Cruciferous Vegetables in The Prevention and Treatment of Cancers

By Kyle J. Norton

Cruciferous vegetables may be the next pharmaceutical target to find the effective ingredients for the treatment of cancers, some scientists suggested.

Cancers are the class of medical condition caused by the irregular cell growth with the alternation of DNA.

Primary cancers are cancers that start at the original site. What causes the cells of the tissue or organs to become cancerous are unknown. Researchers do not know why people with the same health conditions, family history, and diet some are susceptible to the cell DNA alternation while most do not.

Genetic mutation inherited from the parents is one of the major risk factors have been found to some of the cancer patients. According to the statistic, gene mutations are associated with 7% of all cancer cases in the US.

By targeting the gene that initiates the onset of cancer and its specific dysregulated molecular pathways patients may have a higher chance to inhibit the growth and spread of a tumor.
However, most people who carry the cancerous gene do not know they have them. Dr. Jain Rin the study " The Relevance of Hereditary Cancer Risks to Precision Oncology: What Should Providers Consider When Conducting Tumor Genomic Profiling?" said, "Through tumor genomic profiling (TGP), existing and novel treatments can be selected to better target the specific dysregulated molecular pathways that drive growth and spread of a patient's tumor"

" Although the primary purpose of TGP is to detect targetable somatic mutations for treatment, TGP may also uncover germline mutations with important implications for patients and family members. Oncology care providers should be aware of the hereditary cancer risks associated with genes commonly tested by TGP.".

And, "Patients should be informed about the possible discovery of hereditary cancer risk information and the relevance of this information to their health and that of family members, and should have their preferences toward further evaluation of hereditary risk information that could be revealed by TGP documented in the medical record and followed".

Types of mutated gene facilitated the risk of cancer include BAG3, 10q26.11, BAG3 (Bcl- BLCAP, 20q11.23, BLCAP,...

Furthermore, unhealthy lifestyle choices also have a substantial effect on the increased risk of cancers.

"Seventy-one percent(71%) of lung cancer deaths are caused by tobacco use (lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally). The combined effects of tobacco use, low fruit and vegetable intake, urban air pollution, and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels cause 76% of lung cancer deaths. Exposure to these behavioral and environmental factors is preventable; modifications in lifestyle could have a large impact in reducing the cancer burden worldwide (WHO, 2009)". Dr, Weiderpass E at the Karolinska Institutet, wrote in the study " Lifestyle and cancer risk"

Cruciferous vegetables are the group of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.

Its chemical constituents include glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles, glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

In the study to evaluate the naturally occurring sulforaphane (SF) anti-cancer effects, researchers at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute launched an investigation to examine the SF isolated from cruciferous vegetables administered to rats orally either in a single dose or once daily for 7 days.

Application of SF exerts a significant effect in the stimulation fo the production of antioxidant enzymes GST and NQO1 varied by 3- to 6-fold among the organs of SF-treated rats.

Tissue uptake of SF was the greatest in the stomach, declining rapidly in the descending gastro-intestinal tract,

Particularly, tissue uptake level of SF in the bladder was second only to that in the stomach. Tissue levels of SF in the colon, prostate and several other organs were very low, compared to those in the bladder and stomach.

These results suggested according to the levels and organs uptakes and antioxidants enzymes produced during the course of the experiment, dietary SF, a potential chemopreventive benefit for the treatment of cancer.

Furthermore, in the searching for the effects of sulforaphane on cancer stem cells (CSCs), researchers launched a review of some medical literature found on the medical database.

Where CSCs are suggested to be responsible for initiating and maintaining cancer, and to contribute to recurrence and drug resistance.

A number of studies have indicated that sulforaphane may target CSCs in different types of cancer through modulation of NF-κB, a cellar apoptotic protein, SHH present in various human tumors. epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in the expression of tumor progression and malignant transformation and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in the cancer stem cells regeneration and organogenesis.

Dr. Li Y, the lead author at the final report said, "Combination therapy with sulforaphane and chemotherapy in preclinical settings has shown promising results".

The findings suggested that cruciferous vegetables processed a high level of sulforaphane (SF) may be considered a functional food for the prevention and combined with other primary therapy for the treatment of cancer, depending to the uptake organ's tissue and further large and multi-centre human studies.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

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Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.



