Unripe Papaya Whole Food Which Averts The Onset of Diabetes, Scientists Found

By Kyle J. Norton

Papaya may be used as a functional food to inhibit early onset and treatment of diabetes, some scientists suggested.

Diabetes is a medical and chronic condition characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood caused by pancreas inability in produced insulin.

In other words, diabetes is a result of absence or insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas. The condition is also caused by the inability of the body to properly use of insulin, leading to insulin resistance.

According to the statistic produced by the Canadian Diabetes Association, approximately, 17%
of Canadian, over 12 years of age are diagnosed with diabetes.

Interestingly, diabetes affects both genders up to age 64. The prevalence does not increase significantly for those aged 65 and older.

Unlike type 1 diabetes which is caused by the immune system attacking the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, leading to the body without enough insulin to function normally, type 2 diabetes is caused by unhealthy diet and lifestyle.

Obesity and increasing age are 2 of many risk factors that can elevate the risk of type 2 diabetes. 

Symptoms of type 1 and 2 diabetes, according to Medicine Net include increased urine output, excessive thirst, weight loss, hunger, fatigue, skin problems slow-healing wounds, yeast infections,..... and tingling or numbness in the feet or toes(6).

If you experience some of the above symptoms, please see a doctor to rule out the possibility.

Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belongings to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas, and was first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries


Chemical constituents
Alkaloids, Cardenolides, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Tannin, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, Benzyl glucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone, etc.(a).


Water extract from papaya isolated from unripe pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn) fruit, exerted a significant effect in inhibition of enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase that linked to type 2 diabetes, in sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced lipid peroxidation mice model and a dose-dependent manner(1).

Combination of the flesh, seed, and peel in equal amounts produced the highest inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities compared to other preparations.

Dr. Oboh G, the lead authors in the study said, "Strong inhibitory activities of the unripe pawpaw fruit against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and SNP-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas could be part of the mechanism by which unripe pawpaw is used in the management/prevention of diabetes mellitus in folk medicine"(1).

Truly, in the preparation of individual aqueous extract of the unripe pawpaw fruit parts; peel (PG), seed (SG), flesh (FG), flesh with peel (FPG) and a combination of equal amount of all parts (CG), the Federal University of Technology at the end of experiment indicated that on Fe²⁺-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas, application of the prepared extracts phenolic compounds inhibited oxidative stress through their antioxidant activities(2).

According to Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), unripe papaya preparations not only exert hypoglycemic effects in both animals and humans studies but also help islet regeneration,   preservation of cell size and prevented hepatocyte disruption(3).

In fact, the aqueous extract of Carica papaya also significantly decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and decreased cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and amino-transferases blood levels without changing the levels of plasma insulin levels in diabetic rats(4).

 In short-term supplementation of a fermented papaya, showed to exhibit its effect in the management of diabetes and for those at risk for cardiovascular disease, neurological disease and other conditions worsened by overt inflammation and oxidative stress(5).

These findings suggested that all parts of unripe papaya have a strong and profound effect in inhibition of diabetic onset and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

However, a large sample size and multi-center clinical trial on human consumption on the course of the disease onset are necessary to confirm the unripe papaya anti-diabetes possibility.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(a) Chemical composition and bioactivity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica cultivars Dottato, San Francesco and Citrullara by Loizzo MR1, Bonesi M, Pugliese A, Menichini F, Tundis R.(PubMed)
(1) Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas by water-extractable phytochemicals from unripe pawpaw fruit (Carica papaya). by Oboh G, Olabiyi AA, Akinyemi AJ, Ademiluyi AO.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of different parts of unripe pawpaw (Carica papaya) fruit on Fe²⁺-induced oxidative stress in rat pancreas in vitro by Oboh G1, Olabiyi AA, Akinyemi AJ.(PubMed)
(3) Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Juárez-Rojop IE1, Díaz-Zagoya JC, Ble-Castillo JL, Miranda-Osorio PH, Castell-Rodríguez AE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Aguilar-Mariscal H, Ramón-Frías T, Bermúdez-Ocaña DY.(PubMed)
(4) Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by Maniyar Y1, Bhixavatimath P(PubMed)
(5) Effects of a short term supplementation of a fermented papayapreparation on biomarkers of diabetes mellitus in a randomized Mauritian population by Somanah J1, Aruoma OI, Gunness TK, Kowelssur S, Dambala V, Murad F, Googoolye K, Daus D, Indelicato J, Bourdon E, Bahorun T.(PubMed)
(6) Diabetes Symptoms, (Type 1 and Type 2) by Medicine Net

* White Button Mushroom, The Whole Food That Suppresses Onset of Arthritis

 By Kyle J. Norton

Mushroom may process a significant effect in inhibited all forms of arthritis, some scientist suggested.

Arthritis is a class of over 100 medical conditions, affecting people of all ages, sexes and races.

Most common cause of arthritis in aging is the degeneration of cartilage, the slick, cushioning surface on the ends of bones that has bee worn away, causing bone rubs against bone, in induction of pain, swelling and stiffness.

