Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Tuesday, 30 July 2019

Phytochemical Betacyanins Processes Cytotoxic Effect Against Cancer

By Kyle J. Norton

The cytotoxic effect is the process to kill cells through toxic substances, particularly in cancer cells.

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to treat any disease, including cancer.

Chemo drug also has been used to shrink the tumor before surgery or combined radiotherapy to remove, kill, or damage cancer cells in a certain area,

Chemo travel along the bloodstream to kill cancer cells throughout the whole body.

There are over 100 different types of chemo drugs, including
* Docetaxel (Taxotere), is a type of chemo drug used for the treatment of a chemotherapy drug. It is used to treat many types of cancer including breast, prostate, stomach, head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

* Eribulin (Halaven) is used mostly for the treament of breast cancer by interfering with cancer cell division and growth.

* Ixabepilone (Ixempra) is used in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

* Paclitaxel (Taxol) has been used for the treatment of used to treat a number of types of cancers, including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

* Vinblastine is most commonly used for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, melanoma, and testicular cancer.

Conventionally, chemo drugs have been found to induce serious side effects, including fatigue due to the loss of healthy cells, hair loss associated with the damage of hair follicles, easy bruising and bleeding, infection due to the weakened immune system, anemia is caused by the loss of red blood cells, digestive symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, appetite changes, and constipation.

Some of the symptoms may be going away as soon as the treatment stops. However, some symptoms may take months or years after the treatment stops before disappearing

Betacyanins are phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.

On finding a natural compound for the treatment of cancer, researchers examined the extract of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), the FDA approved red food color E162, cytotoxic effect.

Compared to the chemo drug doxorubicin (adriamycin), betanin, the major betacyanin constituent showed to exhibit a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and in the well-established estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), comparable to those of doxorubicin.

In time analysis, although the cytotoxicity of the beetroot extract was significantly lower compared to doxorubicin which completely inhibits the growth of the PC-3 cells in three days, the extract continued to decrease the growth rate of the PC-3 cells (3.7% in 3 days vs. 12.5% in 7 days) at the concentration of 29 µg/ml.urthe

Furthermore, in the normal human skin FC and liver HC cell lines, the extract showed a significantly lower cytotoxic effect compared to doxorubicin (8.6% vs. 100%, respectively, at 29 µg/ml concentration of each, three-day test period).

In chemical differentiation, the efficacy of beetroot extract was attributed to chemical compound betanin, the major betacyanin constituent in exerting the cytotoxicity.

Based on the finding, researchers said, "Further studies are needed to evaluate the chemopreventive potentials of the beetroot extract when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin to mitigate the toxic side-effects of the latter".

Taken altogether, betacyanins processed the major bioactive ingredient betanin may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of betacyanins in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract compared to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in the human prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancercell lines by Kapadia GJ1, Azuine MA, Rao GS, Arai T, Iida A, Tokuda H. (PubMed)

Cranberry promotes postprandial blood glucose management

By Kyle J. Norton

Postprandial blood glucose is the range of blood glucose that is measured by the blood glucose test, taking after 2 hours of a meal.

At this point of measurement, postprandial blood glucose in a healthy individual usually gone back down. In other words, lower or equal to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating are normal blood glucose found in a healthy individual.

Glycemic response is a change in blood glucose after consuming a carbohydrate-containing food compared to Glycemic Index (GI) that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods, according to their effect on blood glucose levels.

In other words, the glycemic response is the change of blood glucose after the intake of a food or meal.

More precisely, healthy people who are not prediabetes or diabetes have normal blood glucose and insulin levels that rise within the range after eating, then return to the fasting levels over a short period of time.

According to the 2015 statistics by the American Diabetes Association, in the U.S. over 30.3 million Americans or 9.4% of the population are living with diabetes. Sadly, out of 30.3 million adults with diabetes, 23.1 million were diagnosed, and 7.2 million were undiagnosed.

In 2015, 84.1 million Americans age 18 and older had prediabetes.

According to the epidemiological studies, by managing postprandial blood glucose effectively, diabetics can decrease the risk of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Cranberry is an evergreen dwarf shrub, genus Vaccinium, belongings to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern America and Southern Asia. Because of its health benefits, cranberry has been cultivated in some parts of the world for commercial profit and used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat wounds, urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of diabetes, researchers investigated the postprandial effects of dried cranberries following a high-fat breakfast challenge in obese participants with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

The randomized crossover trial includes blood draw and vascular measurements such as fasting, 1, 2 and 4 hours (h), following the consumption of a fast-food style high-fat breakfast (70 g fat, 974 kcal) with or without cranberries (40 g).

According to the results of the analysis, biomarkers associated with inflammation and oxidative markers such as interleukin-18 and malondialdehyde were significantly lower at 4 h.

Serum total nitrite was found to be higher at 2 h in the cranberry compared to control group.

However, there were no significant differences levels of insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profiles and blood pressure between the cranberry and control group.

Furthermore, cranberries showed no effect on the levels of C-reactive protein or interleukin-6.

In other words, dietary cranberries inhibited the high-fat breakfast induced postprandial glucose and selected biomarkers of inflammation and oxidation in patients with T2DM without affecting other parameters associated with diabetes such as insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and blood pressure.

Based on the findings, researchers said, "adding whole cranberries to a high-fat meal may improve postprandial blood glucose management and warrant further investigation".

Taken altogether, cranberry may be considered a remedy used for the postprandial blood glucose management, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Sources
(1) Cranberries improve postprandial glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes buSchell J1, Betts NM, Foster M, Scofield RH, Basu A. (PubMed)
(2) Impact of Cranberry Juice Enriched with Omega-3 Fatty Acids Adjunct with Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment on Metabolic Control and Periodontal Status in Type 2 Patients with Diabetes with Periodontal Disease by Zare Javid A1, Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L1,2,3, Ashrafzadeh E1,2,3, Yousefimanesh HA4, Zakerkish M5, Ahmadi Angali K6, Ravanbakhsh M2, Babaei H. (PubMed)

Bromelain, the Potential Prevention and Treatment of Flu Influenza

By Kyle J. Norton

Influenza A, B, C, and D are 4 types of flu influenza. Influenza virus A and B are seasonal flu occurred during the fall, winter and early spring, that causes sniffling, aching, coughing, and running and stuffy nose and fever, affecting over 20% of the general population.

Influenza virus types C in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae tends to cause mild upper respiratory infections, similar to those of cold.

Influenza D viruses only affect cattle.

Individuals who have influenza are usually recovered within one week and symptoms are gone within 2 weeks.

However, people with immature and weakened immune system including young children under age 5, adults older than age 65, elderly in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities, chronic illnesses, such as asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease and diabetes are not only associated with the risk of influenza but also increase the risk of influenza deadly complications.

Pregnant women and women up to two weeks postpartum due to change of the immune system are more prone to influenza and influenza complications.

Most common H and N subtype are influenza A that has been mutated to affect the combination of human, swine, and bird flu viruses, including

* H1N1 - Swine Flu

H1N1 normally is only transmitted among pigs. However, as of today, H1N1 became the first flu pandemic in the world that causes respiratory illness.

* H5N1 - Bird Flu
H5N1 is the strain of influenza known as a bird or avian flu. Before, it is transmitted between birds, but today, it now can be passed from bird to human. The strain is dangerous to humans with high death rates.

Most common symptoms of influenza are high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, sneezing, and persistent fatigue.

Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapples (Ananas comosus) has been used in traditional medicine as an inflammatory agent and to treat pains, strains, and muscle aches and pains and ease back pain and chronic joint pain, skin diseases, etc.

On finding a potential compound for the prevention and treatment of influenza, researchers compared the effect of two preparations of bromeline ("Sigma Co., Catalogues' Nos. B2252 and B5144).s

According to the tested assay, in influenza A(H1N1) virus, B5144 did not have any impact on it under similar experimental conditions.

Furthermore, B5144 also showed an incomplete effect on influenza A(H3N2) virus with particles (with intact external coatings).

However, enzyme B2252 was effective for all viruses selected for testing, with the highest effect was noted for influenza A(H1N1) and B viruses.

In other words, not all bromelines are the same, some are more effective in the inhibition of viral influenza than the others.

Taken altogether, preparations of bromeline generation from bromelain may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of influenza, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of bromelain in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Sources
(1) Generation of recombinant pandemic H1N1 influenza virus with the HA cleavable by bromelain and identification of the residues influencing HA bromelain cleavage by Wang W1, Suguitan AL Jr, Zengel J, Chen Z, Jin H. (PubMed)
(2) [The use of bromelain in obtaining the subviral particles of influenza A and B viruses].[Article in Russian] by Ivanova VT, Kordiukova LV, Manykin AA, Burtseva EI, Zagorskaia IuV, Oskerko TA, Slepushkin AN. (PubMed)

Herbal Turmeric Suppresses the Initiation and Progression of Breast Cancer

By Kyle J. Norton

The women breast is made up of specialized tissue that produces milk (glandular tissue) and fatty tissue. The size of the women breast is totally determined by the amount of fat.

Breast cancer is a medical and chronic condition associated with abnormal cell growth either in the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk.

Most cases of breast cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining tissues of the breast before growing into a tumor by invading the deeper layers of the organ.

According to the statistics, the lifetime risk of invasive breast cancer developing is 12%.

In 2019, approximately 268,600 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S., along with 62,930 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.

The 5 years survival rate of breast cancer diagnosed at the early stage is closed to 100%.

Epidemiologically, there are several factors that can reduce the risk of breast cancer including
* Breastfeeding
Researchers found that women who breastfeed their babies slightly lower risk of developing breast cancer.

* Early age at first full-term pregnancy:
Women who have their first full-term pregnancy at an early age slightly lower the risk of developing breast cancer later in life.

* An increasing number of births
The risk of breast cancer declines with the birth of a number of children.

* Preeclampsia
Women who have had pregnancy conditions of high blood pressure and protein in the urine develop after the 20th week may slightly decrease the risk of developing breast cancer.

* Longer duration of breastfeeding:
Researchers found that breastfeeding for an extended period of over a year reduces the risk of developing breast cancer later in their life in both hormone receptor-positive and hormone receptor-negative breast cancer.

* Drinking more Coffee
In a new study, published in the journal Breast Cancer Research, women who drink five cups of coffee a day or more can reduce the risk of getting certain types of breast cancer. (How many women can do that without developing nervous tension).

Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia.

The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.

With an aim to find a potential compound for the treatment of breast cancers, researchers examined the chemoprevention effects of curcumin.

Based on the tested analysis, curcumin administration exerted its anticancer effect through a complicated molecular signaling network, involving proliferation, estrogen receptor (ER), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) pathways.

Curcumin injection also was found to regulate the gene expression associated with cancer cell apoptosis, cancer cell cycle arrests and microRNA expression in breast cancer cells.

Dr. Sinha D, the lead scientist in the investigation of the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin on breast cancer also suggested that

* Curcumin processed anti-breast cancer activity may be associated with its ability to influence a diverse range of molecular targets and signaling pathways as aforementioned.

* Combined with other chemo agents, curcumin enhanced the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic advantage in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer.

Based on the findings the doctor wrote, "The article also highlights recent developments with synthetic analogs of curcumin and nanocurcumin which are in the horizon of next-generation targeted therapy with curcumin in breast cancer".

Taken altogether, turmeric processed abundantly bioactive compound curcumin may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of turmeric in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Monday, 29 July 2019

Healthy Food Navy Bean Balances the Ratio of Gut Microbiota for Optimal Health

By Kyle J. Norton

Gut microbiota a community of microorganisms that live in the gut of humans and animals. The gut metagenome contains genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.

Depending on the genetic made up and environmental factors, including diet, the gut microbiota of one individual can be different compared to others

Epidemiological studies suggested that unbalanced of the ratio of bacterias in the GI tract induce changes in microbiome structure, that links to inflammatory, functional and metabolic disorders such as IBD, IBS, and obesity.

Dr. Ana M Valdes, the lead scientist in the examined the health benefits associated with intestinal microbiome suggested that gut microbes have a strong effect on human health including immune, metabolic and neurobehavioral traits.

More precisely, the intestinal microbiomes

* Interact with the immune function that has a strong impact on host immune balance for optimal health.

In other words, intestinal microbiomes modulate the function of the immune system depending on the needs of the host.

* Reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases and non-gastrointestinal diseases caused by overexpression of bad bacteria.

* Increase nutrient absorption from the diet and maintain digestive metabolism, thus reducing the risk of obesity and obese complications.

* Control brain insulin signaling and metabolite levels against neurobehaviors.

The small, white navy bean, also called pea bean or haricot, popular in both dry and green forms, is very popular in Britain and the US, native to Peru. It is now grown and consumed across the world, due to their numerous health benefits.

With an aim to find potential health food for the improvement of gut microbiota, researchers examined the impact of cooked navy bean powder on the fecal microbiome of healthy adult pet dogs.

The study included the analysis of the fecal samples from healthy dogs prior to dietary control and after 4 wk of dietary treatment with macro- and micronutrient matched diets containing either 0 or 25% cooked navy beans (n = 11 and n = 10, respectively).

According to the tested assay performed from the fecal samples, there were no major effects of navy bean inclusion on microbial populations. However, there were significant differences due to dietary intervention onto both research diets.

More precisely, after 4 wk of dietary intervention both control or navy bean diet, increased the levels of Phylum Firmicutes and decreased the levels of Phyla Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria, compared to baseline.

Additional differentiation of the sample, researchers suggest

* Cooked navy bean exerted no negative alterations of microbial populations in dogs, therefore, the bean powders may be a viable protein and fiber source for commercial pet foods.

* The no difference of both diet associated with the highly variable microbial populations observed in these healthy adult pet dogs at baseline may contribute to the potential reason for the difficulty to detect alterations in microbial populations following dietary changes.

Furthermore, in C57Bl/6 mice that were fed diets supplemented with 20% cooked navy bean (NB) or black bean (BB) flours or an isocaloric basal diet control (BD) for 3 weeks, researchers found that
* Both NB and BB diet similarly altered the fecal microbiota community structure by increasing the abundance of carbohydrate fermenting bacteria such as Prevotella, S24-7, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens.

* Both NB and BB enhanced mucus and epithelial barrier integrity vs. BD in multiple aspects associated with the diseases in the colon.

* The risk of colonic diseases involved in the biomarkers was also inhibited by both NB and BB diet through improving the colonic cell integrity.

Collectively, Dr. Monk JM, the lead scientist wrote, " Overall, NB and BB improved baseline colonic microenvironment function by altering the microbial community structure and activity and promoting colon barrier integrity and function; effects which may prove beneficial in attenuating gut-associated diseases".

Taken altogether, the fermented navy bean may be considered a remedy for the improvement of the gut microbiota, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Sources
(1) Effects of dietary cooked navy bean on the fecal microbiome of healthy companion dogs by Kerr KR1, Forster G, Dowd SE, Ryan EP, Swanson KS. (PubMed)
(2) Navy and black bean supplementation primes the colonic mucosal microenvironment to improve gut health by Monk JM1, Lepp D2, Wu W2, Pauls KP3, Robinson LE4, Power KA. (PubMed)

Healthy Food Onion Protects the Healthy Cell Against Cyto and Geno-Toxicity

By Kyle J. Norton

Cytotoxicity is the process that kills cells by inducing toxic substance.

Cancer cytotoxicity is the stage of killing cancer cells by toxicity with or without inducing side effects.

Most cases of cytotoxicity of a substance are to determine the potential toxicity of the quality of the substance, including plant extracts or biologically active compounds isolated from plants.

In other words, the aim of the cytotoxic studies is to find the minimal quality that is essential for the successful development of pharmaceutical or cosmetic preparation that induces cellular toxicity for the treatment of cancer.

Before the preparation can be used in human, bioassays associated with a number of different cell lines in vitro and vivo have been used to assess the cytotoxicity of many herbal plants, including those of African medicinal plants.

Free radicals have also been found to induce cytotoxicity to cause cancer death by oxidative stress.

Dr. Clifford Fong wrote, "An analysis of the cytotoxicity data for a wide range of anti-cancer drugs applied to triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and ovarian cancer cells under normoxic, hypoxic and anoxic conditions have shown that free radical forms of the drugs are involved".

And " This finding is consistent with the known involvement of oxidative stress in the TNBC and ovarian cancer cells. A mechanism to explain the formation of these drug-free radicals and how they can be involved in oxidative stress is proposed".

Genotoxicity is the term associated with chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell, causing mutations of cell DNA, a major cause of cancer.

Not all genotoxicity are mutagenicity, However, all mutagens are genotoxic.

The onion is a plant in the genus Allium, belonging to the family Alliaceae, a close relation of garlic. It is often called the "king of vegetables" because of its pungent taste and found in a large number of recipes and preparations spanning almost the totality of the world's cultures.

Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp, spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of cancer, researchers examined the effect of an onion extract on cyto- and genotoxicity in human lymphocytes treated with bleomycin (BLM), a radiomimetic agent.