References
(1) Organ-specific exposure and response to sulforaphane, a key chemopreventive ingredient in broccoli: implications for cancer prevention by Veeranki OL, Bhattacharya A, Marshall JR, Zhang Y.(PubMed)
(2) Targeting cancer stem cells with sulforaphane, a dietary component from broccoli and broccoli sprouts by Li Y, Zhang T.(PubMed)
(3) The Relevance of Hereditary Cancer Risks to Precision Oncology: What Should Providers Consider When Conducting Tumor Genomic Profiling? by Jain R1, Savage MJ1, Forman AD1, Mukherji R1, Hall MJ. (PubMed)

Eggplant, the Potential Anti Diabetes Functional Food

By Kyle J. Norton

Eggplant may be considered a functional food for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, some scientists suggested.
Diabetes is a chronic and medical condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose.

Insulin resistance, a hallmark for the early onset of the diseases is caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol.

People with insulin resistance, the pancreas has to work overtime to deploy greater amounts of the hormone to keep cells energized and blood glucose levels under control. However, al longterm overworked pancreas can lead to reduced function of pancreatic beta cells in making insulin. These results eventually cause damage to the pancreas impaired function that no longer produces enough insulin to overcome the cells' resistance.

Cholesterol may be necessary for the body to function properly, however, the impaired ratio of lower density and high-density lipoprotein only cause cholesterol plague built upon the walls of arteries but also can clog up the insulin receptor sites, leading to the spike of blood glucose.

People who follow the Western diet with high on saturated and trans fat, red meat, processed food and less in fruits and vegetables and whole grains are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes caused by clogging up on the insulin receptors.

Please make sure that you maintain a healthy total blood cholesterol ratio of 4 (low-density lipoprotein, LDL) to 1 (high-density lipoprotein, HDL).

In other words, insulin produced by the pancreas still binds to the receptor normally, but the signal is not sent into the cell, the cells do not take up glucose and the resulting high blood glucose levels cause organ damage over time.

In some cases, acute high blood glucose can also be caused by an allergic reaction of the cells in the immune system.

Some researchers suggested that these may be a result associated with the use of  OTC or prescription nasal spray, containing steroids. People with diabetes should be aware that steroids can stimulate the liver to make more glucose.

Eggplant is a species of S. melongena, belonging to the family Solanaceae and native to India, cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory.

The vegetable is famous for its deep purple and the best eggplant can be found from August through October when it is in season.

In the reaffirming of the National Diabetes Education Program of NIH, Mayo Clinic and American Diabetes Association recommendation that eggplant-based diet as a choice for management of type 2 diabetes, researchers launched an investigation to examine the phenolic-linked antioxidant activity and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential of eggplant which could reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis.
At the end of the experiment, researchers found that

* Phenolic-enriched extracts of eggplant process a moderate free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity and high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity that plays an essential role not only prevent high blood pressure but also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.

* The extracts also had a high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity which prevents the digestion of carbohydrates

Inhibition of these enzymes provides a strong biochemical basis for management of type 2 diabetes by controlling glucose absorption and reducing associated hypertension, respectively. 

Dr. the lead author wrote, "phenolic antioxidant-enriched dietary strategy also has the potential to reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis linked to cellular oxidation stress".

Additionally, in the examine the anti-diabetes effect of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) received considerable attention for their wide distribution and part of the human diet with potential biological effects, researchers launched an investigation to examine CGAs found in eggplant.

At the end of the experiment, researchers found that

* Coffee is among the highest found in plants, ranging from 4 to 14%.of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) compared to eggplant
* CGA besides processes strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it also plays an important role on glucose and lipid metabolism regulation and on the related disorders, e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, cancer, and hepatic steatosis.

Dr. the lead author after taking into account ac and confounders said, " The wide range of potential health benefits of CGA, including its anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity impacts, may provide a non-pharmacological and non-invasive approach for treatment or prevention of some chronic diseases".

Taken altogether, eggplant may be considered a functional food for the prevention and a secondary therapy combined with conventional medicine for the treatment of diabetes without inducing adverse effects.