Depending to severity of osteoarthritis, patients may experience symptoms that surround the joints in hands, knees, hips and spine, such as pain in the joint during or after movement, muscle and feet tenderness, stiffness, loss of flexibility. ... and grating sensation.

The other most common types of arthritis is Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that is a long-term autoimmune disorder, inducing warm, swollen, and painful joints.

According to statistic, approximately, 50 million adults and 300,000 children have some forms or types of arthritis.

The CDC statistic from 2013–2015, stated that an estimated 54.4 million US adults (22.7%) annually have ever been told by a doctor that they have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia(2).

The prevalent risk factor is also depended to where you live. For example, the percentage of adults with arthritis varies by state, ranging from 17.2% in Hawaii to 33.6% in West Virginia in 2015(2).

The John Hopskins arthritis center suggested, " Data from 32,322 adults in 11 states from the 1998 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), a health survey given annually in the United States, indicates that adults with arthritis report significantly greater HRQL impairment compared to adults without arthritis"(3).

Mushroom is a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on its food source,

It is a genus A. Muscaria and belonging to the family Amanitaceae and has been cultivation in many cultures all over the world for foods and health benefits.

Certain medical mushroom have been used in Chinese medicine to promote immunomodulatory activity for the treatment and/or prevention of chronic diseases.

Chemical constituents
Astraodorol, Psilocybin, Lectin, adustin, ribonuclease, nicotine, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, orsellinic acid, melleolide, ergosterol, genistein, daidzein, daucosterol, genistin, uracil and D-mannitol(a).

In the study to compared the effect of white button mushroom, a common American diet component WBM and shiitake mushrooms (SM) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in 8-wk-old female dilute brown non-agouti mice, researchers found that

* In compared to control, both WBM and SM exert a strong effect in reduced the CIA index from 5.11 ± 0.82 to 3.15 ± 0.95 (P = 0.06).

* Oral injection of SM, WBM and control diet to immunizing mice with 100 µg bovine collagen followed by 50 µg LPS on d 20 post-collagen injection. shows a significant reduction with CIA index by 29% in compared to 23 % WBW and 58% of control.

* Both types of mushrooms reduced plasma, however only SM increased plasma IL-6 substantially. The CIA index was positively correlated with sICAM1 (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) in expression on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha TNFα is a protein with function to protect our body in regulation of immune cells in response to  system inflammation via IL1 & IL6 producing cells. Over expression of TNFα may induce chronic inflammation to local site, leading to destruction of cells and tissue, such as arthritis.

IL1 & IL6 are interleukins that act as anti-inflammatory cytokines normally and pro inflammatory cytokines when the body is under attack by foreign invasive organisms.

Dr. Chandra L, at the end the the experience said, "Although both types of mushrooms reduced plasma TNFα (34%, WBM; 64%, SM), only SM increased plasma IL-6 by 1.3-fold (P < 0.05)".

These results suggested that both mushroom have a strong effect in stimulated immune system against infection of the joint of patients with arthritis CIA positive induced by injection tested mice.

However, application SM cause over production of IL-6 that can lead to healthy cells death and forming of scars of the infectious site in compared to WBM.

People who have arthritis or are at higher risk of the disease  may want to add a portion of white button mushroom WBM into diet.

Taking altogether, white button mushroom may be considered as a functional food that can help to manage and treat arthritis.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(a) [Chemical constituents from fungus Armillaria mellea]. by [Article in Chinese] by Yuan XL1, Yan LH, Zhang QW, Wang ZM.(PubMed)
(1) White button and shiitake mushrooms reduce the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in dilute brown non-agouti mice by Chandra L1, Alexander H, Traoré D, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Lightfoot SA, Kuvibidila S.(PubMed)
(2) Arthritis-Related Statistics(CDC)
(3) Arthritis and Health-related Quality of Life by Kevin Fontaine, Ph.D(John Hopskins Arthritis Center)

* The Natural Weight Loss Whole Foods Recommended By Scientists

By Kyle J. Norton

The prevalence of extreme overweight and obesity has caused concerns of scientific community in the South East Asian population, due unhealthy diet and life style change over 2 decades of economic prosperity.

Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in many Asian countries, affecting even younger age than in Western populations with economic burden in the development of obesity-related disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases(1).

 One of six Malaysian are either extreme overweight or obese, according to Datin Paduka Santha Kumari, chairman of the Selangor branch of the Malaysian Diabetes Association.

And,  according to global health observatory, at least 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being overweight or obese, and an estimated 35.8 million (2.3%) of global DALYs are caused by overweight or obesity, worldwide(2).

Epidemiological studies, linking herbal medicine, foods and vitamins in preventing and treating these diseases have been inconclusive(a)

Some researchers suggested that intake of certain herbal medicine may enhance appetite suppression.

However,  according to the Georgetown University Medical Center, average daily food intake was decreased only with the herbal formulation, not the phenylpropanolamine (PPA) at the low and high doses, in comparison of the effectiveness among herbal formulation and a commonly available(3).

Other researchers insisted that using herbs and supplements to induce weight loss should be taken with care, as a considerable number of reports have been published on hepatotoxicity associated with herbal products attributed with weight-reducing properties(4)(5)(6)(7).

