Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Monday 1 July 2019

Healthy Food Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) That inhibits the Initiation and Progression of Esophageal Cancer in Vitro

By Kyle J. Norton

Esophageal cancer is a chronic and medical condition arisen from the esophagus due to the alternation of cell DNA.

Most cases of esophageal cancer start in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the esophagus between the throat and the stomach. At the early stage, due to the very small size of the tumor, most patients are asymptomatic.

As the tumor continues to grow, patients may experience symptoms of difficulty swallowing, persistent chest pain and pressure, pain burning sensation, coughing or hoarseness and heartburn.

If you persistently experience chronic acid reflux, accompanied by some of the aforementioned symptoms, you should check with your doctor immediately to rule out of the possibility of esophageal cancer.

Some patients may also vomit blood if the tumor has pressed onto the nearby blood vessels.

At the advanced stage, the primary cancer cell can also travel a distance away to infect other healthy tissues and organs, leading to the secondary metastasis.

According to the statistics, in the US, aproximately17,650 adults (13,750 men and 3,900 women) in the United States will be diagnosed with esophageal cancer this year, accounting for 1% of cancers diagnosed.

Although there are many risk factors associated with the onset of the disease, some researchers suggested patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are found to have a strong implication on the disease onset.

Dr. Shaheen N, the lead scientist at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hil, wrote, "Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, rare cancer whose incidence is increasing".

However, "Strong evidence supports the association of GERD and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; however, the risk of cancer in any given individual with GERD is low".

The cucumber plant is a species of Cucumis Sativus, belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and native to Western Asia. It is a creeping vine with roots in the ground and grows up with the support of frames.

With an aim to discover a potential ingredient for the treatment of esophageal cancer, researchers investigated the possible cytotoxic effect of freeze-dried aqueous extract of E. elaterium fruit on KYSE30 (human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma).

The study included the free dried aqueous extract of the fruits of E. elaterium incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h. on KYSE30 cancer cell lines.

The extracts showed a significant effect in the inhibition of KYSE30 cell line at IC(50) values at concentrations of 500, 150, and 125 μg/ml after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively.

According to the EB/AO staining, the extract showed an increase in apoptotic cells of the KYSE30 cell line.

Furthermore, the free dried aqueous extract of the fruits of E. elaterium exerted a significant increase in cell density at G2/M phase before inducing cell cycle arrest, according to the cell cycle analysis.

Based on the findings, researchers suggested that the freeze-dried aqueous extract of E. elaterium fruit has a cytotoxic effect on esophageal cancer cell lines via the induction of apoptosis.

Dr. Bohlooli S, the lead scientist wrote, " It seems that several compounds are possibly responsible for the cytotoxic effect of the extract".

In other words, several compounds in the extract worked synergistically to exhibit the cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell line.

Taken altogether, cucumber may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Cytotoxic effect of freeze-dried extract of Ecballium elaterium fruit on gastricadenocarcinoma (AGS) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (KYSE30) cell lines by Bohlooli S1, Jafari N, Jahed S. (PubMed)
(2) Gastroesophageal reflux, barrett esophagus, and esophageal cancer: scientific review by Shaheen N1, Ransohoff DF. (PubMed)

Bromelain Suppresses Rheumatic Disease with No Side Effects

By Kyle J. Norton

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is a group of medical conditions associated with chronic, often intermittent pain that affects the joints and/or connective tissue.

Most common symptoms of rheumatism are joint pain, loss of motion in a joint or joints and low-grade inflammation that causes swelling, redness, and warmth in a joint or affected area.

Most common types of rheumatism are

* Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is a condition of aging-induced wear and tears on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the US.

* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disorder associated with the inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body. RA affects more women than men and generally occurs after the ages of 40, causing the diminished quality of life of many elders.

* Gout mostly affected one joint is an acute and recurrent condition of arthritis caused by uric acid building up in the blood, inducing joint inflammation.

* Fibromyalgia, according to the American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia in the newly proposed criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia are 1) widespread pain in combination with 2) tenderness at 11 or more of the 18 specific tender point sites(a) as a result in responding to pressure.

* Polymalagia arthritis is a condition of inflammatory rheumatic disease which causes pain, stiffness, and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdle.

* Lupus is an autoimmune disease, caused by the immune system overreaction that attacks its tissues, causing inflammation, swelling, pain, and damage.

* Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the type of arthritis that occurs in children with symptoms of persistent joint swelling, pain, and stiffness

Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapples (Ananas comosus) has been used in traditional medicine as an inflammatory agent and to treat pains, strains, and muscle aches and pains and ease back pain and chronic joint pain, skin diseases, etc.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of arthritis, researchers examined the effect of an oral enzyme-combination product (OE; Phlogenzym, containing trypsin, bromelain, and rutin) in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.

The retrospective cohort study with parallel groups was to compare the efficacy of enzyme combination to those of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).

According to the data of 3326 patients treated for rheumatic diseases in which 2139 patients were treated either only with OE or only with NSAID, between January 1993 and the end of March 1995 registered by 380 physicians, both treatments yielded similar results.

However, there was a 50% higher success rate in OE than for NSAID, compared the initial and treatment situations.

OE also scored higher stratification according to propensity score.

Furthermore, treatment duration more than 30 days and joint diseases or fibromyalgias in age over 50 years, pre-treatment with antirheumatic or analgesic drugs showed significant negative effects in patients response compared to those of OE.

Additionally, according to the aforementioned and other indicators associated with freedom from symptoms, OE exerted an expectation compared to NSAID treatment.

The results strongly support the use of the oral enzyme-combination product (OE; Phlogenzym, containing trypsin, bromelain, and rutin) for the treatment of rheumatic disease instead of NSAIDs

Dr. Wittenborg A, after taking other factors into account, wrote in the final report, "OE were well tolerated showing much less adverse events when compared with conventional doses of NSAID".

Taken altogether, bromelain combined with conventional medicine may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of rheumatic disease, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of bromelain in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Sources
(1) [Proteolytic enzymes as an alternative in comparison with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory rheumatic disease: systematic review].[Article in German] by Heyll U1, Münnich U, Senger V. (PubMed)
(2) [Comparative epidemiological study in patients with rheumatic diseases illustrated in a example of a treatment with non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs versus an oral enzyme combination preparation].[Article in German] by Wittenborg A1, Bock PR, Hanisch J, Saller R, Schneider B. (PubMed)
(3) General Health by Kyle J. Norton

Collard Greens, the Vegetable which Protects the Liver Against Liver Diseases

Kyle J. Norton

The liver is the largest internal organ found in the human which only plays an essential role in filtering the blood coming from the digestive system before passing them to other parts of the body but produces cholesterol, a waxy substance which aids digestion, builds cell membranes and produces vitamin D and steroid hormones.

Liver disease is a class of medical condition characterized by the reducing partly or completely the function of the liver.

According to the Canadian Liver Association, approximately, one in ten Canadians, or more than three million people, have some form of liver disease. Chronic hepatitis B and C, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver cancer account for more than 95% of deaths from liver disease.
Most common untreated liver disease has been found to induce major complications of cirrhosis associated with the severe formation of liver scars, including
*Ascites is the accumulation of protein-containing (ascitic) fluid within the abdomen caused by high blood pressure in the veins that bring blood to the liver due to liver cirrhosis.

* Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of ascitic fluid which has been found in people with cirrhosis.

* Hepatic encephalopathy is a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with liver dysfunction, particularly in patients with cirrhosis.

* Portal hypertension is the condition characterized by increasing blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system.
* Variceal bleeding is a condition of the abnormal and impaired flow of blood through the liver.
* Hepatorenal syndrome is a condition associated with impaired kidney function in individuals with advanced liver disease.
Most common symptoms of liver disease are jaundice, abdominal pain and swelling, swelling in the legs and ankles, itchy skin, dark urine color, pale stool color, or bloody or tar-colored stool, chronic fatigue and nausea or vomiting.

Collard Green is a species of Brassica Oleracea, belongings to the family Brassicaceae with unknown origin. Today, the plant is cultivated commercially for its thick, slightly bitter edible leaves.

On finding a potent compound for the treatment of liver diseases, researchers examined the liver protective property of the ethanol extract of the powdered inflorescences of collard greens.

According to the tested analysis, all the extracts showed a significant decrease in the liver enzymes associated with liver damage given before the extract (therapeutic) or after the extract (prophylactic).