However, further data collection large example size and multi-centers studies performed with human consumption of the eggplant or its bioactive compounds during the course of the disease will be necessary to complete the picture of eggplant anti-diabetes possibilities.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension by Kwon YI1, Apostolidis E, Shetty K.(PubMed)
(2) An outlook on chlorogenic acids-occurrence, chemistry, technology, and biological activities by Upadhyay R1, Mohan Rao LJ. (PubMed)

(3) The potential effects of chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic components in coffee, on health: a comprehensive review of the literature by Tajik N1, Tajik M2, Mack I1, Enck P. (PubMed)

Apricot, the Potential Anti Breast Cancer Remedy, Scientists Say

By Kyle J. Norton

Finding a cure for breast cancer from the botanical plants without inducing side effects has been a lifetime dream of many scientists. Unfortunately, as of today, the finding is still ongoing without much success.

However, according to some studies, apricot, the edible fruit may be a next pharmaceutical target to extract potential ingredients for the cure for breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a medical and chronic condition as the result of irregularly cell growth originated from the breast tissue. why women in the same health conditions, family history, and race, some are prone to develop the early onset of the disease while others do not.

Breast cancer is caused by the alternation of DNA  of the cells in the breast tissue. Epidemiologically, certain prevalent factors are associated with the increased risk of the disease.

According to the probability for women to develop or die from breast cancer provided by the Canadian Cancer Statistics publication, the lifetime risk of a woman to develop is 1/8 and 1/31 of them will die from the disease.

The 5 years survival rate of the early stage of breast cancer is 100% compared to much less in the advanced stage.

Therefore, women with higher risk such as genetic preposition of gene BRAC1 and 2 should have their breast mammogram taken every year.

More importantly, Dr. Zainab Taha, the lead author in the study "The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Women with Breast Cancer: An Update Review of Related Research in the Middle East" wrote, 

"There is an alarming epidemic of obesity among women in most of the EMR countries, especially Gulf Coopers action Council (GCC) countries. The rise in the new breast cancer cases among women could be attributed to excess body weight. Their dietary pattern, which correlates with obesity, can be an important factor in the etiology of cancer.".

These results\ strongly suggested that diet and lifestyle associated with the onset of obesity are major contributors in the early onset of breast cancer.

In other words, if you follow a healthy diet with a lot of fruits and vegetable, whole grain with less in saturated and trans fat, red meat and processed and lifestyle with moderate exercise, you are at the lower end in the risk factor scale of breast cancer.

The apricot tree is about 8–12 m tall and a trunk up to 40 cm diameter belongs to the family Rosaceae. Apricot is classified with the family of the plum and has yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side which is exposed to the sun.

Chemical constituents of apricot include
Oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic.acid, glycolipids, phospholipids, benzoic acid (I), isorhamnetin (II), quercetin (III), kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (IV), isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (V), isoquercitrin (VI), hypericin (VII) and rutin (VIII)(a) and flavonoid glycosides, (b),

In the reaffirming the MK615, an extract mixture containing hydrophobic substances from Japanese apricot. anti-cancer possibility, researchers at the Dokkyo University School of Medicine conducted an evaluation to examine the antineoplastic effects of MK615 against breast cancer cells.
The experiment includes 2 breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-468 (MDA) and MCF7, were cultured with (600, 300, and 150 mug/mL) or without MK615.

After 72 hours of incubation, researchers showed that

* MK615 inhibited the growth of MDA and MCF7 in a dose-dependent manner.

* The percentage growth inhibition of MDA at dosages of 600, 300, and 150 mg/mL was 59.2%, 52.4%, and 23.3%, respectively, and that for MCF7 was 83.5%, 52.7%, and 16.6%, respectively.

* MK615 treatment included massive vacuolization in the cytoplasm and apoptotic changes in the nucleus.

* Cell cycle analysis showed that MK615 increased the proportion of cells in the G2-M phase in both MDA (7.8-11.7%) and MCF7 (8.1-18.7%), and finally both cell lines became apoptotic.

These results suggested MK615 effectively inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro, through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Furthermore, in the concerns of breast cancer continued to cause high cancer death rates among women worldwide, researchers at the joint study led by the Universiti Sains Malaysia launched an evaluation to examine the plant-based products which have demonstrated anticancer potential through different biological pathways including modulation of the immune system. Immunomodulatory properties of medicinal plants have been shown to mitigate breast cancer cell growth.

Out of the medical plants selected including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Uncaria tomentosa, Camellia sinensis, Panax ginseng, Prunus armenaica (apricot), Allium sativum, Arctium lappa and Curcuma longa, malic acid and quinic acid isolated from apricot exerted a significant activity in regulating the immune system potentially applicable in breast cancer treatment via anti-inflammatory and lymphocytes activation.

Taken all together, apricot may be considered a functional food for the prevention and a secondary therapy combined conventional medicine for the treatment of breast cancer.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

 References
(a) [Studies on the chemical constituents of flowers of Prunus mume].[Article in Chinese] by Zhang QH1, Zhang L, Shang LX, Shao CL, Wu YX.(PubMed)
(1) New antineoplastic agent, MK615, from UME (a Variety of) Japanese apricot inhibits growth of breast cancer cells in vitro by Nakagawa A1, Sawada T, Okada T, Ohsawa T, Adachi M, Kubota K. (PubMed)
(2) The Immunomodulatory Potential of Selected Bioactive Plant-Based Compounds in Breast Cancer: A Review by Baraya YS1, Wong KK2, Yaacob NS. (PubMed)
(3) The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Women with Breast Cancer: An Update Review of Related Research in the Middle East by Zainab Taha1 and Sakina E. Eltom. (PMC)

Fennel, the Function Food Which Balances the Ratio of the Levels Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Our Body

By Kyle J. Norton

Imbalancing the ratio of the free radicals and antioxidants in the facilitation of oxidative stress was associated with the increased risk of the early onset of many chronic diseases, scientists found.

Fennel is a species of Foeniculum Vulgare, belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), and native to the shores of the Mediterranean, may process a potential effect in improving the levels of antioxidant enzymes produced by the human body, therefore, adding a portion of fennel on your daily diet should be helpful in reducing the risk of diabetics, rheumatoid arthritis, post-ischemic perfusion injury, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, stroke ...

Dr. Moylan JS, the lead author in the study "Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle wasting", wrote, "If an overproduction of oxidants overwhelms the antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage of cells, tissues, and organs ensue. In some cases, oxidative stress is assigned a causal role in disease pathogenesis, whereas in others the link is less certain".

Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons produced daily in our body, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen can induce a domino's effect by stealing an electron from other molecules, leading to a continued function that cannot stop until they are paired or inhibited by the presence of antioxidant molecules.

If the generation of free radicals exceeds the protective effects of antioxidants and some co-factors, the process can cause oxidative damage accumulated during the life cycle, leading to the disruption in the function of the cells.

There are many risk factors which can increase the overexpression of free radicals, including fried foods, alcohol, tobacco smoke, pesticides, air pollutants.

Therefore by changing your diet pattern with more in fruits and vegetables, whole grains and less in red meat and processed foods and maintaining an active lifestyle, you can absolutely balance the ratio of free radicals and antioxidants in your body, thus decreasing the risk of many related chronic diseases.

In the review of traditional use of fennel essential oils (EO) possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammable oil and insect repellent, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties, researchers launched a comparison of essential oil and their main constituents in Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Cupressus sempervirens, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris.

EO of fennel showed the best free radicals scavenging capacity compared to others.

Fennel EO also was most effective against lipid peroxidation along with EO of C. limon.

Interestingly, after in-depth analysis, researchers discovered the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the EOs were plant species dependent and not always attributable to the EOs main components.

Additionally, in the evaluation of chemical constituents from essential oil from (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum, Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce and Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare, researchers suggested
* trans-Anethole, estragole, fenchone and limonene found highly abundant in all of the examined oils demonstrated strong antioxidant activities in the DPPH radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, and metal chelating assays

* All 3 tested essential display significant antimicrobial activities against two species of fungi, two species of Gram-negative and two species of Gram-positive bacteria.