The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University insisted that various dietary, lifestyle, and psychologic factors are involved in the etiology of Prameha, particularly in relation to disturbances in fat and carbohydrate metabolism(8), without effective management, obtaining a workable weight loss plan may be extremely difficult.

Epidemiological studies, linking certain foods in reduced weight loss for obese individual have produced certain positive results, but researchers emphasized that weight loss can not be in the expenses of intake of nutrients(30a).
1. Oats
Oat is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed and was first cultivated in Europe but is now grown all over the world, especially in Scotland and England.

It is one of good crop to plant in the poor soil after crops are harvested in the Fall(30).

Oat, rich in beta-glucan, may hold a magic power in regulation of metabolism and liver-protecting effect.

According to Chung-Shan Medical University, consumption of oat reduced obesity, abdominal fat, and improved lipid profiles and liver functions with no adverse effects(31).

Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, in a randomized study of 144 Free-living, overweight and obese adults (N=204, body mass index 25 to 45) with baseline LDL cholesterol levels 130 to 200 mg/dL, had favorable effects on fasting lipid levels and waist circumference(32).

Other study suggested that at-derived beta-glucan, combined with moderate exercise also improved lipid profile and caused a decrease in weight(33).

2. Salmon
Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae. They are anadromous, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within to five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die(34).

Dietary salmon oil, in rat study showed to reduced weight loss of CXB-E and -H tested mice, but induced with weight gain in recombinant inbred strains.

This findings may suggested that body weight response to salmonoil feeding is controlled by multiple genes(35).

A novel oral form of salmoncalcitonin (sCT), according to the study at 1Nordic Bioscience, also showed to improve fasting and postprandial glycemic control and insulin sensitivity and may be considered as a promising agent for the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes patients(36)(37).

3. Brown rice
Brown rice or unpolished rice is a kind of whole, natural grain with very brown color of which only the outermost layer of the rice kernel are removed, thus preventing the lost of nutrients(38).

The study of the weigh effect of brown rice on metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes, showed a positive effect of consumption of the brown rice(LB) in association with a decreased waist circumference in type 2 diabetic patients(39).

 Other randomized study of forty women between 20 and 35 years of age in the comparison of white rice and mixed rice of weight control, including brown rice, indicated that meal replacement with mixed rice was superior to replacement with white rice in weight control, improving antioxidant enzyme activity(40).

4. Chicken
Chicken are domesticated fowl belonging to the subspecies of Gallus domesticus and is raised all over the world for its delicious meats and eggs.

It can be roasted, broiled, grilled or poached into a very delicious, tasteful and nutritious meal(41).

In the comparison of weight loss and total lipid profile changes in overweight women consuming beef or chicken, researchers at 1Rippe Lifestyle Institute, Shrewsbury showed a interest result of weight loss and improved lipid profile can be accomplished through diet and exercise, regardless to dietary protein source including lean beef or chicken(42).

But the study at University of Navarra, showed a opposite result in the study of frequent consumption of selenium-enriched chicken meat(43), it may be the result of the presence of antioxidant selenium in the meat.

5. Water
According to Virginia Tech, consuming 500 ml water prior to each main meal may lead to greater weight loss than a hypocaloric diet alone in middle-aged and older adults, because of it acutely reduces meal energy intake(EI)(44) but not younger subjects(45).

The Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial, suggested that replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages induced 2% to 2.5% weight loss(46).

6. Nuts
Dietary consumption of nuts with rich sources of multiple nutrients is associated with health benefits and weight loss,epidemiologically. but in well-controlled nut-feeding trials, no changes in body weight were observed(47).

Pistachio nuts, a member of the cashew family, can be consumed as a portion-controlled snack for individuals restricting calories to lose weight without concern that pistachios will cause weight gain(48).

7. Green tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China.

Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years.

Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.

According to Maastricht University, caffeine intake and green teasupplementation are associated to improved weight maintenance, partly through thermogenesis and fat oxidation, in a randomized placebo-controlled double blind parallel trial in 76 overweight and moderately obese subjects(49).

Catechins the antioxiands found abundantly in green tea, significantly decreased body weight and significantly maintained body weight after a period of weight loss, depending to the moderators of habitual caffeine intake and ethnicity(50).

 In a high-protein diet, green tea-caffeine mixture, failed to exert the same effect on body weightmaintenance(51).

8. Coffee
Coffee made from the roasted seeds of the genus Coffee, belongings to the family Rubiaceae native to southern Arabia.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study, green coffee extract, consistent with human and animal studies and a meta-analysis may be an effective nutraceutical in reducing weight in preobese adults(52).

Mannooligosaccharides (MOS), extracted from coffee, exhibited a potential functional use for weight management and improvement in adipose tissue distribution, but varying in gender(53).

Unfortunately, green coffee extract (GCE), according to University of Exeter, in reviews of the effect against weight loss of existed data, showed a significant poor methodological quality and suggested that more rigorous trials are needed to assess the usefulness of GCE as a weight losstool(54).

Other study, reported a case of Brazil Potent Slimming Coffeeand possibly also other weight-loss products may be contaminated with sibutramine and as a result cause severe adverse reactions after stabbing herself in the stomach with a knife(55).

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Rising Burden of Obesity in Asia by Ambady Ramachandran and Chamukuttan Snehalatha(Journey of Obesity)
(2) Obesity - Situation and trends(WHO)
(3) Influence of a combination of herbs on appetite suppression and weight loss in rats by Talpur NA1, Echard BW, Manohar V, Preuss HG.(PubMed)
(4) [Hepatotoxicity induced by herbs and medicines used to induce weight loss].[Article in Spanish]by Herrera S1, Bruguera M.(PubMed)
(5) A case report of adult lead toxicity following use of Ayurvedic herbal medication by Breeher L1, Gerr F, Fuortes L.(PubMed)
(6) [Chronic lead intoxication associated with Ayurvedic medication].[Article in Dutch] by Kanen BL1, Perenboom RM.(PubMed)
(7) Potential toxicity of caffeine when used as a dietary supplement for weight loss by Pendleton M1, Brown S, Thomas C, Odle B.(PubMed)
(8) Multinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trial by Hackman RM1, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Watnik MR, Noceti EM, Stohs SJ, Stern JS, Keen CL.(PubMed)
(30) #Healthy #Foods - Oats ((Avena sativa) (Health tips for better living and living health)
(31a) Association between mood and diet quality in subjects with metabolic syndrome participating in a behavioural weight-loss programme: A cross-sectional assessment by Perez-Cornago A, Zulet MA, Martinez JA.(PubMed)
(31b) Dietary quality-adherence to the dietary guidelines in Tehranian adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study by Mirmiran P1, Azadbakht L, Azizi F.(PubMed)
(31) Oat prevents obesity and abdominal fat distribution, and improves liver function in humans by Chang HC1, Huang CN, Yeh DM, Wang SJ, Peng CH, Wang CJ.(PubMed)
(32) Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber control foods by Maki KC1, Beiseigel JM, Jonnalagadda SS, Gugger CK, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, Kaden VN, Rains TM.(PubMed)
(33) Oat-derived beta-glucan significantly improves HDLC and diminishes LDLC and non-HDL cholesterol in overweight individuals with mild hypercholesterolemia, Reyna-Villasmil N1, Bermúdez-Pirela V, Mengual-Moreno E, Arias N, Cano-Ponce C, Leal-Gonzalez E, Souki A, Inglett GE, Israili ZH, Hernández-Hernández R, Valasco M, Arraiz N.(PubMed)
(34) #Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Salmon (Healthy tips for better living and living health)
(35) Genetically determined body weight loss in mice fed diets containing salmon oil by LeBoeuf RC1, Veldee MS.(PubMed)
(36) Oral salmon calcitonin improves fasting and postprandial glycemic control in lean healthy rats by Feigh M1, Nielsen RH, Hansen C, Henriksen K, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA.(PubMed)
(37) A novel oral form of salmon calcitonin improves glucose homeostasis and reduces body weight in diet-induced obese rats by Feigh M1, Henriksen K, Andreassen KV, Hansen C, Henriksen JE, Beck-Nielsen H, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA.(PubMed)
(38) #Healthy #Foods - Whole Grain - Brown rice or Hulled rice's(Health tips for beter living and living health)
(39) Intake of brown rice lees reduces waist circumference and improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes by Kim TH1, Kim EK, Lee MS, Lee HK, Hwang WS, Choe SJ, Kim TY, Han SJ, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, Lee KW.(PubMed)
(40) Meal replacement with mixed rice is more effective than white rice in weight control, while improving antioxidant enzyme activity in obese women by Kim JY1, Kim JH, Lee da H, Kim SH, Lee SS.(PubMed)
(41) #Healthy #Foods - Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)(Health tips for btter living and living health)
(42) Weight loss and total lipid profile changes in overweight women consuming beef or chicken as the primary protein source by Melanson K1, Gootman J, Myrdal A, Kline G, Rippe JM.(PubMed)
(43) Frequent consumption of selenium-enriched chicken meat by adults causes weight loss and maintains their antioxidant status by Navas-Carretero S1, Cuervo M, Abete I, Zulet MA, Martínez JA.(PubMed)
(44) Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults by Dennis EA1, Dengo AL, Comber DL, Flack KD, Savla J, Davy KP, Davy BM(PubMed)
(45) Pre-meal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in older but not younger subjects by


Van Walleghen EL1, Orr JS, Gentile CL, Davy BM.(PubMed)
(46) Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial by Tate DF1, Turner-McGrievy G, Lyons E, Stevens J, Erickson K, Polzien K, Diamond M, Wang X, Popkin B.(PubMed)
(47) Nut consumption and body weight by Sabaté J.(PubMed)
(48) Pistachio nuts reduce triglycerides and body weight by comparison to refined carbohydrate snack in obese subjects on a 12-week weight lossprogram by Li Z1, Song R, Nguyen C, Zerlin A, Karp H, Naowamondhol K, Thames G, Gao K, Li L, Tseng CH, Henning SM, Heber(PubMed)
(48) Impact of peanuts and tree nuts on body weight and healthy weight loss in adults by Mattes RD1, Kris-Etherton PM, Foster GD.(PubMed)
(49) Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation by Westerterp-Plantenga MS1, Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM.(PubMed)
(50) The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis by Hursel R1, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS.(PubMed)
(51) Green tea catechin plus caffeine supplementation to a high-protein diet has no additional effect on body weight maintenance after weight loss by Hursel R1, Westerterp-Plantenga MS.(PubMed)
(52) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects by Vinson JA1, Burnham BR, Nagendran MV.(PubMed)
(53) A weight-loss diet including coffee-derived mannooligosaccharides enhances adipose tissue loss in overweight men but not women, by St-Onge MP1, Salinardi T, Herron-Rubin K, Black RM.(PubMed)
(54) The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Onakpoya I1, Terry R, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(55) [Life-threatening psychosis caused by using sibutramine-contaminated weight-loss coffee].

[Article in Dutch] by Bertholee D1, ter Horst PG, Wieringa A, Smit JP.(PubMed)

* Coffee, The Beverage That Is Associated to Type I and 1.5 Diabetes' Risk, Scientists Say

By Kyle J. Norton

Intake of coffee in adulthood may increase risk of latent autoimmune and type 1 diabetes in children and adults, a study of Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet suggested.
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), similar to type 1 diabetes, is a slow progressing form of autoimmune diabetes. The disease is caused by pancreas inability to produce enough insulin, because of slowly die off of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

LADA is also known as type 1.5 diabetes, because the disease has characteristics of both type 1 (autoimmune in nature) and type 2 diabetes. 

Therefore, LADA shares the same risk factors and symptoms similar to those type 1 and 2 diabestes.

Dr. Priyanka P. Brahmkshatriya, the lead scientist in the study of  "Characteristics and Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)" said, "Various parameters such as age at onset, duration of diabetes, gender, basal metabolic index (BMI), type of diabetes, family history, HbA1c levels, cholesterol levels, and current treatment regimen were evaluated and correlated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes."

And symptoms may also include Unusual thirst. Frequent urination, weight loss despite an increase in appetite. blurred vision, bausea and vomiting,.......... irritability and mood changes.

Some researchers suggested that increased fatty fish consumption may reduce the risk of LADA, possibly through effects of marine-originated omega-3 fatty acids(5).

Unlike type 2 diabetes, patients with LADA do not respond well to seems to lifestyle and medication as in type-2 diabetes in long term. Medicine used for treatment of type 2 diabetes do not halt or slow the progression of loss of pancreas beta cells.

According to the Indian Express, "Dietary recommendations to manage LADA include slowing progression of the disease, management of body weight and maintaining optimum blood sugar levels. A high fibre, low glycemic index diet with anti-inflammatory foods and nutrients has been found to be useful".

However, people with LADA will eventually become insulin dependent.

Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.

In a population-based case-control study with incident cases of adult onset (≥ 35 years) diabetes, including 245 cases of latent autoimmune diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive), 759 cases of Type 2 diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative), together with 990 control subjects without diabetes, randomly selected from the population, researchers after inspection of the returned questionnaire, found that coffee intake may be associated with an increased risk of high glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.

The relative odd ratio of onset of these population was 1.11 in compared to non drinkers.

The risk of disease development increased by 15.2% (P = 0.0268) for every additional cup intake.

Dr. Löfvenborg JE, the lead author said, " coffee may be associated with development of autoimmunity and possibly an increased risk of more Type 1-like latent autoimmune diabetes in adults".

More importantly, in the review of the association between coffee intake, its influence on the immune system and the insurgence of the most relevant autoimmune diseases conducted by the joint study lead by the Tel-Aviv University, scientists discovered that coffee intake exerts a selectively both in increased(rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and type 1 and 1.5 diabetes mellitus (T1 and 1.5 DM)) and decreased(multiple sclerosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and ulcerative colitis) risk of some auto immune diseases.


Particularly in type 1 diabetes, Dr. Sharif K, the lead author said, "Coffee intake led to a decrease in insulin sensitivity in T1DM" and " coffee consumption was shown to influence disease course and management options".

Remarkably, in the study of some diabetic children younger than 15 years, and diagnosed from September 1986 to the end of April 1989, with 600 newly diagnosed and 536 randomly selected population-based children, researchers postulated that risk for type 1 diabetes were increased in the children who consumed at least 2 cups of coffee daily in compared to other groups.even after adjusting to other odd factors.

The finding evidences suggested that coffee intake daily and regular may have significant impact in increased development of type 1 and 1.5  diabetes in children and adults regardless amount of cups intake. therefore. People with family history of type 1 and 1.5 diabetes should reduced intake of less than 2 cups of coffee per day.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrients
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)
(2) Coffee and autoimmunity: More than a mere hot beverage! by Sharif K1, Watad A1, Bragazzi NL2, Adawi M3, Amital H1, Shoenfeld Y4.(PubMed)
(3) Is children's or parents' coffee or tea consumption associated with the risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus in children? Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group by Virtanen SM1, Räsänen L, Aro A, Ylönen K, Lounamaa R, Akerblom HK, Tuomilehto J.(PubMed)
(4) Characteristics and Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) by Priyanka P. Brahmkshatriya, 1 ,* Anita A. Mehta, 2 Banshi D. Saboo, 3 and Ramesh K. Goyal(PubMed)
(5) Fatty fish consumption and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T2, Carlsson PO3, Dorkhan M4, Groop L4, Martinell M5, Tuomi T6, Wolk A1, Carlsson S(PubMed)
(6) Diet diary: You can’t blame family history for type 1.5 diabetes by the Indian Express

* A Tasty Fruit That is Similar to Those of Clonidine, Guanfacine and Metabolite of Methyldopa for Treatment of Hypertension, With No Side Effects

Kyle J. Norton (Master of Nutrition, all right reserved)

Hypertension is medical condition characterized by abnormal high blood pressure in the arteries, persistently.

According to the American Heart Association (AHA) patients with blood pressure that higher than 130 over 80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) are considered to have hypertension.

According to statistic, approximately, 85 million people in US have high blood pressure.

Untreated hypertension may induce complications of heart attack, stroke, and other health conditions.

Some researchers suggested that unhealthy dietary and lifestyle factors highlights the importance of environmental factors in induction of hypertension onset and progression(4).

However, according to special issue of the Journal of Human Hypertension primarily, in the concerns of dietary, lifestyle and alternative factors in the risk of hypertension and blood pressure control,  focuses on dietary and lifestyle factors, complementary and alternative approaches  may have a strong impact in prevention and treatment of hypertension(4).

Therefore, increased physical activity and diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, along with a reduction in saturated and total fat may be the best choice in exerted protective effects on blood pressure(4).

Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belongings to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas,. The plant was first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries


Chemical constituents
Alkaloids, Cardenolides, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Tannin, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, Benzyl glucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone,.....(a)


Carica papaya, in compared to pucuk ubi (Manihot esculenta), ulam raja (Cosmos caudatus), pegaga (Centella asiatica) and kacang botol (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), dichloromethane extract of pucuk betik exerts an impressive 59.77% inhibitory activity against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and hypertension(1).

The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia, after examined the alpha-amylase inhibition assay and at the end of the study suggested that papaya may consist a nutraceutical potential for hyperglycemia and hypertension prevention associated with type 2 diabetes(1).

Injection of crude ethanol extract of 10 microg/mL prepared from the unripened fruit of Carica papaya on using isolated rabbit arterial (aorta, renal and vertebral) strips induced relaxation of vascular muscle tone(2).

In other words, fruit juice of Carica papaya (L.) exhibited anti hypertensive effective through activation of alpha-adrenoceptor(2), similar to those anti hypertension medicine without incuding adverse effects.

Alpha adrenoceptor is protein with function that stimulates vasoconstriction. The receptors found in the skin, the sphincters of gastrointestinal system, kidney (renal artery) and brain(5), play an important role in regulation of blood pressure (BP)(5).

However, intake of papaya and its extract should be taken with care. if you are taking Warfarin. As  according to University of Naples "Federico II", papaya might interact with Warfarin, the most common cardiovascular drug(3).

Please note, due to Alpha 2 receptors that contribute both to control of sympathetic tone and local and regional blood flow, conventional and synthetic version medicine such as clonidine, guanfacine and the active metabolite of methyldopa had copied natural medicine in stimulated Alpha 2 receptors activity in lower BP and in the long-term control of hypertension(5).

Drugs that enhance central alpha 2 activity, such as clonidine, guanfacine and the active metabolite of methyldopa, can significantly lower BP and are effective in the long-term control of hypertension, either alone or in combination with other drugs.

The finding suggested that papaya and its extract may have potential properties in reduced and controlled hypertension through their function in activated Alpha 2 receptors, similar to those of conventional medicine.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


 Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(a) Chemical composition and bioactivity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica cultivars Dottato, San Francesco and Citrullara by Loizzo MR1, Bonesi M, Pugliese A, Menichini F, Tundis R.(PubMed)
(1) In vitro inhibitory potential of selected Malaysian plants against key enzymes involved in hyperglycemia and hypertension by Loh SP1, Hadira O.(PubMed)
(2) Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of Carica papaya (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat by Eno AE1, Owo OI, Itam EH, Konya RS.(PubMed)
(3) Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction by Izzo AA1, Di Carlo G, Borrelli F, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(4) Dietary and lifestyle factors in hypertension Journal of Human Hypertension by the Journal of Human Hypertension  (2016)
(5) Alpha-adrenergic receptors and blood pressure control by Reid JL(PubMed)

* How to Prevent Insulin Resistance and Early Onset of Type 2 Diabetes

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition


Beet juice containing phytochemicals may alter postprandial glucose and insulin responses in prediabetics, some scientists suggested.

Insulin resistance, a condition of not providing enough insulin to counter the rise of blood glucose is considered as the early progression of onset of diabetes.

According to The American Diabetes Association (ADA), people with insulin resistance and prediabetes are associated to the early onset of  type 2 diabetes as a result of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.

And, 150 million people worldwide and 43 million people in the US are currently suffered by type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome.

In broader terms, insulin resistance is considered as major factor that can lead to type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes and prediabetes.