Furthermore, the prophylactic activity associated with the protection of the liver of the extracts was better than the curative effect.

In vivo, pretreatment of rats with different extracts (1 g/kg) for seven days prior to a single dose of paracetamol (2 g/kg), normalized the hepatic lobules found in the petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate combined with ethanol extract and chloroform extract, compared to untreated rats.

According to the results of rats that were given a single dose of paracetamol (2 g/kg) followed by the extracts (1 g/kg) for seven days, swelling, degeneration in the hepatocytes and congestion in the center were inhibited by the injection of the extracts in some rats.

These results strongly suggested that collard greens process a strong hepatoprotective activity against liver damage.

Taken altogether, collard green may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of liver damage in the initiation of liver diseases, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Healthy Food Onion Prevents the Onset of Hyperglycemia

By Kyle J. Norton

Diabetes is a medical and chronic disease characterized by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate glucose.

The disease is either caused by cells in pancreas died off such as type 1 diabetes or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol, such as type 2 diabetes.

According to the statistics provided by the CDC, approximately 23.1 million people in the United States are living with diagnosed diabetes, costing the healthcare system more than $245 billion per year.

Sadly, there is an estimation that another 7.2 million people have diabetes but remain undiagnosed, accompanied by another 84.1 million adults 18 years and older with prediabetes.

Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes is a condition of abnormally high blood glucose in the blood.

Most cases of hyperglycemia is a result of poor management of blood glucose including uncontrol diet, physical inactivity, miss-medication and improper use of insulin injection.

Believe it or not, uncontrolled diabetes or hyperglycemia over time can induce diabetic complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, depression, pain, polypharmacy, and functional disability.

Hyperglycemia doesn't cause symptoms, however, long-term elevated glucose values above 180 to 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 10 to 11 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) has been found to induce symptoms of frequent urination, increased thirst, blurred vision, fatigue, and headache.

In severe cases, depending on the levels of blood glucose, some patients may also experience life-threatening complication such as fruity-smelling breath, shortness of breath, weakness, confusion and
coma.

The onion is a plant in the genus Allium, belonging to the family Alliaceae, a close relation of garlic. It is often called the "king of vegetables" because of its pungent taste and found in a large number of recipes and preparations spanning almost the totality of the world's cultures.

Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp, spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet.

With an aim to find a potential and natural compound for the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia, researchers examined the effects of onion on blood glucose in breast cancer patients

In the parallel-design, randomized, triple-blind, controlled clinical trial conducted on 56 eligible BC patients (aged 30-63 years), diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma, patients, following their second cycle of chemotherapy, subjects were assigned in a stratified-random allocation to receive body mass index-dependent 100 to 160 g/d of onion as high onion group (HO; n = 28) or 30 to 40 g/d small onions in low onion group (LO; n = 28) for 8 weeks.

According to the tested assay on a total of 23 available cases analyzed in each group, daily use of onion in the HO group showed a significant decrease in serum fasting blood glucose compared to the LO group over the period of study.

HO in the posttreatment also exhibited a significant decrease in homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance relative to changes in the LO group.

In other words, onion exerted the improvement of insulin sensitivity in postdose treatments compared to pre-treatment and to the LO group.

More precisely, daily use of onion in the HO group has a strong influence on the hyperglycemia through its improvement on insulin sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner.

Based on the findings, researchers said, "The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of onion to ameliorate hyperglycemia...in BC during doxorubicin-based chemotherapy".

Additionally, in vivo, experimental rats induced with streptozotocin and diabetic rats fed with 10% fenugreek or 3% onion or their combination for 6 weeks showed a significant effect on hyperglycemia.

Compared to control, diabetic rats in the intervention group excreted lesser glucose, albumin, urea, and creatinine, which were accompanied by improved body weights.

Fenugreek or 3% onion or their combination for 6 weeks not only inhibited the expression of hyperglycemia but also improve the parameters associated with the onset of the condition by countering metabolic abnormalities and pancreatic pathology.