In radiation exposure -induced oxidative DNA damage in the increased risk of cancer, the risk the richest sources of dietary flavonoids found in onion inhibited the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and DNA damage following treatment with BLM, according to the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay and a single cell gel electrophoresis assay.

Phytochemicals in the onion showed a significant increase in cell viability in lymphocytes exposed to BLM compared to cells treated with BLM alone.

Onion also suppressed the increased frequency of BLM induced MN and DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner evidenced by lymphocytes viability pretreated with onion extract (10 and 20 μL/mL).

Moreover, the frequency of BLM-induced MN was decreased at all doses of BLM and DNA damage was decreased by the administration at 3 μg/mL of BLM.

Based on the findings, researchers said, "onion extract may have protective effects against BLM-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in human lymphocytes".

Taken altogether, onion processed abundantly bioactive compounds may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Sources
(1) Protective Effect of Onion Extract on Bleomycin-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Human Lymphocytes by Cho YH1,2, Lee JW3, Woo HD4, Lee S5, Kim YJ6, Lee Y7, Shin S8, Joung H9, Chung HW. (PubMed)
(2) Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Hancornia speciosa latex in Allium cepa root model by Ribeiro TP1, Sousa TR1, Arruda AS1, Peixoto N1, Gonçalves PJ2, Almeida LM. (PubMed)
(3) Free radicals in chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in triple negative breast and ovarian cancers under hypoxic and normoxic conditions by Clifford Fong (HAL)

Herbal Turmeric Promotes the Disaggregation of Amyloid-β Plaques in Alzheimer's disease

By Kyle J. Norton

Dementia is a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by a decline in mental ability in the older population that is severe enough to interfere with daily life, such as memory loss.

Compared to dementia, neurological disorders are a class of brain disease associated with reduced function of the brain, depending on the region of the neurons that were affected.

Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia correlated with major reductions of neurons to the respective target areas, named after German physician Alois Alzheimer.

In other words, Alzheimer's disease is caused by the gradual loss of neuron functioning that usually starts with the early symptom of the difficulty of remembering recent events and worsens over time.

Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing cognitive modalities severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer's gets worse over time, and it is fatal.

The disease is most prevalent in the elderly and causes over 60% of all cases of dementia.

According to the statistics, approximately 5.7 million Americans of all ages are living with Alzheimer's.

Believe it or not, 15.9 million family caregivers provided an estimated 18.2 billion hours and $230 billion to people with dementia worldwide.

Epidemiological studies suggested that Alzheimer's disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the neurons of the brain over time. However, less 10% of patients with AD are associated with a genetic preposition. Patients with such mutated genes on chromosomes 21, 14, and 1are virtually guaranteed to develop the disease.

Dr. Rudolph E. Tanzi said, "The inheritance of AD exhibits a dichotomous pattern. On one hand, rare mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 virtually guarantee early-onset (<60 years) familial AD, which represents ∼5% of AD. On the other hand, common gene polymorphisms, such as the ε4 and ε2 variants of the APOE gene, can influence susceptibility for ∼50% of the common late-onset AD".

And, " These four genes account for 30%–50% of the inheritability of AD".

Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia.

The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and for the treatment of flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.

On finding a natural compound which reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), researchers examined the neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties of turmeric in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

In vivo and vitro, curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric herb exerted significant activity against the formation and promotes the disaggregation of amyloid-β plaques.

Furthermore, in hyperphosphorylation of tau, curcumin attenuated the saturation of multiple phosphorylation sites. Abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in the brain plays a vital role in the molecular pathogenesis of AD.

Moreover, curcumin enhanced the clearance of amyloid-β plaques aggregation by binding to the binds copper, lowering cholesterol.

Interestingly, curcumin also modified microglial activity against inflammation, inhibited acetylcholinesterase, the enzymes associated with reduced function neurotransmitters and mediated the insulin signaling pathway that augments neuronal growth and synaptogenesis associated with synapse formation.

Additionally, curcumin demonstrated a significant effect on neuro-stress through its antioxidant property.

Based on the finding, researchers wrote, "curcumin has the potential to be more efficacious than current treatments. However, its usefulness as a therapeutic agent may be hindered by its low bioavailability".

In other words, in order to overcome the curcumin limitation of bioavailability, the development of new curcumin formulations that increase bioavailability is necessary.

Taken altogether, turmeric processed abundantly bioactive compound curcumin may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of AD, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of turmeric in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.