacin

Niacin raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in in patients with dyslipidemia, thus protecting against the risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the study of "Niacin: A Critical Component to the Management of Atherosclerosis: Contemporary Management of Dyslipidemia to Prevent, Reduce, or Reverse Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease" by Mason CM, Doneen AL., posted in PubMed (4)

4. Menstrual cramps and pain
Omega 3 fatty acid helps to maintain the balance of Omega 6 which is essential in relaxing the abdominal muscle. Imbalance causes the over production of prostaglandin hormone, leading menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea" by Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, Kowalski O, Duguet N, Dupuis S., posted in PubMed (5), researchers filed the conclusion that Neptune Krill Oil can significantly reduce dysmenorrhea and the emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is shown to be significantly more effective for the complete management of premenstrual symptoms compared to omega-3 fish oil.

5. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Allergic reaction

2. Purine can cause kidney stone in some people if accumulated in a large amount.
3. Etc.

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(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21804401
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162

#Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Scallops

Scallops
Found in all of the world's oceans, scallops are molluscs with shells living in the seas and feeding on plankton. Scallops have between 50 and 200 simple eyes around the edges of their beads. and are available year-round.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats saturated and Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Riboflavin
5. Folate
6. Vitamin B6
7. Vitamin E
8. Niacin
9. Thiamin
10. Vitamin B12
11. Vitamin A
12. Magnesium
13. Potassium
15. Selenium
16. Copper
17. Zinc
18. Iron
19. Sodium
20. Phosphorus
21. Calcium
22. Etc.

Health Benefits
C. Health benefits according to studies
1. Antimicrobial effects
In the research of Scallop shells and the use of its shell found that Heated scallop shell powder (HSSP) possesses broad antimicrobial action against the vegetative cells of bacteria, spores, and fungi. HSSP applied to fresh vegetables and processed foods reduces the number of viable bacterial cells. The use of HSSP in food processing provides a source of minerals and prolongs the shelf life of foodstuffs. Moreover, reducing the amount of scallop shell waste would reduce the related pollution problem. This report is a review of the antibacterial activity of HSSP and its application for the control of microbes, according to "Antimicrobial characteristics of heated scallop shell powder and its application" by Sawai J.(a)

2. Humoral immunity
In the investigation of Bivalves of animals unclosed in two shell valves, such as mussels, oysters, scallops and clams found that recently, interest in bivalve immunity has increased due to the importance in worldwide aquaculture and their role inaquatic environmental science and their position in phylogenetic research. This chapter provides a short review of bivalve immunity, including cellular and humoral immunity and the key components and the interactions involved in humoral immunity, according to "Bivalve immunity" by Song L, Wang L, Qiu L, Zhang H.(b)

3. Antibacterial effects
In the assessment of Phenoloxidase in the scallop Chlamys farreri found that PO reaction products significantly inhibited the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas salmonicida. No significant inhibition was found in Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Edwardsiella tarda. When L-DOPA was used as a substrate, significant inhibition occurred in A. salmonicida only, according to "Phenoloxidase in the scallop Chlamys farreri: Purification and antibacterial activity of its reaction products generated in vitro" by Xing J, Jiang J, Zhan W.(c)

4. Immune response
In the investigation of Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), an important metabolic enzyme of aromatic amino acids, which is responsible for the irreversible oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine found that CfPAH, as a homologue of phenylalanine hydroxylase in scallop C. farreri, could be induced by cytokine and involved in the immunomodulation of scallops by supplying the starting material tyrosine for the synthesis of melanin and catecholamines, according to "Scallop phenylalanine hydroxylase implicates in immune response and can be induced by human TNF-α" by Zhou Z, Wang L, Wang M, Zhang H, Wu T, Qiu L, Song L.(d)

5. Antiobesity effects
In the study of Undaria lipid capsules contiaining n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich scallop phospholipids (PLs) with an incorporation of brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) lipids (ULs) containing fucoxanthin found that incorporation of UL into scallop-derived PL by means of capsulation may lead to an additive increase in the antiobesity properties of these bioactive lipids, according to "Antiobesity effects of Undaria lipid capsules prepared with scallop phospholipids" by Okada T, Mizuno Y, Sibayama S, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(I)

2. Selenium
Scallop contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Phosphorus
a. Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(II)

b. Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium,according to the study of "The Abnormal Phenotypes of Cartilage and Bone in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Deficient Mice Are Dependent on the Actions of Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH" by Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D., posted in PubMed(III), it also helps to converse Riboflavin and Niacin to the active coenzyme forms for digestion and absorption.

4. Vitamin B12
Scallops contain high amount of vitamin B12 which help to maintain healthy nerve according to the study of "The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotrophism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiency" by Scalabrino G., posted in PubMed (IV) red blood cells, DNA synthesis and regulation, according to the article of "Vitamin B12" posted in Wikipedia(V) and protect against brain atrophy or shrinkage, associated with Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly" by Vogiatzoglou A, Refsum H, Johnston C, Smith SM, Bradley KM, de Jager C, Budge MM, Smith AD., posted in PubMed (VI)

5. Zinc
In the assessment of zinc and its effect on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels found that exercise decreases thyroid hormones and testosterone in sedentary men; however, zinc supplementation prevents this decrease. Administration of a physiologic dose of zinc can be beneficial to performance, according to "Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with oral zinc" by Kilic M.(VII)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Magnesium
Magnesium is essential to many biological processes, including aiding in the body’s absorption of calcium, thus strengthening bone mineral density, according to the study of "Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects" by Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T, Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA., posted in PubMed (1). It also relax the blood vessel thus stabilizing the rhythm of the heart and preventing pulmonary hypertension according to the study of "Inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous magnesium sulphate for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn" by Boo NY, Rohana J, Yong SC, Bilkis AZ, Yong-Junina F.,posted in PubMed(2).

2. Omega 3 fatty acid
Since Omega 3 fatty acids are poly-unsaturated fatty acids, it helps to balance the ratio of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, thus reducing risk of heart disease as a result of plaque in arteries, according to the study of "n-3 Fatty acids decrease arterial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol delivery and lipoprotein lipase levels in insulin-resistant mice" by Chang CL, Seo T, Du CB, Accili D, Deckelbaum RJ., posted in PubMed (3).

3. Potassium
Potassium besides is important for brain cell in transmitting information to other cell in the body, maintaining water balance, preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed (4) and regular and relaxation of the muscle, according to the article of "Smooth muscle tissue" posted in Wikipedia, the writer wrote that The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and/or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation (5), it also plays important role in reversing sodium in unbalance cause of abnormal high blood pressure, according to the study of "Potassium in preventing and treating high blood pressure" by Whelton PK, He J., posted in PubMed(6)

4. Etc.

Side effects
1. Purines
Purines can cause kidney stone if accumulated in large amount.
2. Allergic effect to some people.

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer