Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Tuesday, 5 November 2013

#Healthy Foods - Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

WatermelonWatermelon is species of Citrullus, belong to the family Cucurbitaceae, related to the cantaloupe, squash and pumpkin and originated from southern Africa. Today watermelon is cultivated all over the world as a healthy food and for commercial purpose.

Nutritional supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Thiamine (Vit. B1)
9. Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
10. Niacin (Vit. B3)
11. Pantothenic acid (B5)
12. Vitamin B6
13. Folate (Vit. B9)
14. Vitamin C
15. Calcium
16. Iron
17. Magnesium
18. Phosphorus
19. Potassium
20.Zinc
21. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Aortic blood pressure
In the evaluation of watermelon supplementation and it effects on aortic BP and arterial function in individuals with prehypertension found that watermelon supplementation improves aortic hemodynamics through a decrease in the amplitude of the reflected wave in individuals with prehypertension, according to "Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study" by Figueroa A, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Perkins-Veazie PM, Arjmandi BH.(a)

2. Cardiovascular diseases, glycemic control, and ameliorating vascular dysfunction
In the investigation of Watermelon is rich in L-citrulline, an effective precursor of L-arginine and its effect in the obese with type II disbetes mice found that there is a beneficial effect of watermelon pomace juice as a functional food for increasing arginine availability, reducing serum concentrations of cardiovascular risk factors, improving glycemic control, and ameliorating vascular dysfunction in obese animals with type-II diabetes, according to "Dietary supplementation with watermelon pomace juice enhances arginine availability and ameliorates the metabolic syndrome in Zucker diabetic fatty rats" by Wu G, Collins JK, Perkins-Veazie P, Siddiq M, Dolan KD, Kelly KA, Heaps CL, Meininger CJ.(b)

3. Prostate cancer prevention
In the identification of Lycopene is a member of the carotenoid family, which is found abundantly in tomatoes, tomato-based products, strawberries, and watermelon and its effect on prostae cancer found that there is insufficient evidence to either support, or refute, the use of lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer. Similarly, there is no robust evidence from RCTs to identify the impact of lycopene consumption upon the incidence of prostate cancer, prostate symptoms, PSA levels or adverse events, according to "Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer" by Ilic D, Forbes KM, Hassed C.(c)

4. Anti-inflammatory activities
In the analyzing the anti-inflammatory actions of cucurbitacin E (CE) (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) found that CE inhibited both COX enzymes with more selectivity toward COX-2. Intraperitoneal injection of CE significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that CE is not a potent ROS scavenger. It could be concluded that CE is potentially useful in treating inflammation through the inhibition of COX and RNS but not ROS, according to "Anti-inflammatory activities of cucurbitacin E isolated from Citrullus lanatus var. citroides: role of reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition" by Abdelwahab SI, Hassan LE, Sirat HM, Yagi SM, Koko WS, Mohan S, Taha MM, Ahmad S, Chuen CS, Narrima P, Rais MM, Hadi AH.(d)

5. Bone mineral density and bone metabolism
In the observation of Vegetable and fruit (Chinese cabbage kimchi, onion, radish, cucumber, and welsh onion for the age group of 20-29, watermelon, Chinese cabbage kimchi, peach, potato, and onion for the age group of 30-49 and watermelon)intake with serum calcium, osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and their effect on bone mineral density and bone metabolism, found that watermelon, Chinese cabbage kimchi, tomato, potato, and peach for the age group of 50-64. Of 51 targets, β-carotene intake displayed a significantly negative correlation with serum osteocalcin. While caloric intake as well as protein, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorous, zinc and total food intake displayed a significantly negative correlation with DPD excretion in urine, tuber vegetable intake displayed a significantly positive correlation with DPD excretion in urine. In the future, a study will be necessary to accurately explain the relevance of vegetable and fruit intake with bone mineral density and bone metabolism. Also, efforts will be required to increase vegetable and fruit intake, according to "Vegetable and fruit intake and its relevance with serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline in Korean adults" by Kang MH, Kim MH, Bae YJ, Choi MK.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
Besides is essential in preventing the breaking off small vein cause of hardening of the vessel wall, vitamin C also improves the digestive system in maximum absorption of vital nutrients. Overdoses can cause diarrhea, It also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause muscle damage, according to the study of "Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage?" by McGinley C, Shafat A, Donnelly AE., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902983)

2. Vitamin A
As famous in improving eye sight, vitamin A also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause tissue, muscle and cellular damage and infection, according to the study of "Vitamin A, immunity, and infection" by Semba RD., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775644), researchers found that vitamin A and its metabolites are immune enhancers that have been shown to potentiate antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens, increase lymphocyte proliferation responses to antigens and mitogens, inhibit apoptosis, and restore the integrity and function of mucosal surfaces. Vitamin A and related retinoids may have potential applications in therapy for some infectious diseases.

3. Potassium
Beside is a important minerals for lymphatic function in regulating the body fluids, it is also essential in preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731), researchers wrote in conclusion that Oral potassium citrate is an effective preventive supplement against kidney stones in children who receive the KD, achieving its goal of urine alkalinization. Universal supplementation is warranted.

4. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(3) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(4)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Lycopene
After absorbing from foods through digestion, lycopene is transported into the blood then accumulated in the liver, adrenal glands, and testes. It is one most powerful phytochemical in preventing the forming of free radicals, resulting in lessening the risk of tumors and cancers, According to the study of `Can the consumption of tomatoes or lycopene reduce cancer risk?` by
Hwang ES, Bowen PE. (Source fromDepartment of Human Nutrition (M/C 517), 1919 W. Taylor Street, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.) posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that Data suggest lycopene may account for or contribute to chemoprevention, but this hypothesis requires further study. Numerous other potentially beneficial compounds are present in tomatoes and complex interactions among multiple components may contribute to the anticancer properties of tomatoes.

2. L-Arginine
Watermelon is exceptionally high in citrulline, an amino acid that helps to make L- arginine. L-arginine enhances the blood vessel to relax, thus increasing blood flow in carrying nutrients to the body cell, including the reproductive organs, thus prevent erectile, dysfunction., according to the atudy of "Oral L-citrulline supplementation improves erection hardness in men with mild erectile dysfunction." byCormio L, De Siati M, Lorusso F, Selvaggio O, Mirabella L, Sanguedolce F, Carrieri G., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195829)

3. Erectile dysfunction
Since water contains high amount of zinc, it enhances the function of prostate grand in serving its purpose of assisting the test in sperm production and preventing erectile dysfunction, according to the study of "Zinc, hydrochlorothiazide and sexual dysfunction" by Khedun SM, Naicker T, Maharaj B., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8556776)

4. Etc.

Side effects
No side effect is known, but watermelon has glycemic load per food serving of 4, you may want to limit the quantity you intend to eat, if you have high blood sugar.

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Back to Healthy Foods Index http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/healthy-foods-index.html

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616787
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029483
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071840
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871542
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21103089
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951617

#Healthy Foods - Leeks (Allium)

Leek is a genius of Allium, belong to the vegetable family vegetable Alliacaea, same as onion and garlic. Leeks are easy to grow from seed and usually reach maturity in the autumn months, and have few pest or disease problems.

Nutritional Supplements

1. Carbohydrates
2.Dietary fiber
3. Protein
4. Fat
5. Vitamin A
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Vitamin B6
10. Folate (Vitamin B9)
11. Vitamin B12
12. Vitamin C
13. Vitamin E
14. Vitamin K
15. Calcium
16. Iron
16. Manganese
17. Magnesium
18. Phosphorus
19. Potassium
20. Sodium
21. Zinc
22. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Endometrial cancer
In the investigation of allium vegetables anf their effect on endometrial cancer found that the OR of endometrial cancer for successive categories of onion intake were 0.94 (95% CI 0.72, 1.21) for <2 portions/week and 0.40 (95% CI 0.22, 0.72) for > or =2 portions/week, with a significant inverse trend in risk (P = 0.01). The OR for an increment of one portion (i.e. 80 g) of onions per week was 0.81 (95% CI 0.70, 0.95). For garlic, the OR for successive categories of intake were 0.89 (95% CI 0.68, 1.15) for intermediate use and 0.62 (95% CI 0.42, 0.92) for high use, with a significant inverse trend in risk (P = 0.02), according to "Allium vegetables intake and endometrial cancer risk" by Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Dal Maso L, Negri E, Montella M, Zucchetto A, Talamini R, La Vecchia C.(a)

2. Anti cancers
In the evaluation of organosulfur compounds of Allium vegetables and its anticancer effects found that antiproliferative activity has been described in several tumor cell lines, which is possibly mediated by induction of apoptosis and alterations of the cell cycle. Allium vegetables and organosulfur compounds are thus possible cancer-preventive agent, according to "Allium vegetables and organosulfur compounds: do they help prevent cancer?" by Bianchini F, Vainio H.(b)

3. Antioxidant activities
In the investigation of the methanol extract of dried skin of Allium cepa and its isolation of quercetin-3'-O-beta-D-glucoside [1] found that the antioxidant activity of 1 was evaluated in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay; it showed 3.04 micromol Trolox equivalents/mmol. 1 was shown to be a promising ingredient that could be useful for treating hyperpigmentation and for protecting against oxidative stress, according to "Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory and antioxidant activities of quercetin-3'-O-beta-D-glucoside isolated from Allium cepa" by Arung ET, Furuta S, Ishikawa H, Tanaka H, Shimizu K, Kondo R.(c)

4. Cholesterol
In the comparison to the hypolipidemic drug gugulipid and S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide (SMCS) isolated from Allium cepa Linn (family: Liliaceae) and its effect in cholesterol found that both gugulipid and SMCS cause reduction of endogenous lipogenesis, increase catabolism of lipids and subsequent excretion of metabolic by-products through the intestinal tract. However, gugulipid is a better drug than SMCS at a low dose of 50mg/kg body weight, according to "Lipid lowering effect of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide from Allium cepa Linn in high cholesterol diet fed rats' by

Kumari K, Augusti KT.(d)

5. Etc

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin K
Since leak contains a measure amount of vitamin K, it helps to protect against aging diseases and the under layers of the skin, thus reducing the risk of wrinkle due to aging and enhances the absorption of calcium, thus promoting the formation of healthy bones, according to the study of "Vitamin K, osteoporosis and degenerative diseases of ageing" by Vermeer C, Theuwissen E., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21427421), researchers found that According to the triage theory, long-term vitamin K inadequacy is an independent, but modifiable risk factor for the development of degenerative diseases of ageing including osteoporosis and atherosclerosis.

2. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" by Takahashi N, Takasu S.(1) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(2)

3. Manganese
Manganese in dried peas not only is a processor for the metabolizing of glucose and carbohydrates, it also plays an important role as part of the natural antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), that helps to fight the damage caused by free radicals, according to the study of "Regulation of Manganese Antioxidants by Nutrient Sensing Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" by Reddi AR, Culotta VC., posted in PubMed, researchers found that loss of either of these upstream kinase sensors dramatically inhibited the potency of Mn as an antioxidant. Downstream of Rim15p are transcription factors Gis1p and the redundant Msn2/Msn4p pair that typically respond to nutrient and stress signals. Both transcription factors were found to modulate the potency of the Mn-antioxidant but in opposing fashions: loss of Gis1p was seen to enhance Mn-antioxidant activity whereas loss of Msn2/4p greatly suppressed it. Our observed roles for nutrient and stress response kinases and transcription factors in regulating the Mn-antioxidant underscore its physiological importance in aerobic fitness.

4. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(3)

4. Folate
Beside it is essential vitamin in synthesis of DNA (According to the study of "Folate stimulation of wound DNA synthesis" by Zhang XJ, Chinkes DL, Herndon DN., Posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028951)), amino acid metabolism (accprding to the study of "Assessment of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 status and relation to sulfur amino acid metabolism in neonates" Minet JC, Bissé E, Aebischer CP, Beil A, Wieland H, Lütschg J.Posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966894), etc. it also plays an important in regulating cells division and replication, thus reducing the risk of improper growth of cells, leading to tumors and cancers, according to the study of "Folate and cancer: how DNA damage, repair and methylation impact on colon carcinogenesis" by Duthie SJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20544289), reseachers concluded that Folate maintains genomic stability by regulating DNA biosynthesis, repair and methylation. Folate deficiency induces and accelerates carcinogenesis by perturbing each of these processes.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits

1. Potassium
Beside is a important minerals for lymphatic function in regulating the body fluids, it is also essential in preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731), researchers wrote in conclusion that Oral potassium citrate is an effective preventive supplement against kidney stones in children who receive the KD, achieving its goal of urine alkalinization. Universal supplementation is warranted.

3. Phosphorus
Phosphorus beside plays an important role in supplying the body with phosphate in maintaining the healthy bone structure, according to the study of "VEGF incorporated into calcium phosphate ceramics promotes vascularisation and bone formation in vivo" by Wernike E, Montjovent MO, Liu Y, Wismeijer D, Hunziker EB, Siebenrock KA, Hofstetter W, Klenke FM.posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20178096) it also aids in transmission of nerve impulses, thus promoting the information transmitting to the cells of the other part of the body. Levels of phosplate may cay cause Parkinson's disease, according to tyhe study of "Phosphorus and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates mitochondrial dysfunction in early and advanced Parkinson's disease" by Hattingen E, Magerkurth J, Pilatus U, Mozer A, Seifried C, Steinmetz H, Zanella F, Hilker R., posted in PubMed, (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19952056)

4. Iron
Iron beside is essential for forming of the red pigment called hemoglobin in the blood for carry oxygen and nutrients to the body cells, it also promotes oxygen absorption required for contraction of muscles.

5. Zinc
Zinc is essential mineral in prevent the enlarged prostate that can reduce the risk of abnormal sperm production, it also requires for the synthesis of collagen for healing of skin wounds, according to the study of "Collagen synthesis in connective tissue of wounded rat mesentery: effect of dietary zinc deficiency" by Agren MS, posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1681930)

6. Polyunsaturated Fat
Leek contains polyunsaturated fat beside helping to improve the absorption of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K, it also prevent the risk of diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, according to the study of "Ω3-Polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent lipoperoxidation, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce lipid content but do not alter glycogen metabolism in the livers of diabetic rats fed on a high fat thermolyzed diet" by de Assis AM, Rech A, Longoni A, Rotta LN, Denardin CC, Pasquali MA, Souza DO, Perry ML, Moreira JC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989716)

7. Etc.
Side effects

1. Oxalates
Oxalates in leek can cause problem for people with kidney diseases
2. Etc.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Healthy Foods Index http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/healthy-foods-index.html

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18986589
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11673117
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21812337
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987625

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859436
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21967159
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160185

