By Kyle J. Norton
Fennel may have a potential effect in increased plant base estrogenic levels in reduced risk of estrogen-related diseases, some scientists suggested.
Estrogen is a primary female sex hormone, responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belongings to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional and herbal medicine as a warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...
In the evaluation of the fennel estrogenic effect in inhibiting the increased ectopic uterine motility in facilitated symptoms including pain in primary dysmenorrhea, researchers found that compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the induction of severe adverse effects used for treatment in long-term therapy, application of fennel essential oil (FEO) of LD(50, 1326 mg/kg) in the rat model, exerted a therapeutic effect in reduced expression of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in induced muscle contraction.
Further analysis suggested that fennel essential oil reduced the intensity of oxytocin and PGE(2) induced uterine muscle contractions significantly (25 and 50 microg/ml for oxytocin and 10 and 20 microg/ml PGE(2), respectively without inducing mortality in tested subjects.
Abnormal production of prostaglandins E2 was found to associate with the intensity of symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, including vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and excessive uterine contraction.
According to the P. G. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, acetone extract isolated from Foeniculum vulgare Mill., seeds at different dose levels (50/ug, 150/ug, and 250/ug/100gm body wt.) exerted a potential and positive estrogenic activity in increased nucleic acids and protein concentration and organ weights, particularly in the medium and high doses.
The above differentiation was supported by the study of the "Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seed extract on the genital organs of male and female rats" conducted by Dr. Malini T and colleagues.
According to the results, the fennel estrogenic effect in oral administration of acetone extract of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) seeds for 15 days in male rats, exerted a significant malformation of the male reproductive tract including decreased in testes through inhibited Leydig cell production of testosterone and disrupted fluid reabsorption in the efferent ductules via the ERĪ± and vas deferens in transported sperm from the testicle to the urethra.
Moreover, the application of the extract also demonstrated an increased volume of seminal vesicles and the prostate gland and decreased activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase in all these regions, including bones, intestines, pancreas, and kidneys.
In female rats, the ingestion of acetone extract for 10 days showed a strong effect in the expression of estrogenic effect through the observation by vaginal cornification, the test of the appearance of cornified epithelial cells in a vaginal smear for confirmation of the presence of high levels of estrogen.
The application also catalyzed the imbalanced production of the sex hormone of the female estrus cycle.
At moderate doses, the seeds caused an increase in the weight of mammary glands by overexpression of estrogen circulation precipitated a negative effect in regulated systemic myogenic factors (prolactin, growth hormone) and directed influence of the mammary tissue, such as stromal components and epithelial cells.
At higher doses, fennel seeds increased the weight of the oviduct, endometrium, myometrium, cervix, and vagina.
Taken together, fennel may be considered a functional food for reduced symptoms of estrogen deficiency syndrome and combined with the standard medicine for the treatment of estrogenic-related diseases.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seed extract on the genital organs of male and female rats by Malini T, Vanithakumari G, Megala N, Anusya S, Devi K, Elango V.(PubMed)
(2) Primary dysmenorrhoea: the importance of both prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha by Lumsden MA, Kelly RW, Baird DT.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of foeniculum vulgare seed extract on mammary glands and oviducts of ovariectomised rats by Devi K1, Vanithakumari G, Anusya S, Mekala N, Malini T, Elango V.(PubMed)
(3) Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents by Albert-Puleo M.(PubMed)
(4) The effect of fennel essential oil on uterine contraction as a model for dysmenorrhea, pharmacology and toxicology study by Ostad SN1, Soodi M, Shariffzadeh M, Khorshidi N, Marzban H.(PubMed)
(5) Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology by Shamkant B. Badgujar,* Vainav V. Patel, and Atmaram H. Bandivdekar(PubMed)
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