Tuesday, 28 January 2014

Phytochemical Piperine and Obesity's inflammatory metabolic dysfunctions

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

The benefits
Study of combination of bioactive food ingredients, including piperine in Forty-one patients and 45 patients in control group, showed a significantly greater decrease in insulin resistance, with leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein decreased and resting energy expenditure increased significantly in the supplemented group compared to the placebo. In mice fed with high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, administration of piperine (50 mg/kg body weight) significant increased in plasma adiponectin levels, induced elevated plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose. Piperine also reversed HFD-induced down-regulation of adiponecitn-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)( a metabolic enzyme in controls a number of metabolic pathways) signalling molecules linking to  lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation and insulin signalling in the livers of mice. Also in Male Wistar rats fed with high fat diet study, piperine supplementation also improved the plasma levels of apo A-I, T3, T4, testosterone, and I and significantly reduced apo B, TSH, and insulin to near normal levels.


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References
(1) Improvement in insulin resistance and favourable changes in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss associated with two months' consumption of a combination of bioactive food ingredients in overweight subjects by Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Klersy C, Cava E, Paolini M, Scavone L, Ceccarelli P, Castellaneta E, Savina C, Donini LM.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine reverses high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice by Choi S, Choi Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Jang J, Park T.(PubMed)
(3) Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apo lipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats by Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N.(PubMed)

Monday, 27 January 2014

Food Therapy - Dried peas (Pisum)

Dried peas is a small but nutritionally mighty member of the legume family, genus Pisum belongs to the family Fabaceae. It has a healthy source of protein, fibers, vitamins and minerals that is good for everyone diet.

The Nutrients and Chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A ( Beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin)
6. B vitamins
7. Vitamin C
8. Calcium
9. Iron
10. Magnesium
11. Phosphorus
12. Potassium
13. Zinc
Beside main component of  Polyphenolic compounds, it also contains saponin pisatin, L-pipecolic acid, glycoside-Pisatoside, tocopherols, cerebroside, etc.

1. Dried peas (Pisum)  and Types 2 Diabetes
 Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The effects
Dried peas found to contain a good sources of protein and fiber, is one of many rich-protein recommended for vegetarian. Together with a low glycemic index it may be considered as a high-fiber foods for daily carbohydrate intake in diabetes. Evidences of studies have showed that a low-glycemic load meal containing psyllium soluble fiber is significantly improves the breakfast postprandial glycemic, insulinemic in adults with Type 2 DM. In the study to compare the glycemic and insulinemic responses to 3 different meals based on dried peas, potatoes, or both in patients with type 2 diabetes, intake of after the pea meal is found to delay of the increased  postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, when compared to other meal. Since arbohydrates counting in dried peas have been disregarded, the nutrient dried peas should be included in the consumption of low-glycemic, high-fiber foods at the expense of high-glycemic, low-fiber foods for type II diabetics.

References
(1) Effects of breakfast meal composition on second meal metabolic responses in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus by Clark CA, Gardiner J, McBurney MI, Anderson S, Weatherspoon LJ, Henry DN, Hord NG.(PubMed)
(2) Comparison of the effects of dried peas with those of potatoes in mixed meals on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes by Schäfer G, Schenk U, Ritzel U, Ramadori G, Leonhardt U.(PubMed)

2. Dried peas as Antioxidants
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls. Free radicals oxidative effects can damage to skin and speed up the skin aging process.

The benefits Consumption of low-glycemic, high-fiber foods have been to have no effect in on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in type II diabetes, such as dried peas in the family of Fabaceae. The dried powders were individually extracted from the six members in the family, including dried peas have found to exert theirs antioxidant effects against bacteria and free radicals. Other studied also showed that polyphenolics, and saponins as the antioxidants, in dried peas may exhibit hypocholesterolaemic and anticarcinogenic activity, and galactose oligosaccharides exert beneficial prebiotic effects in the large intestine.

Reference
(1) Antioxidative and antibacterial effects of seeds and fruit rind of nutraceutical plants belonging to the Fabaceae family by Chanda S, Dudhatra S, Kaneria M.(PubMed)
(2) Review of the health benefits of peas (Pisum sativum L. by Dahl WJ, Foster LM, Tyler RT.(PubMed)

3. Dried peas and colon cancer
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

The benefits
Evidences in studies showed positive effect of chemical compounds (polyphenolics, and saponins) in dried peas against the progression of cancers. The organic molecule combinations of TI1B (rTI1B), representing a major The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) peas-derived serine protease inhibitor not only influenced the negatively the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells but not inactive mutant in a dose-dependent manner, but also  inhibited the growth of non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. The result may suggested that serine proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, should be considered as important targets in investigating the potential chemopreventive role of BBI during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.

References
(1) Review of the health benefits of peas (Pisum sativum L. by Dahl WJ, Foster LM, Tyler RT.(PubMed)
(2) The anti-proliferative effect of TI1B, a major Bowman-Birk isoinhibitor from pea (Pisum sativum L.), on HT29 colon cancer cells is mediated through protease inhibition by Clemente A, Carmen Marín-Manzano M, Jiménez E, Carmen Arques M, Domoney C.(PubMed)

4. Dried Peas and Weight loss
It has a healthy source of protein, fibers, vitamins and minerals that is good for everyone diet.
Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

The benefits
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic in Western world. The urgency in finding the solution has become the first priority in some research communities. Many researchers suggested to increased consumption of nonoilseed pulses of dry beans, peas, chickpeas, and lentils may be helpful in weight control, as they are slowly digestible carbohydrates, with high fiber and protein contents, and moderate energy density. In a randomized controlled trials generally support a beneficial effect of pulses on weight loss when pulse consumption is coupled with energy restriction, but not without energy restriction, found a beneficial effect of pulses on short-term satiety and weight loss during intentional energy restriction. Other study into the growth, hormonal status and protein turnover in rats fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.), showed a positive effects as lower levels of plasma insulin, corticosterone, IGF-I and T4 is observed as compared with casein controls. Liver and muscle total protein (mg) and total DNA (mg) were markedly decreased in the legume fed animals.


References
(1) Pulse consumption, satiety, and weight management by McCrory MA, Hamaker BR, Lovejoy JC, Eichelsdoerfer PE.(PubMed)
(2) Growth, hormonal status and protein turnover in rats fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the source of protein by Martinez JA, Marcos R, Macarulla MT, Larralde J.(PubMed)

The Side effects
1. Purines
Excessive intake of purine can cause health problems for people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases due to accumulation of uric acid.
2. Etc.

Phytochemical Anacardic acids and pituitary adenomas

Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Pituitary adenomas are noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland

The effects
In GH3 and MMQ, pituitary adenoma cell lines, anacardic acid  exerted its novel antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects by increasing in poly([adenosine diphosphate]-ribose) polymerase cleavage, sub-G1 arrest, and annexin V staining, to incuce apoptotic cell death, possible nonclassical apoptotic mechanism.


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Reference
(1) Anacardic acid induces caspase-independent apoptosis and radiosensitizes pituitary adenoma cells by Sukumari-Ramesh S, Singh N, Jensen MA, Dhandapani KM, Vender JR.(PubMed)

Herbal Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) and Anti bacterial effects

Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc.,
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cascara Sagrada include Aloe-emodin, Anthrquinone glycosides (Barbaloin Cascarosides A, B, C and D ChrysaloinFrangul), Chrysophanol, Emodin, Heterodianthrones palmidin A, B, and C, dianthrones, Oxanthrone, Rhein, Tannins, etc.

The Benefits
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality. Emodin (EM), the major component found in Cascara Sagrada and many other plants combined with ampicillin (AM) or oxacillin (OX) have a showed a positive effects against all strains of bacterias, resulted in a fractional inhibitory concentrations index (FICI) ranging from 0.37-0.5 and from 0.37-0.75, respectively. Other in the study of the effect of glycoside on the antibacterial activity of aloin, showed Aloe-emodin (inhibition diameter < 5.0 mm), changed the morphology of E. coli and damaged the outer cell structure.


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References
(1) Synergistic effect of emodin in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.by Lee YS, Kang OH, Choi JG, Oh YC, Keum JH, Kim SB, Jeong GS, Kim YC, Shin DW, Kwon DY.(PubMed)
(2) [Relationship between antibacterial activity of aloe and its anthaquinone compounds].

[Article in Chinese] by Tian B, Hua YJ, Ma XQ, Wang GL.(PubMed)

Herbal Catnip (Nepeta cataria) and memory

Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..
Central nervous system include is the part of the nervous system of the brain and spinal cord with function of integrates information it receives from for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of your body.