#Healthy Foods - Mushroom

Mushroom
Mushroom is a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on its food source, It is a genus A. Muscaria and belong to the family Amanitaceae and has been cultivation in many cultures all over the world for foods and health benefits.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
4. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
5. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
6. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
7. Calcium
8. Phosphorus
9. Potassium
10. Sodium
11. Selenium
12. Iron
13. Copper
14. Zinc
15. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Breast cancer cell
In the investigation of the flavones and isoflavones of white button mushroom (species Agaricus bisporus) and theirs anti breast cancer effect found that Phytochemicals in the mushroom aqueous extract inhibited aromatase activity and proliferation of MCF-7aro cells. These results suggest that diets high in mushrooms may modulate the aromatase activity and function in chemoprevention in postmenopausal women by reducing the in situ production of estrogen, according to "White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation' by Grube BJ, Eng ET, Kao YC, Kwon A, Chen S.(a)

2. Prostate cancer
In the evaluation of white button mushrooms and its phytochemicals beneficial to cancer prevention found that the data provided by this study illustrate the anticancer potential of phytochemicals in mushroom extract both in vitro and in vivo and supports the recommendation of white button mushroom as a dietary component that may aid in the prevention of prostate cancer in men, according to "White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in athymic mice" by Adams LS, Phung S, Wu X, Ki L, Chen S(b)

3. Immunologic effects
In the analyzing White button mushrooms (WBM) and its effect in immune response, found that WBM promote DC maturation and enhance their antigen-presenting function. This effect may have potential in enhancing both innate and T cell-mediated immunity leading to a more efficient surveillance and defense mechanism against microbial invasion and tumor development, according to "White button mushroom enhances maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their antigen presenting function in mice" by Ren Z, Guo Z, Meydani SN, Wu D.(c)

4. Hepatic Steatosis
In the examination of white button mushrooms and its effect in liver found that down-regulation of the expression of FAS and ELOVL6 by White button mushrooms (WBM) extract was through inhibition of Liver X receptor (LXR) signaling and its downstream transcriptional factor SREBP1c. These results suggest that WBM is protective against hepatic steatosis and NAFLD in OVX mice as a model for postmenopausal women, according to "Protective Effects of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) against Hepatic Steatosis in Ovariectomized Mice as a Model of Postmenopausal Women" by Kanaya N, Kubo M, Liu Z, Chu P, Wang C, Chen YC.(d)

5. Arthritis
In the demonstration of white button mushrooms (WBM) and and shiitake mushrooms (SM) and their effect on Arthritis found that both types of mushrooms reduced plasma TNFα (34%, WBM; 64%, SM), only SM increased plasma IL-6 by 1.3-fold (P < 0.05). The CIA index was positively correlated with sICAM1 (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) but negatively correlated with TNFα (r = 0.34; P < 0.05). Whether mushrooms are beneficial for arthritis management remains to be investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a possible health benefit of WBM in arthritis treatment, according to "White button and shiitake mushrooms reduce the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in dilute brown non-agouti mice" by Chandra L, Alexander H, Traoré D, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Lightfoot SA, Kuvibidila S.(e)
6. Etc.
B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Seleniuma. In the investigation of genistin and selenium and their effect in breast cancer found that Supplementation of genistin alone or with selenium provided antioxidant defense with high-potential chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors more than selenium alone, according to "Prevention of rat breast cancer by genistin and selenium" by Hamdy SM, Latif AK, Drees EA, Soliman SM.(1)

b. Prostate cancer
selenium also helps to reduce the risk of oxidation due to forming of free radicals and enhances the immune system to prevent the irregular cells growth of cancer, including prostate cancer, according to the study of "Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" by Liang L, Yang KH, Tian JH, Guan QL, Yao N, Cao N, Mi DH, Wu J, Ma B, Yang SH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661819).

2. Vitamin B12
In the investigation of vitamin B12 and its effect on
a. Retinal hemorrhages
found that the loss of impermeability allows extrusion of whole blood and subsequent diffusion from the disrupted site throughout and above the nerve fiber layer. Therefore the biomicroscopic pattern of white centered hemorrhages observed in anemic retinopathy is most likely due to the clot formation as the reparative sequence after capillary rupture., according to "White centered retinal hemorrhages in vitamin b(12) deficiency anemia" by Zehetner C, Bechrakis NE.(2)

b. Neurotrophic action
Found that the neurotrophic action of cobalamin (Cbl) in the central nervous system (CNS) of totally gastrectomized (TGX) rats is mediated by stimulation of the epidermal growth factor(EGF) synthesis in the CNS itself. It thus appears that Cbl inversely regulates the expression of EGF and TNF-alpha genes in the CNS of TGX rats, according to "Epidermal growth factor as a local mediator of the neurotrophic action of vitamin B(12) (cobalamin) in the rat central nervous system" by Scalabrino G, Nicolini G, Buccellato FR, Peracchi M, Tredici G, Manfridi A, Pravettoni G.(3)

3. Copper
Copper is best known for its function in regulating the proper growth, utilization of iron, it is also a strong antioxidant, aiding the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, and preventing oxidation in the cell membrane, according to the article of antioxidant cancer and diseases, posted in Medical Advisor Journals, in other antioxidants, 1. Copper

