Monday, 1 March 2021

Ashwagandha Protects the Neurons Against Excitotoxicity

By Kyle J. Norton

A neuron or nerve cell made of a cell body (also called soma), dendrites and an axon, is a cell in the nervous system that carries electrical impulses.

Neurons are core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that play an essential role to process and transmit information.

The function of neurons can be classified into 3 types
* The sensory neurons found within the nervous system that convert external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.

 In other words, sensory neurons are activated by sensory input from the environment, including physical input of sound, touch, heat, or light.

*The motor neurons transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles,. In other words, motor neurons directly control all of the muscle movements.

* The interneurons connect the motor and sensory neurons. In other words, the interneurons transfer signals between sensory and motor neurons.

The most common diseases associated with neuron dysfunction are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Lou Gehrig's disease or classical motor neuron disease that disrupts signals to all voluntary muscles on both sides of the body.

Excitotoxicity is the pathological process associated with neurons damage and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, such as the NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor.

Where NMDAR (The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells and glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid which plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter.

Excitotoxicity has been found to induce, neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease.

Most cases of excitotoxicity have been found to be caused by spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury,...

On finding a potent compound that processes the neuroprotective effect, researchers examined the effects of Withania somnifera anti excitotoxicity that lead to neurons' damage or killed.

Ashwagandha also is known as Withania somnifera is a nightshade plant in the genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean.

The herbal medicine has been considered as Indian ginseng and used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands, carbuncles, memory loss, and ulcers and considered as anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging herbal medicine.

According to tested differentiation, Withanone isolated from Withania somnifera showed a significant activity to protect the neurons against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in retinoic acid, differentiated Neuro2a cells.

Furthermore, the pretreatment of Withanone at 5, 10 and 20 μM doses were found to inhibit the NMDA induce- significant neuron cell death through several parameters associated with the accumulation of intracellular Ca2+,  generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.

Additionally, Withanone also improved the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of cell cytochrome c and lipid peroxidation involved in neuron DNA damage and the death of neurons.


Based on the findings, researchers said," All these parameters were attenuated with various doses of Withanone pre-treatment. These results suggest that Withanone may serve as a potential neuroprotective agent".

Taken altogether, Ashwagandha processed a high amount of antioxidant Withanone may be considered a functional herb for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, pending to the result of larger sample size and multicenter study

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Withanone, an Active Constituent from Withania somnifera, Affords Protection Against NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity in Neuron-Like Cells by Dar NJ1,2,3, Bhat JA2, Satti NK4, Sharma PR2, Hamid A5,6, Ahmad M. (PubMed)

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