Taken altogether, onion used alone or combined with conventional medicine may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Sources
(1) Consumption of Fresh Yellow Onion Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer Patients During Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial by Jafarpour-Sadegh F1, Montazeri V1,2, Adili A1, Esfehani A1, Rashidi MR1, Pirouzpanah S. (PubMed)
(2) Amelioration of hyperglycemia and associated metabolic abnormalities by a combination of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and onion (Allium cepa) in experimental diabetes by Pradeep SR1, Srinivasan K1. (PubMed)

Sunday 30 June 2019

Herbal Bilberry, the Natural Treatment for Varicose Veins with No Side Effects

By Kyle J. Norton

Varicose veins are the medical condition in which the superficial veins have become enlarged and twisted.

The condition has been found to induce bleeding or superficial thrombophlebitis if left untreated.

Most common causes of varicose veins are found just under the skin in the legs, leading to the symptoms of fullness and pain in the affected location accompanied by symptoms of achy or heavy feeling in the legs. The pain is also worsened after a long time of sitting or standing for a long time and skin discoloration around the area.

Some patients with painful varicose veins also experience symptoms of burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in the lower legs and itching.

Out of many risk factors associated with the onset of varicose veins, aging due to wear and tear on the valves in the veins that help regulate blood flow may be one of the most common risk factors.

Dr. Caggiati A in the study of age-related variations of varicose veins, wrote, "Varicose SVs were more frequent in the older group (62%) than in younger one (39%) owing to a higher prevalence of limbs with combined saphenous veins (SVs) and Stributaries of the SVs (STVs) varicosities (respectively, 59% and 37%)".

And, "varicose disease may progressively extend in an antegrade fashion, spreading from the STVs to the SVs".

Bilberry is a species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern Europe.

The plant has been used as herbs in traditional medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer, enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, anemia, cystitis, kidney disease, and psoriasis, diabetes, etc.

With an aim to find a natural ingredient for the treatment of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), researchers compared the efficacy of Pycnogenol, venoruton, troxerutin, the complex diosmin-hesperidin, Antistax, Mirtoselect (bilberry), escin, and the combination Venoruton-Pycnogenol (VE-PY) against the therapeutic compressions.

The study included 1,051 patients who completed the registry. During the experiment, there are no safety or tolerability problems observed.

Mirtoselect (bilberry) showed a significant effect on skin flux but in a lesser extent compared to those of Venoruton, Pycnogenol, and the combination VE-PY.

The edema score was decreased more effectively with the combination and with Pycnogenol compared to the other treatment group including the Mirtoselect (bilberry).

According to the improvement in symptoms score, Pycnogenol and compression showed a larger decrease in oxidative stress compared to the Pycnogenol, Venoruton, Mirtoselect (bilberry) and with the VE-PY combination.

However, the efficacy of Pycnogenol and the combination are competitive with stockings that do not have the same tolerability in warmer climates compared to other groups.

The findings suggested that the tested compounds processed anti chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and varicose veins properties.

Taken altogether, Mirtoselect (bilberry) may be considered a functioning remedy for the treatment of varicose veins with no side effects, pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Phytochemical Alliin the Anti Liver Cancer Bioactive Ingredient

By Kyle J. Norton

Liver cancer is a medical condition caused by irregular cell growth in the liver tissue.

According to the statistics assessed by the cancer experts, in 2019, approximately 42,030 adults (29,480 men and 12,550 women) in the United States will be diagnosed with primary liver cancer.

Believe it or not, since 1980, the incidence of liver cancer has tripled. Between 2006 and 2015, the number of people diagnosed with the disease increased by approximately 3% annually.

Most common preventable causes of liver cancer are excessive alcohol drinking over time, chronic infection by hepatitis B and C, and cirrhosis.

Types of liver cancer include

* Hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer accounting for 75 percent of all cases.

* Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer of the bile duct, which is the small, tube-like bile ducts in the liver that carry bile to the gallbladder to help with digestion.

* Liver Angiosarcoma is a rare form of liver cancer that develops quickly and

* Hepatoblastoma also is a rare type of liver cancer found in children, particularly in those under age 3.

Most common symptoms of liver cancer are upper abdominal pain., abdominal swelling, jaundice and white, chalky stools, accompanied by general symptoms shared by other types of cancer including unintended weight loss, gastrointestinal discomfort, loss of appetite and persistent fatigue.