Finally, in the study to assess the efficacy of medicinal plants used traditionally in folk medicine as natural healing remedies with therapeutic effects as prevention of cardiovascular diseases, inflammation disorders, or reducing the risk of cancer, researchers found that fennel in comparison to other medical exerts a strong antioxidant effect through many of its bioactive compound such as phenolic compounds.

However, Dr. Škrovánková S, the lead scientist in the concerns of some condition which may affect the herbal quality, said, "The antioxidant properties of medicinal plants depend on the plant, its variety, environmental conditions, climatic and seasonal variations, geographical regions of growth, degree of ripeness, growing practices, and many other factors such as postharvest treatment and processing.

Taken all together, adding a portion of fennel into your diet may have a potential effect in increasing the levels of antioxidants in your body and countering the risk of overexpression of free radicals.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of Moroccan commercial essential oils by Aazza S, Lyoussi B, Megías C, Cortés-Giraldo I, Vioque J, Figueiredo AC, Miguel MG. (PubMed)
(4) Distillation time modifies essential oil yield, composition, and antioxidant capacity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) by Zheljazkov VD1, Horgan T, Astatkie T, Schlegel V.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant activity and protecting health effects of common medicinal plants.
(4) Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and muscle wasting by Moylan JS1, Reid M. (PubMed)

Papaya, the Pharmacological Target Anti Diabetes Functional Food

By Kyle J. Norton

Papaya may be the next potential target of pharmacological companies to identify the ingredients for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, some scientists suggested.

Diabetes is a chronic and low-grade inflammatory disease caused the insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to neutralize the levels of glucose due to insulin resistance.

There are many causes that facilitate the insufficient levels of insulin produced by the body.

Some researchers suggested it is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. and in some cases, insulin resistance is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

Is diabetes a low-grade inflammatory disease, Dr. Yansong ZHENG, in the answer of the above question said, " Chemicals from the fat cells could lead to inflammatory response and the levels of certain inflammatory chemicals are often higher in people with T2D compared to people without diabetes as well. Inflammatory responses contribute to the development of T2D and some even insinuated that T2D is actually inflammatory disease".

Moreover, in this review of the interconnection between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory cytokines cause insulin resistance in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver by inhibiting insulin signal transduction., Dr. Carl de Luca, the lead author at the University of California, wrote, "The sources of cytokines in insulin-resistant states are the insulin target tissue themselves, primarily fat and liver, but to a larger extent the activated tissue-resident macrophages" 

"While the initiating factors of this inflammatory response remain to be fully determined, chronic inflammation in these tissues could cause localized insulin resistance via autocrine/paracrine cytokine signaling and systemic insulin resistance via endocrine cytokine signaling all of which contribute to the abnormal metabolic state.

These results indicated a strong relationship between chronic low-grade inflammation and diabetes caused by immune mistakenly targets the tissues of adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver in the initiation of insulin resistance, the major cause of diabetes onset.

Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belongs to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas, and was first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries

Chemical constituents of papaya include
Alkaloids, Cardenolides, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Tannin, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, Benzyl glucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone, etc.

In the reaffirming of the use of unripe pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn) fruit for the management or treatment of diabetes mellitus in folklore medicine.,researchers launched an investigation to examine the inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract of different parts of unripe pawpaw fruit on key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro.

All the extracts from papaya exerted a strong effect in the inhibition of α-amylase (IC50=0.87-1.11 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50=1.76-2.64 mg/mL) and SNP-induced lipid peroxidation (IC50=1.99-2.42 mg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. 

The combination of the flesh, seed, and peel in equal amounts had the highest inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities compared to extract treated rats.

Dr.Oboh G, after taking into account co and confounders, said, "Strong inhibitory activities of the unripe pawpaw fruit against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and SNP-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas could be part of the mechanism by which unripe pawpaw is used in the management/prevention of diabetes mellitus in folk medicine".

Furthermore, in the study involving diabetes induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) followed by the administered aqueous extract of C. papaya in three different doses (0.75, 1.5 and 3 g/100 mL) as drinking water to both diabetic and non-diabetic animals during 4 weeks.