4. Vitamin B3
In the evaluation of vitamin B3 and its effect on hyperpigmentation found that Niacinamide induces a decrease in pigmentation, inflammatory infiltrate, and solar elastosis. Niacinamide is a safe and effective therapeutic agent for this condition, according to "Natural options for the management of hyperpigmentation" by Leyden JJ, Shergill B, Micali G, Downie J, Wallo W.(4)

5. Vitamin B5
In the study of PEDYPHAR ointment (a new ointment prepared from natural royal jelly and panthenol in an ointment base) its effect on diabetic ulceration found that Ninety-six per cent of the patients in groups 1 and 2 responded well, with a complete cure, defined as'complete closure of the ulcer without signs of underlying bone infection' by the end of week 9 and for the duration of the six-month follow-up period. All of the ulcers in group 1 healed, as did 92% of those in group 2. All patients in group 3 healed following surgical excision, debridement of necrotic tissue and conservative treatment with PEDYPHAR ointment, according to "Safety and efficacy of a new honey ointment on diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective pilot study" by Abdelatif M, Yakoot M, Etmaan M.(5)

6. Etc.
C. Others health Benefits1. Cholesterol Levels
Since it contains high amount of fiber, it not only helps to bind the bad cholesterol (LDL) in the digestive track then expelling them through normal waste release, but also burns cholesterol when they are digested because of its high lean protein content., according to the study of "Fiber intake, serum cholesterol levels, and cardiovascular disease in European individuals with type 1 diabetes. EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group" by Toeller M, Buyken AE, Heitkamp G, de Pergola G, Giorgino F, Fuller JH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10097895)

2. Immune system
Since it contain high amount of vitamin C, it not only helps to improve the immune system in fighting against the foreign invasion, such as virus and bacteria, but also helps to inhibits fatty acid synthase expression as a result of the presence linoleic acid, thus reducing the risk of tumors and breast, colon and prostate cancers, according to the study of "The 10t,12c isomer of conjugated linoleic acid inhibits fatty acid synthase expression and enzyme activity in human breast, colon, and prostate cancer cells" by Lau DS, Archer MC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043266)

3. Prostate health
With the presence of zinc in the mushroom, it helps to improve the prostate in performing its function of secreting semen and assisting testes in producing the normal sperm, according to the study of "Zinc status of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma" byChristudoss P, Selvakumar R, Fleming JJ, Gopalakrishnan G., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716879), researchers found that BPH or prostate carcinoma may be associated with a reduction in the levels of tissue zinc, plasma zinc, and an increase in urine zinc/creatinine

4. Diabetes
The high concentration of dietary fiber not helps to prevent constipation by binding to the harden waste in the large intestine but also releases the glucose into the blood stream slowly, thus decreasing the pancreas stress in production of insulin as it is needed to convert glucose to energy, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332)

5. Etc.

Side effects
1. Some mushroom are Poisson, if they are eaten by mistake
2. allergens
It may cause allergic effect to certain people.
3. Etc.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Healthy Foods Index http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/healthy-foods-index.html

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739882
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005974
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18287364
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22046322
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22089659
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22087102
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10544191
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21623927
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18376651

#Healthy Foods - Mustard Greens (Brassica)

Mustard Green

Mustard Green is a species of mustard plant, genus Brassica and belong to the family Brassicaceae, native to Himalayan region of India. It has seen used in some forms in African, Italian, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and soul food cuisine because of its popularity.

Nutritional supplements

1. Vitamin A
2. Thiamine
3. Riboflavin
4. Niacin
5. Vitamin C
6. Iron
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Fat
10.Carbohydrates
11.Protein
12. Etc.

Health benefits
A. health benefits according to studies
1. Lutein + zeaxanthin
In the investigation of carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods, including mustard green found that contributors of lutein + zeaxanthin included collard, mustard, or turnip greens; spinach; and broccoli, according to "The development and application of a carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods" by Chug-Ahuja JK, Holden JM, Forman MR, Mangels AR, Beecher GR, Lanza E.(a)

2. Phenolic components
In the observation of the phenolic components of 17 leafy vegetables from Brassica species other than Brassica oleracea, including mustard green identified 71 phenolic compounds consisting of kaempferol 3-O-diglucoside-7-O-glucoside derivatives, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-glucoside hydroxycinnamoyl gentiobioses, hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids, and hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids. Ten of the compounds, 3-O-diacyltriglucoside-7-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin, had not been previously reported, according to "Phenolic component profiles of mustard greens, yu choy, and 15 other brassica vegetables" by Lin LZ, Harnly JM.(b)

3. Prostate cancerIn the evaluation of Brassica vegetables, including broccoli, cabbage, mustard and collard greens, and bok choy and their anti prostate cancer effects found that three reported statistically significant reduced risks (P < 0.05) and one reported a borderline significant reduced risk (P = 0.06) with high Brassica vegetable consumption. The epidemiological literature provides modest support for the hypothesis that high intakes of Brassica vegetables reduce prostate cancer risk, according to "Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence" by Kristal AR, Lampe JW.(c)

4. Chronic diseases
In the examination of Collard greens, mustard greens, kale, okra, green onion, butter beans, butter peas, purple hull peas, rutabagas, and eggplant are frequently consumed by African Americans in the southeast United States and theirs effect in chronic diseases found that these indigenous vegetables consumed by African Americans in the southeastern United States are good sources of the phenolic compounds, which might provide anti-oxidative protection against free radicals in the human body. Consumption of these vegetables might reduce the risk of chronic diseases, according to "Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of indigenous vegetables in the southeast United States: Alabama Collaboration for Cardiovascular Equality Project" by Huang Z, Wang B, Eaves DH, Shikany JM, Pace RD.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration1. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.

2. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" by Takahashi N, Takasu S.(1) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(2)

3. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(3)

4. Folate
In the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect on anemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(4)
5. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits

1. Pellagra
Mustard green contains high amount of niacin, it is one of the natural vitamin used to cure Pellagra, a vitamin deficiency disease as a result of excessive intake of leucine or the alterations in protein metabolism disorders such as carcinoid syndrome., according to the study of "Low and deficient niacin status and pellagra are endemic in postwar Angola" by Seal AJ, Creeke PI, Dibari F, Cheung E, Kyroussis E, Semedo P, van den Briel T., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209199)

2. Toxins
Vitamin C in master green is one of powerful antioxidant and chelator. Beside minimizing the effect of toxin lead, it helps to get mercury out as quickly as possible that reduce the impact of mercury entering the bloodstream, according to the study of "Mercury elimination with oral DMPS, DMSA, vitamin C, and glutathione: an observational clinical review" by Muran PJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16708769)

3. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissues covers all body surfaces, including all organs, forms the inner lining of body cavities, and lines hollow organs. Since mustard green contains a measurable amount of vitamin A, it not only protects the epithelial cells against the invasion of bacteria, but heals would faster by inhibiting cell migration and proliferation, according to the study of '[Effect of vitamin A on the adhesive interaction of cells in epithelial tissue].[Article in Russian]' by Chernova TA, Kon' IIa, Bekmuratova II, Melikiants AG, Stepanova LV., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3433351), researchers found that The data obtained show that vitamin A may serve as a factor modulating intercellular adhesive interactions with tissue specificity.

4. Bronchitis
Mustard green reduces the risk of bronchitis by enhancing the immune system in fighting against inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes and the risk of broncho constriction (vitamin C), according to the subsection "Vitamin C May Ease Wheezing" of article of "Asthma" posted in library.mothernature.com

5. Iron deficiency Anemia
Iron in master green promotes the formation of hemoglobin that helps to carry oxygen and to the body blood cells, thus reducing the risk of anemia cause of symptoms of a feeling of weakness, or fatigue, general malaise and sometimes poor concentration.

6. Etc..

Side effect
1. Phytates
Phytates can interfere the absorption of several nutrients.
2. Anticoagulation
Since it contain a measurable amount of vitamin, it cause problem for people taking blood thinner medicine.
3. Oxalates
Oxalation can cause problem for people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases if it is eaten in excessive amount.
4. Etc.

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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8440830
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465307
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12235639
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17886092

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859436
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21967159
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160185
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009132
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339

#Healthy Foods - Yams (Dioscorea)

Yam
Yam is the genus Dioscorea belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae. It has a long and cylindrical shape with rough and scaly exterior skin. It can be stored up to six months in open air, which makes them a valuable resource when foods are scarce.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrate
2. Protein
3. Fiber
4. Vitamin B1
5. Vitamin B3
6. Vitamin B6
7. Folate
8. Vitamin C
9. Vitamin E
10. Vitamin K
11. Potassium
12. Manganese
13. Calcium
14. Magnesium
15. Phosphorus
16. Selenium
17. Zinc
18. Copper
19. Iron
20. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress
In the investigation of Dioscoreae Nipponicae Rhizoma and its effect against cardiovascular diseases found that this was the first time to reveal the anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-oxidative effects of trillin. These results would be important in developing food supplements for health improvements and therapeutic drugs against hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases in future, according to "Trillin, a steroidal saponin isolated from the rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica, exerts protective effects against hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress" by Wang T, Choi RC, Li J, Bi CW, Ran W, Chen X, Dong TT, Bi K, Tsim KW.(a)

2. Oral cancer
In the evaluation of ethanol extract of red mold dioscorea (RMDE) and its anticancer effects found that RMDE treatment inhibited the growth of SCC-25 cells by arresting cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Therefore RMDE may be a good candidate for development as a dietary supplement against oral cancer, according to "Red mold dioscorea-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human oral cancer cells" by Hsu WH, Lee BH, Pan TM.(b)

3. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the assessment of 6-Hydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-1,4-phenanthraquinone (PAQ) isolated from the tuberous roots of Yam (Dioscorea batatas) and its anti-inflammatory activity found that the compound also inhibited the degranulation reaction in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 2.7 μM. Thus, these results suggest that PAQ may be useful in regulating mast cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, according to "Anti-inflammatory activity of 6-hydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-1,4-henanthraquinone from tuberous roots of yam (Dioscorea batatas) through inhibition of prostaglandin D₂ and leukotriene C₄ production in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells" by Jin M, Lu Y, Yang JH, Jo TH, Park YI, Lee CK, Park SJ, Son KH, Chang HW.(c)

4. Antidiabetic activity
In observation of ethanolic extract of Dioscorea alata and its antidiabetic effect found that the blood glucose level was reduced significantly by 47.48% and 52.09% after 21 days treatment at dose levels 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Serum lipid levels, total protein, albumin, and creatinine were reversed toward near normal in treated rats as compared to diabetic control, according to "Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of tubers of Dioscorea alata in alloxan induced diabetic rats" by Maithili V, Dhanabal SP, Mahendran S, Vadivelan R.(d)

5. Osteoporosis
In the examination of the effect of the oral administration of different dosages of dioscorea, red mold dioscorea (RMD), and soy isoflavones on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal osteoporosis found that reconstructed 3D imaging indicated increases in cancellous bone mineral content, cancellous bone mineral density, and cortical bone mineral content of the proximal tibia in OVX rats, according to "Osteoprotective effect of Monascus-fermented dioscorea in ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis" by Chiang SS, Chang SP, Pan TM.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(1)

2. Potassium
Potassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of "Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia" by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma potassium concentration decreases.

3. Manganese

It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(2)

4. Dietary Fibers

Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(3)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cardiovascular disease
Vitamin B6 in yam helps to break down homocysteine, an amino acid produced by byproduct of consuming meat in the body, that can damage the blood vessel wall as a result of cholesterol cause of plague building up, according to the study of "Homocysteine, Folate, Vitamin B6, and Cardiovascular Disease" by Kilmer S. McCully, MD, posted in The Journal of the American medical Association (http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/279/5/392.extract)

2. Premenstrual syndrome
Yam, which has an active phytoestrogen ingredient called "diosgenin", triggers the production of natural progesterone that helps to balance the estrogen, thus reducingthe risk of premenstrual cramps and pain in the abdomen, 2 weeks before menstruation. In a study of "Estrogenic and progestagenic effects of extracts of Justicia pectoralis Jacq., an herbal medicine from Costa Rica used for the treatment of menopause and PMS" by Locklear TD, Huang Y, Frasor J, Doyle BJ, Perez A, Gomez-Laurito J, Mahady GB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452152), researchers found that extracts of J. pectoralis have estrogenic, progestagenic and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus have a plausible mechanism of action, explaining its traditional use for menopause and PMS.

3. Immune system
Selenium is one of powerful antioxidant minerals, that not only helps to enhances the immune system in fighting against forming of the free radicals due to hydroperoxides (according tothe study of "Protective role of intraperitoneally administrated vitamin E and selenium on the levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of muscle and liver tissues in rats" by Yilmaz O, Celik S, Cay M, Naziroğlu M., posted in PubMed), but also promotes liver function in expelling acrylamide toxicity. In the study of "Protective effects of selenium on acrylamide toxicity in the liver of the rat. Effects on the oxidative stress? by Teodor V, Cuciureanu M, Filip C, Zamosteanu N, Cuciureanu R., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870766), researchers found that This study investigates the effect of selenium (as sodium selenite and as a selenium dietary supplements--Celnium) on the oxidative stress in Wistar rats which received high doses of acrylamide.

4. Manganese
Manganese beside ensures a healthy bone structure by enhancing some essential enzymes for building bones (according to the study of "Bone formation within alumina tubes: effect of calcium, manganese, and chromium dopants" by Pabbruwe MB, Standard OC, Sorrell CC, Howlett CR., posted in PubMed, (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15109850))it is also a super oxide dismutase enzyme that helps to neutralize the damaging particles and prevents any potential danger of sperm cryopreservation, according to the study of "Manganese provides antioxidant protection for sperm cryopreservation that may offer new consideration for clinical fertility" by Cheema RS, Bansal AK, Bilaspuri GS., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592770),.

5. Etc.

Side effects

1. Oxalates or purines may be a concern for some people.
2. Etc.

#Healthy Foods - Turnip greens (Brassica)

Turnip Green
Turnip Green is a genus Brassica, belongs to the family Brassicaceae, a root vegetable commonly grown in regions between the tropics and the polar circles, in between summer and winter worldwide for its roots for human consumption, but most of them for lives stock feed.

Nutritional supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Vitamin B1
7. Vitamin B2
8. Vitamin B3
9. Vitamin B5
10. Folate (Vitamin B9)
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Calcium
14. Magnesium
15. Potassium
16. Iron
17. Copper
18. Phosphorus
19. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Antinutritional factors
In the observation of the effect of blanching on the antinutritional content was studied in cabbage, turnip, collard, sweetpotato and peanut leaves found that blanching is recommended as an effective method for reducing the antinutritional factors in green vegetables, however, further investigation on the heating times for both conventional and microwave blanching methods has been suggested, according to "Effect of blanching on the content of antinutritional factors in selected vegetables" by Mosha TC, Gaga HE, Pace RD, Laswai HS, Mtebe K.(a)