If you have experienced some of the aforementioned symptoms with no signs of receding, please make sure that you check with your doctor to rule out the possibility.

Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine-S-oxide) is a phytochemical compound sulfoxide,. a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, belonging to the class of sulfur compounds, found abundantly in fresh garlic and onion.

With an aim to find a potential ingredient for the treatment of liver cancer with little or no side effects, researchers in the cancer team at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique examined the increasing fertilization of soil resulted in an increased alliin content of the powders on liver cancer animal model.

According to the results, garlic powders administered to rats for 2 weeks (5% of the diet), administration of the different garlic powders demonstrated a 35-60% reduction in DNA damage induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in rat liver.

In examining the increased alliin content of the garlic powder, researchers found that the presence of alliin was associated strongly with a proportional decrease in NDMA induced DNA alteration.

Believe it or not, the increased levels of alliin in the garlic powder content did not have additional effect in DNA damage induced by aflatoxin B1 in the liver or by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the colon, compared the efficacy in the liver.

In other words, garlic powders regardless of the levels of alliin did not modify the genotoxic activity which is the direct-acting carcinogen methylnitrosourea in the colon.

Taken altogether, alliin may be considered a supplement for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer, depending on the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of alliin in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Navy Bean, Ameliorates Glycemic Stress of Diabetes in VIvo

By Kyle J. Norton

Diabetes is a chronic condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose.

In other words, diabetes occurs when cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

Most common forms of Diabetes are

* Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, the most common form diabetes found in children is a condition in which the pancreas does not produce any insulin. Most common form of type 1 diabetes is caused by genetic mutation and some viruses.

As of today, there is no cure for type 1 diabetes. Treatment is focusing on managing blood sugar levels with insulin injection, diet, and lifestyle change.

* Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of acquired diabetes in adulthood is a chronic condition that affects the body metabolized glucose. In other words, most cases of type 2 diabetes are results of insulin receptors clogged-up by fat and cholesterol, leading to resist the effects of the hormone insulin that regulates the movement of sugar into your cells.

* Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that can occur during pregnancy, affecting between 3% and 20% of pregnant women.

Women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life.

Most common symptoms of diabetes are excessive thirst and hunger, frequent urination, unintended weight loss or gain, frequent fatigue, irritability and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea.

In severe case, patients may also experience symptoms of blurred vision and slow wound healing or ulcer.

The small, white navy bean, also called pea bean or haricot, popular in both dry and green forms, is very popular in Britain and the US, native to Peru. The bean is now grown and consumed across the world, due to their numerous health benefits.

With an aim to find a potential compound for the management of diabetes, researchers investigated that the effect on glucose response of navy bean flour prepared as unleavened bread.

According to the tested assays

* Removal of phytic acid and addition of Ca to navy bean flour increased the starch digestion in vitro and raised the glycemic response

* However, readdition of phytic acid to dephytinized flour produced the opposite effect, in vivo.

In other words, phytic acid found in navy bean increased the slow digestion of navy bean that benefits the management of diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

Also, according to the carbohydrate malabsorption assessed by breath H2 measurement, phytic acid has a strong influence related negatively to glycemic response.

Based on the findings, researchers said, " role of both added and endogenous phytic acid in slowing the in vitro rate of starch digestibility and in vivo glycemic response to legumes and the ability of Ca modify this effect".

Additionally, Dr. Hutchins AM, the lead scientists in the examined the effect of beans consumption such as pinto, black, navy or kidney in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases suggested that

* Dietary beans reduced the glycemic stress such as hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in patients with diabetes, CVD and cancer.

* Patients who eat more of these beans improved the glycaemic response and reduced the risk of developing diabetes, CVD and cancer.

Taken altogether, navy bean used alone or combined with conventional medicine may be considered a remedy for the management of diabetes, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Sources
(1) Phytic acid and calcium affect the in vitro rate of navy bean starch digestion and blood glucose response in humans by Thompson LU, Button CL, Jenkins DJ. (PubMed)
(1) Phaseolus beans: impact on glycaemic response and chronic disease risk in human subjects by Hutchins AM1, Winham DM, Thompson SV. (PubMed)
(3) Diabetes – The Symptoms by Kyle J. Norton