After examining the blood samples collected from the treatment group compared to the nondiabetic group, the researcher found that
 * The aqueous extract of Carica papaya (0.75 g and 1.5 g/100 mL) significantly decreased blood glucose levels (p<0.05) in diabetic rats.

* Low plasma insulin levels did not change after treatment in diabetic rats, but they significantly increased in non-diabetic animals.

* Pancreatic islet cells were normal in non-diabetic treated animals, whereas in diabetic treated rats, C. papaya could help islet regeneration manifested as the preservation of cell size.

* In the liver of diabetic treated rats, C. papaya prevented hepatocyte disruption, as well as accumulation of glycogen and lipids.

* An antioxidant effect of C. papaya extract was also detected in diabetic rats.

Dr. Juárez-Rojop IE, the lead authors said, "aqueous extract of C. papaya exerted a hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect; it also improved the lipid profile in diabetic rats. In addition, the leaf extract positively affected integrity and function of both liver and pancreas"

These results suggested that the aqueous extract of Carica papaya exerts a significant inhibitory effect in diabetes rat through mechanisms involving many aspects.

A short-term study by the University of Mauritius, also found that supplementation of a fermented papaya also exhibited the antihyperglycemic effect in the management of diabetes and for those at risk for cardiovascular disease, neurological disease and other conditions worsened by overt inflammation and oxidative stress.

Taken all together, papaya may be considered a functional food for the prevention and an adjunct therapy for treatment of diabetes through its antihyperglycemic activity without inducing any adverse effects

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters 
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally 

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas by water-extractable phytochemicals from unripe pawpaw fruit (Carica papaya). by Oboh G, Olabiyi AA, Akinyemi AJ, Ademiluyi AO. (PubMed)
(2) Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Juárez-Rojop IE1, Díaz-Zagoya JC, Ble-Castillo JL, Miranda-Osorio PH, Castell-Rodríguez AE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Aguilar-Mariscal H, Ramón-Frías T, Bermúdez-Ocaña DY. (PubMed)
(3) Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Inflammation Diseases: Cohort Study in Chinese Adults by Yansong ZHENG,1 Guilan ZHANG,2 Zhilai CHEN,1 and Qiang ZENG. (PMC)

Piperine Plus Curcumin, the Anti Cognitive Impairment Bioactive Compounds

By Kyle J. Norton

Phytochemical piperine may be the next therapeutic ingredient for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment, some scientists suggested.

Cognition is the process of the brain including the attention of working memory, producing and comprehending language, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision making.

Cognitive impairment is the condition, affecting a person's thinking, communication, understanding or memory. Cognitive impairment can be acute or chronic.

Acute cognitive impairment is a short-term health problem caused by delirium, an acutely disturbed state of mind due to drugs (toxicity and withdrawal), electrolyte disturbance, lack of drugs, liver disease, infection, reduced sensory input, intracranial urinary retention/fecal impaction or m Myocardial/metabolic/pulmonary.

Chronic cognitive impairment is a permanent medical condition associated with problems of language, ideomotor and constructive praxis, visual gnosis, spatial attention, learning abilities, and executive functions.

There is no single cause of cognitive impairment. Some researchers suggested that depending on the locations of the brain that were affected, patients may be at risk of Alzheimer's disease if the brain change is caused by the abnormal clumps of beta-amyloid protein (plaques) and microscopic protein clumps of tau,  Lewy bodies, if the change is a result of microscopic clumps of another protein associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and some cases of Alzheimer's disease.

Small strokes or reduced blood flow through brain blood vessels can also cause chronic cognitive impairment.

According to the observation of the patient MRI, patients brain with cognitive impairment also showed shrinkage of the hippocampus, a brain region important for memory, enlargement of the brain's fluid-filled spaces (ventricles) and reduced use of glucose, the sugar that's the primary source of energy for cells.

Risk factors associated with the onset of chronic cognitive impairment include the increase in age, genetic preposition, certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and pressure, being obese and lack of exercise.

According to the joint study led by the Health Innovations Research Institute, obesity is also one of the major risk factors of cognitive impairment in the Western world.

