Friday, 24 December 2021

Phytochemical Tocopherols Suppress Esophageal Cancer Cells in Vitro

By Kyle J. Norton

An esophagus or gullet, an organ in vertebrates, is the tube that leads foods from the pharynx to the stomach.

Esophageal cancer is not very uncommonly caused by malignant of the esophagus due to abnormal cell growth as a result of the DNA alternation of the cells that line the upper part of the esophagus or glandular cells presented at the lower part of the esophagus that connected with the stomach.

Esophageal cancer tends to spread if left untreated and starts from the lining of the esophagus, then later penetrates the wall of the esophagus and spread to the lymph node around the bottom of the esophagus, stomach, and the chest, then to the distant parts of the body.

The most common types of esophageal cancer are
* Squamous cancer
In the upper part of the esophagus caused by the squamous cell of which has become malignant caused by mutation of DNA in cells replication of division uncontrollably.

* Adenocarcinomas
In the lower part of the esophagus caused by the glandular cells of which have become malignant caused by mutation of DNA in cells replication of division uncontrollably.

According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, in 2019, approximately 17,650 new esophageal cancer cases will be diagnosed, including 13,750 in men and 3,900 in women.

Also, in 2019, esophageal cancer will also cause the death of 16,080 Americans, including 13,020 in men and 3,060 in women.

The 5-year survival rate of people diagnosed in the local stage of esophageal cancer is 45%, much less than other cancer, including 100% of breast cancer.

The most common areas of metastasis of esophageal cancer are the lymph node around the bottom of the esophagus, stomach, and chest.

Believe it or not, esophageal cancer is more common among men than among women. The lifetime risk of esophageal cancer in the US is 1 in 132 in men and about 1 in 455 in women.

Tocopherols are phytochemicals of which many have vitamin E activity, belonging to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in butter, egg yolk, milk fat, some vegetable, and seed or nut oils, etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of chronic diseases, researchers examined the preventive activity of α-Tocopherol against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

According to the analysis,
* Early-stage supplementation with α-Tocopherol significantly prevented esophageal carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) in the ESCC rat model.

* In the Het-1A cell model, α-Tocopherol markedly suppressed cell proliferation, promoted cell cycle G2-phase arrest, and increased apoptosis by targeting cellular survival and growth.

* Furthermore, α-Tocopherol increased the expression of PPARγ in regulating cellular differentiation, and its downstream tumor suppressor PTEN.

Based on the results, researchers said, " These results were closely correlated with the ineffectiveness of α-Tocopherol in the late stage of ESCC carcinogenesis. Taken together, our study suggested that α-Tocopherol may serve as a PPARγ agonist for the chemoprevention of esophageal cancer".

Taken altogether, tocopherols may be considered a supplement for reducing the risk of esophageal cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of tocopherols in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Alpha-Tocopherol prevents esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modulating PPARγ-Akt signaling pathway at the early stage of carcinogenesis by Xu M#1, Yang H#2, Zhang Q2, Lu P3, Feng Y2, Geng X2, Zhang L1, Jia X. (PubMed)

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