2. Phenolic components
In the investigation of Phenolic components of mustard green, baby mustard green, gai choy, baby gai choy, yu choy, yu choy tip, bok choy, bok choy tip, baby bok choy, bok choy sum, Taiwan bok choy, Shanghai bok choy, baby Shanghai bok choy, rapini broccoli, turnip green, napa, and baby napa, found that identification of 71 phenolic compounds consisting of kaempferol 3-O-diglucoside-7-O-glucoside derivatives, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-glucoside hydroxycinnamoyl gentiobioses, hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids, and hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids. Ten of the compounds, 3-O-diacyltriglucoside-7-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin, had not been previously reported. The phenolic component profiles of these vegetables were significantly different than those of the leafy vegetables from B. oleracea, according to "Phenolic component profiles of mustard greens, yu choy, and 15 other brassica vegetables" by Lin LZ, Harnly JM.(b)

3. Carotenoid
In assessment of carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein) in 2,458 fruits, vegetables, and multicomponent foods containing fruits and vegetables, found that collard, mustard, or turnip greens, spinach and broccoli are the main ontribution of lutein + zeaxanthin, according to "The development and application of a carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods" by Chug-Ahuja JK, Holden JM, Forman MR, Mangels AR, Beecher GR, Lanza E.(c)

d. Vitamin B12
In the evaluation of vitamin B12 in Turnip greens found that vitamin Bi2 was present in the
leaves of a higher plant in amounts. there is no evidence supporting the synthesis of vitamin Bi2 by a higher plant. Was it produced by soil microorganisms and subsequently absorbed via the plant roots? There is ample proof of such synthetic activity by certain microorganisms and of vitamin B12 activity in soil , but no evidence that the vitamin B]2molecule is absorbed by the plant from the soil. Could it have been produced by bacteria living epiphytically
on the turnip leaf? Ericson and Lewis ('54) postulated such a relationship in their studies of vitamin Bt2 compounds found in certain algae, according to "STUDIES OF VITAMIN B12IN TUENIP GREENS" by LOUISE F. GEAY ANDLOUISE J. DANIEL(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.

2. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" by Takahashi N, Takasu S.(1) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(2)

3. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(3)

4. Folate
In the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect on anemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(4)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Lung
Turpip green besides enhances the lung function in removing toxins entail the excretion of carbon dioxide, it also reduces the risk of inflammation causes of emphysema as a result of second hand smoke due to Vitamin A deficiency. In study of "Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age" by Chen H, Zhuo Q, Yuan W, Wang J, Wu T., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254093), researchers found that this unexpected result is outside our current understanding of the use of vitamin A for preventing acute LRTIs. Accordingly, vitamin A should not be given to all children to prevent acute LRTIs. There is evidence for vitamin A supplements to prevent acute LRTIs in children with low serum retinol or those with a poor nutritional status.

2. Antioxidant
Turnip green contains high amount of vitamin antioxidants that helps to neutralize the levels of cholesterol against the forming of free radical causes of the clumping of platelets and oxidation of bad cholesterol (LDL), according to the study of "A comparative study of antioxidant vitamins and simvastatin in hypercholesterolimic rabbits" by Syed NI, Arshad S, Syed AA, Ahmad M, Khan FZ, Ahmad B., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21959808).

3. Paraoxonase and Fetal growth
Paraoxonaseare is a group of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of organophosphates in the A-oxonzse family helped to breaks down acetylcholinesterase inhibitors before they bind to the cholinestarases, thus protecting women from harm by low dose of organophosphate pesticides exposure that can lead tolow birth weight. In the study of "Association of organophosphate pesticide exposure and paraoxonase with birth outcome in mexican-american women" by Harley KG, Huen K, Aguilar Schall R, Holland NT, Bradman A, Barr DB, Eskenazi B., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21904599)

4. Beta carotene
Beta carotene helps in the proper functioning of the immune system in the body that supports the body in producing and maintaining healthy membranes, thus reducing the risk of auto-immune condition of rheumatoid arthritis, according to the study of "Serum concentrations of alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and retinol preceding the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus" by Comstock GW, Burke AE, Hoffman SC, Helzlsouer KJ, Bendich A, Masi AT, Norkus EP, Malamet RL, Gershwin ME., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9175934), researchers indicated that These findings support those of a previous study that low antioxidant status is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. They suggest a similar association for systemic lupus erythematosus.

5. Osteoporosis
Magnesium beside enhances the body in absorption of calcium readily and prevents parathyroid hormone cause of low bone density (according to the study of "A case of magnesium deficiency associated with insufficient parathyroid hormone action and severe osteoporosis" by Kanazawa I, Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi T, Yamauchi M, Yano S, Sugimoto T., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048993), it also promotes calcitonin hormone in aiding the extraction of calcium from tissues and blood into the bones and vitamin D function in absorbing calcium, according to the study of "Hypomagnesemia with increased metabolism of parathyroid hormone and reduced responsiveness to calcitropic hormones" by Mori S, Harada S, Okazaki R, Inoue D, Matsumoto T, Ogata E.", posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1392187)

6. Etc.

Side effect