Dr. Jason C. D. Nguyen, the lead author in the team wrote in the final report, "The incidence of obesity in middle age is increasing markedly, and in parallel, the prevalence of metabolic disorders including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes is also rising. Numerous studies have demonstrated that both obesity and metabolic disorders are associated with poorer cognitive performance, cognitive decline, and dementia".

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.

On finding natural ingredients for the prevention of cognitive impairment caused by oxidative damage in the brain neurons, researchers at the University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences examine the cognition protective effects of piperine co-administration with curcumin.

Cognitive impairment and oxidative stress mice induced by chronic stress (CS) were selected to the study.

Before administration of piperine + curcumin, chronic stress mice showed a significantly impaired memory performance (delayed latency time to reach the platform) and decreased locomotor activity along with sucrose consumption.

Furthermore, without infection of piperine + curcumin, the tested mice also demonstrated a significant impairment in oxidative parameters observed by the elevated malondialdehyde, nitrite concentration and decreased reduced glutathione, catalase levels) and reduced hydrolytic metabolism in transmitting information between neurons.

Application of piperine + curcumin restored all parameters induced by chronic stress, including the normalized the cognitive function, improved the antioxidant status against overexpression of free radicals. 

Most importantly, co-administration of piperine (20mg/kg; p.o.) with curcumin (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.) significantly elevated the cognitive protective effect compared to individual use.

Dr. Rinwa P, the lead scientist said in the final report, "piperine enhanced the bioavailability of curcumin and potentiated its protective effects against CUS induced cognitive impairment and associated oxidative damage in mice".

In order to reconfirm the co-administration of piperine with curcumin the neuroprotective effects, researchers elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of curcumin and its co-administration with piperine against olfactory bulbectomy induced depression in rats.

Before injecting piperine + curcumin, tested rat showed depression-like symptoms as evidenced by increased immobility time in FST, hyperactivity in open field arena, and anhedonic like response in SPT along with alterations in mitochondrial enzyme complexes, increased serum corticosterone levels and oxidative damage similar to those of the previous study.

The overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins associated with the neuron apoptosis and oxidative stress in tested rat caused by olfactory bulbectomy were also inhibited by the co-administration of piperine with curcumin.

The in-depth analysis suggested that the combination of piperine plus curcumin treatment significantly and dose-dependently restored all behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations associated with OBX induced depression.

Dr. Rinwa P said, "curcumin along with piperine exhibits neuroprotection against olfactory bulbectomy induced depression possibly by modulating oxidative-nitrosative stress-induced neuroinflammation and apoptosis".

Taken altogether, the discovery strongly supports the use of piperine and curcumin for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment, pending to the reconfirmation of larger sample size and multicenter possibility.

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) iperine potentiates the protective effects of curcumin against chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice by Rinwa P, Kumar A.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic signaling cascade by curcumin alone and in combination with piperine in rat model of olfactory bulbectomy induced depression by Rinwa P, Kumar A, Garg S.(PubMed)
(3) Protective effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine(bioavailability enhancer) against haloperidol-associated neurotoxicity: cellular and neurochemical evidence by Bishnoi M, Chopra K, Rongzhu L, Kulkarni SK.(PubMed)
(4) Obesity and cognitive decline: role of inflammation and vascular changes by Jason C. D. Nguyen,1 A. Simon Killcross,2 and Trisha A. Jenkins. (PMC)

Allicin, the Potent and Powerful Anti Cognitive Decline Phytochemical

By Kyle J. Norton

Allicin, a bioactive and organosulfur compound may have a profound effect in improving the cognitive function in elderly, some scientists suggested.

Cognitive activity is a long-term process of reasoning, memory, attention, and language and information accumulated that lead to knowledge.

In elderly, the causes of cognitive dysfunction are associated with a set of factors, including medication side effects, metabolic and/or endocrine derangements due to aging, delirium due to intercurrent illness, depression, and dementia.

Dr. Ian M. Deutchki, MD University of Rochester, in the article What’s causing my older patient’s cognitive decline? wrote, "n primary care settings, when patients complain of memory loss, there is a 20% to 30% chance they will be found to have a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or some level of dementia" and "Remote memory, semantic memory (factual information), and procedural memory (knowledge of skills and procedures) tend to remain intact with aging.4 Short-term memory (simple maintenance of information over a short period of time) shows little change with aging. However, working memory, which requires the manipulation of in decline".