The actual cause of insulin resistance is debatable, some researchers suggested genetic mutation, aging and ethnicity play important roles in development of insulin sensitivity, And people such as obesity, excess body weight, high blood cholesterol and pressure, too much belly fat, a lack of exercise, smoking are susceptible to increase risk of insulin resistance.

More importantly, untreated insulin resistance may also increase risk of abnormal skin condition, known as acanthosis nigricans with dark, velvety patches.

According to Dr. Wallace IR, the lead author in the study of "Dose-response effect of fruit and vegetables on insulin resistance in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial", of 105 participants (mean age 56 years) followed a 4-week washout diet, some class of vegetables and fruits may have particular antidiabetic properties.

Therefore, selection of such class and types of vegetables and fruits  may be good interventions in prevented diabetes in patients with insulin resistance or higher risk of diabetes.

Beet, best known as the beetroot or garden beet is a perennial plant with leafy stems growing to 1–2 m tall, belongings to the amaranth family,

Investigation of the efficacy of beet in ameliorated risk of insulin resistance may be associated different aspects involved numbers of mechanisms.

In a total of sixteen healthy individuals recruited, with consumed test meals in a controlled single-blind cross-over design including beet juice, researchers found that such meals exerts a remarkable in countering the glucose uptake.

Additionally, tested subject also showed a significant lowering of the postprandial insulin response in the early phase and a significantly lower glucose response in the 0–30 min phase, in compared to control fed with control beverage matched for macronutrient content (MCON).

Further analysis indicated that beet juice attenuated rise of glucose in the blood stream may be attributed to constituents of
* Betacyanin betalain pigments which process anti glucose uptake and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes and other metabolic diseases

* Phytochemical polyphenols in stimulated insulin secretion and reduced hepatic glucose output by inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase and glucose absorption in the intestine.

α-Amylase is a protein enzyme having a function to convert hydrolysis of starch into sugars.

α-glucosidase is glucosidase in the small intestine with function to break down starch and disaccharides to sugars.

Moreover, in the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, dietary nitrate from beet juice also demonstrated a strong effect in lowering insulin resistance in test subjects. in compared to control through regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling pathway.

Dietary nitrate from beet juice also improved lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and endothelial function.

Dr. Peter C, the lead researcher said, "Betalains, polyphenols and dietary nitrate found in the beetroot juice may each contribute to the observed differences in the postprandial insulin concentration".

Interestingly, in comparison the effect of ingredients of combined 100 ml black tea, beetroot juice or control (water) in 16 obese, insulin-resistant males, researchers revealed that beetroot juice plus black tea treated groups exhibited a decreased postprandial peripheral vascular resistance (VR) in resistance vessels, but lesser than black tea, in compared to other groups.

According to further examination, the efficacy of beet juice and black tea in attenuated insulin resistance was attributed to increased postprandial blood flow in induced glucose disposal and decreased postprandial insulin response by 29 %..

Truly, a standardized breakfasts with or without beet-fibre given, in random order, to non-insulin-dependent diabetics study, found that beet fiber intake individuals expressed a strong effect in rate of glucose decrease after the meal.with blood glucose levels monitored continuously and hormonal responses determined at regular intervals for 3 hr.

Both tested subjects did not exert notable differences with regard to the plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide or glucagon in regulated levels of blood glucose,

C-peptide is a substance involved proinsulin molecule produced by the beta cells in the pancreas.

The collective findings may provide a footage of using beet juice as a functional food in ameliorated risk of insulin resistance and prevented early onset of  type 2 diabetes.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.


Sources
(1) Effects of a beetroot juice with high neobetanin content on the early-phase insulin response in healthy volunteer by Peter C. Wootton-Beard,1 Kirsten Brandt,2 David Fell,3 Sarah Warner,1,2 and Lisa Ryan1,4,*(PMC)
(2) Impact of flavonoid-rich black tea and beetroot juice on postprandial peripheral vascular resistance and glucose homeostasis in obese, insulin-resistant men: a randomized controlled trial by Fuchs D1, Nyakayiru J2, Draijer R1, Mulder TP1, Hopman MT2, Eijsvogels TM2, Thijssen DH3.(PubMed)
(3) Reduced glycemic response to beet-fibre meal in non-insulin-dependent diabetics and its relation to plasma levels of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones by Hagander B, Asp NG, Efendić S, Nilsson-Ehle P, Lungquist I, Scherstén B.(PubMed)
(4) Purified Betacyanins from Hylocereus undatus Peel Ameliorate Obesity and Insulin Resistance in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice by Song H1, Chu Q1, Xu D1, Xu Y1, Zheng X1.(PubMed)
(5) Beneficial effects of inorganic nitrate/nitrite in type 2 diabetes and its complications by Bahadoran Z1, Ghasemi A2, Mirmiran P3, Azizi F4, Hadaegh F5.(PubMed)
(6) Dose-response effect of fruit and vegetables on insulin resistance in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial by Wallace IR1, McEvoy CT, Hunter SJ, Hamill LL, Ennis CN, Bell PM, Patterson CC, Woodside JV, Young IS, McKinley MC(PubMed)

* The Fruit That Normalizes Non HDL-c/HDL-c Ratio and Blood Cholesterol Naturally

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition

Cholesterol is a waxy substance carried around by lipoproteins, that do not mix with water based blood in our body.

Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls and make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help to digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood.

There are 2 types of blood cholesterol, The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is also known as "bad" cholesterol and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered as "good" cholesterol.

According to general belief, high blood cholesterol is considered as risk  of heart diseases due to build-up of cholesterol may narrow arteries that restrict blood flow.

Some researchers suggested that the imbalance of ratio of 2 types of cholesterol caused by over expression of low density cholesterol or reduced levels of high density cholesterol is the main cause of the condition.

Although high blood cholesterol do not induce any symptoms, prolonged period of uncontrolled high blood cholesterol can cause complications of chest pain, the early sign of coronary artery disease, heart attack,.... and stroke.

Eating healthy with rich of vegetables, fruits, increased intake of deep sea fish and reduced intake of saturated and fats accompanied with active physical exercise can reduce risk of high blood cholesterol(6).

However, according to the Medical News Today, some medical conditions and medication may increase subtantial risk of abnormal cholesterol levels, such as diabetes, liver or kidney disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, underactive thyroid gland and drugs that treat increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol (progestins, anabolic steroids, and corticosteroids)(5).

Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belongings to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas. and the plant was first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries

Chemical constituents
Alkaloids, Cardenolides, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Tannin, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, Benzyl glucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone, etc.(a)

In the study to investigate the ficus carica leaf extract, on hyperlipidemia in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese male rats, researchers at the University of Florida showed that the extract improves the lipid profile and decreases adipogenic risk factors, most likely mediated through an increase in HDL-C levels(1)

In diabetic rats induced by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ), application of aqueous extract of Carica papaya at dose of 0.75 g and 1.5 g/100 mL) also exerted hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect;, through improved the lipid profile and affected integrity and function of both liver and pancreas(2).

In other words, the injection decreased cholesterol, triacylglycerol and balance the ratio of amino-transferases blood levels in tested rats.

Liver cell injury and damage are associated with a greater increase in ALT than AST; According to diagnosis used for measurement of liver health , an AST/ALT ratio of 2.0 or higher or ALT level exceeding 300 U/L may be indicative of alcoholic liver disease(7).

Abnormal AST/ALT ratio also is served as an indication of abnormal Non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratio which has a strong implication in development of  coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance(7).

According to medical guidelines, normal goal of non-HDL cholesterol level should be 30 mg/dL higher than LDL cholesterol level.

For example, if your non-HDL cholesterol level= LDL cholesterol.+ 30 mg/dL = 130 mg/dL and your  HDL is 40 mg/dL = Non-HDL-c/HDL-c ratio of 3.25, the ideal range of the ratio.

Noticeably, Dr.Juárez-Rojop IE, the lead author at the end of experiment of testing the efficacy of papaya aqueous extract  said, "Low plasma insulin levels did not change after treatment in diabetic rats, but they significantly increased in non-diabetic animals. Pancreatic islet cells were normal in non-diabetic treated animals, whereas in diabetic treated rats, C. papaya could help islet regeneration manifested as preservation of cell size. In the liver of diabetic treated rats, C. papaya prevented hepatocyte disruption, as well as accumulation of glycogen and lipids".

Furhter more, ether- and water-soluble fractions of Carica papaya ethanol extract, on the other hand, in dose-dependent manner inhibited the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) level, and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level(3).

However, according to the Institute for Medical Research, C. papaya leaf extract at a dose over fourteen times the levels employed in practical use in traditional medicine may induce toxicity(4).

Therefore, people who want to use papaya extract for treatment of high blood cholesterol should be taken with extreme care.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(a) Chemical composition and bioactivity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica cultivars Dottato, San Francesco and Citrullara by Loizzo MR1, Bonesi M, Pugliese A, Menichini F, Tundis R.(PubMed)
(1) Ficus carica leaf extract modulates the lipid profile of rats fed with a high-fat diet through an increase of HDL-C by Joerin L1, Kauschka M, Bonnländer B, Pischel I, Benedek B, Butterweck V.(PubMed)
(2) Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Juárez-Rojop IE1, Díaz-Zagoya JC, Ble-Castillo JL, Miranda-Osorio PH, Castell-Rodríguez AE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Aguilar-Mariscal H, Ramón-Frías T, Bermúdez-Ocaña DY.(PubMed)
(3) Effect of ether- and water-soluble fractions of Carica papaya ethanol extract in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in rats by Iyer D1, Sharma BK, Patil UK.(PubMed)
(4) Repeated dose 28-days oral toxicity study of Carica papaya L. leaf extract in Sprague Dawley rats by Afzan A1, Abdullah NR, Halim SZ, Rashid BA, Semail RH, Abdullah N, Jantan I, Muhammad H, Ismail Z.(PubMed)
(5) Cholesterol by Medical News Today
(6) Lowering LDL-cholesterol through diet: potential role in the statin era by Bruckert E1, Rosenbaum D(PubMed)
(7) Higher non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio linked with increased nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Dianhui Wang,1 Ling Wang,2 Zhanqing Wang,3 Shihong Chen,1 Yihong Ni,1 and Dongqing Jiang(PMC)