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

The Benefits

Evidences emerged in the research community that certain ingredients plants and vegetable may  improve the cognitive function by enhancing theirs antioxidant activity. Study of the effects of menthoides aqueous extract on memory retention and retrieval of mice using passive avoidance apparatus, the result showed that the extract has exerted its antioxidant effect by enhancing the  memory retention and retrieval, these may be a result of the effects of the herb's rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and phenolic acids.

Side effects1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with other medication if used  on a daily basis
4. Etc.


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References
(1) Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Nepeta cataria L. against Common Causes of Food-Borne Infections by Kamiar Zomorodian, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Samaneh Shariati, Keyvan Pakshir, Mohammad Javad Rahimi,  and Reza Khashei(PubMed)
(2) Effects of Nepeta menthoides aqueous extract on retention and retrieval of memory in mice by Sarahroodi S, Jafari-Najafi R, Nasri S, Rohampour K, Maleki-Jamshid A, Esmaeili S.(PubMed)
(3)  Investigation of the chemical composition-antibacterial activity relationship of essential oils by chemometric methods, by Miladinović DL, Ilić BS, Mihajilov-Krstev TM, Nikolić ND, Miladinović LC, Cvetković OG.(PubMed)
(4) Croton zehntneri: possible central nervous system effects of the essential oil in rodents`by Batatinha MJ, de Souza-Spinosa H, Bernardi MM(PubMed)
(5) `Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice`by Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, Spinosa MS, Bernardi MM(PubMed)
 



Herbal Cayenne and cancers

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

The benefits
Capsaicin, a chemical constituent found in cayenne is found to be effective in significantly reduced cell proliferation and induced cell death. In the exposure to human KB cancer cells, Capsaicin exerted its anti cancer effect by induced growth inhibition of KB cells apoptosis as it promotes the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential as well as activation of caspase 9, 3 and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase in KB cells. Other in the study of the same but with extract from spices like chili pepper, cloves, black pepper and black cuminto compare the in vitro anticancer activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts against the TE-13 (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) cell line, suggested that
all extracts showed cytotoxic activity but aqueous extracts were found to be more potent than alcoholic extracts.

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertense response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.


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References
(1) "Severe pepper allergy in a young child" by Gimenez L, Zacharisen M(PubMed))
(2) Mechanisms underlying the hypertensive response induced by capsaicin" by Dutta A, Deshpande SB.(PubMed)
(3) Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures" by Gupta PJ.(PubMed)
(4) Capsaicin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human KB cancer cells by Lin CH, Lu WC, Wang CW, Chan YC, Chen MK.(PubMed)
(5) Cytotoxic potential of Indian spices (extracts) against esophageal squamous carcinoma cells.

Dwivedi V, Shrivastava R, Hussain S, Ganguly C, Bharadwaj M.(PubMed)

Sunday, 26 January 2014

Cruciferous vegetables and breast cancer

Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
 In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8. isothiocyanates, chemical compound derived from Cruciferous vegetables has shown to be effective in anti cell proliferation, apoptosis cancer cells. In the study of the cytotoxicity of human breast cancer MCF-7 and human mammary epithelium MCF-12A cell lines, the derived compound found in isothiocyanates exerted its anti breast cancer activity with benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), Sulforaphane and NITC inhibited the growth of human breast cancer cells and human mammary epithelium cells at concentrations similar to those of the chemotherapeutic drug daunomycin (DNM). Other study indicated that sources of ITCs of  isothiocyanates reduced the risk of  breast cancer risk in menopausal women, through the interaction of the detoxified function of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Unfortunately, Depletion of GSTP1 is associated to increased risk of certain cancers.


The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Dietary organic isothiocyanates are cytotoxic in human breast cancer MCF-7 and mammary epithelial MCF-12A cell lines by Tseng E, Scott-Ramsay EA, Morris ME.(PubMed)
(2) Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype by Ambrosone CB, McCann SE, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zhang Y, Shields PG.(PubMed)
(3) Cruciferous vegetables, the GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism, and breast cancer risk by Lee SA, Fowke JH, Lu W, Ye C, Zheng Y, Cai Q, Gu K, Gao YT, Shu XO, Zheng W.(PubMed)