Some researchers suggested besides the correlated factors of aging in the risk of cognitive decline, a healthy diet, and lifestyle accompanied by physical inactivity also some of the risk factors which have a significant effect in the contribution of cognitive decline.

Dr. P.J. Smith, the lead author at the Duke University Medical Center, in the concerns of cognitive decline, an increasingly important public health problem, with more than 100 million adults worldwide is associated change of lifestyle said, "lifestyle factors including dietary patterns, may be important in the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia in later life" and "antioxidants, fatty acids, and B vitamins are associated with better cognitive functioning"

This conclusion suggested that by following a healthy diet pattern, lifestyle and moderate exercise before the onset of the syndrome is one of the best methods in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases in the later life.

In elderly with the cognitive decline, Dr. María Alicia Camina suggested malnutrition is a highly prevalent geriatric syndrome in the elderly with dementia, especially in institutionalized patients and in subjects in advanced stages of the illness.

Therefore by changing the pattern of diet that target of malnutrition in the elderly, through nutritional screening and a complete nutritional assessment, the progression of cognitive decline in the elderly can be slow down.

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.

Dr. Li XH, the lead scientist in the research program at the Medicine of Jishou University in the reaffirming the effect of allicin in the learning and memory abilities in the course of normal aging cognitive abilities associated with the Nrf2 expression in the decline with aging launched an investigation to assess the effects of allicin on endogenous antioxidant defenses in hippocampus of cognitively impaired aged mouse.

The organosulfur compounds, allicin activated Nrf2 during the application process by donating an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction through its electrophil·ic effect.

Treatment of allicin significantly through the expression of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways ameliorated aging-induced cognitive dysfunction in the tested aged mouse.

The Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways are master mediators of antioxidant and detoxification responses and regulators of the cellular redox state that protects us from pathologies that are caused or exacerbated by oxidative stress in the induction of aging-related diseases, including cognitive decline.

Furthermore, the antioxidant also plays an important role in metabolic regulation and its interaction with central signaling systems that respond to nutritional inputs. These results have a strong impact in the theory associated with malnutritional effects that cause the onset of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease in the elderly.

At the final report of the experiment, the researchers wrote, "allicin could be recommended as a possible candidate for the prevention and therapy of cognitive deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease".

In the further differentiation of the oxidative modification of DNA, proteins, and lipids associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the initiation of aging and disease, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases and cancer, researchers showed 

* Extracts of aged garlic extract (AGE) contain antioxidant phytochemical allicin exerts a protective activity against oxidant damage.

* Up to 20 months garlic aged extract, creates antioxidant properties that inhibit the unstable free radicals with antioxidant activity, such as allicin, that lead to a stable and highly bioavailable water-soluble organosulfur compounds.

* Allicin and other compound found in AGE inhibited the overexpression of ROS by enhancing the cellular antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and increasing glutathione in the cells.

* The chemical ingredients of the AGE also inhibits lipid peroxidation by reducing ischemic/reperfusion damage and inhibiting oxidative modification of LDL, thus protecting endothelial cells from the injury by the oxidized molecules, which contributes to atherosclerosis. 

More importantly, Allicin and compounds in the AGE showed the ability to protect against oxidant-induced disease, acute damage from aging, radiation and chemical exposure, and long-term toxic damage.

Taken altogether, Allicin, the major bioactive compound found in garlic and onion may be considered a functional supplement for the prevention of cognitive decline and an adjunct therapy with conventional medicine to delay the progression of neurodegenerative diseases in elderly.

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Cognition (Wikipedia)
(2) Allicin ameliorates cognitive deficits aging-induced learning and memory deficits through enhancing Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways by Li XH, Li CY, Lu JM, Tian RB, Wei J.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract by Borek C.(PubMed)
(4) What’s causing my older patient’s cognitive decline? by Dr. Ian M. Deutchki, MD University of Rochester,(the Journal of Family Practice)
(5) Dietary Factors and Cognitive Decline by P.J. Smith and J.A. Blumenthal. (PMC)
(6) Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline by Dr. María Alicia Camina