Herbal Andrographis and Rheumatoid arthritis

Andrographis paniculata is also known as Andrographis is a herbaceous plant, genus Andrographis, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka. It has been used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic in treating the common cold, flu, upper respiratory infections, infectious diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, pneumonia, swollen lymph nodes, leprosy, bronchitis, sore throats, tuberculosis, chicken pox, etc.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis is defined a chronic disorder as a result of inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body. The disease affects more women than in men and generally occurs after the ages of 40 and diminishes the quality of life of many elders.

The Ingredients
Beside the main ingredient andrographolides, giving the plant a bitter taste, other ingredients includediterpene lactones, such as: neoandrographolide, andrographiside, 14-doexy-11, 12-didehydro andrographolide, etc., flavonoinds viz., oroxylin, wogonin, andrographidines A, B, C, D, E, F.

The benefits
Andrographis paniculata (AP) possesses anti-inflammatory effects, as a result of its main constituent andrographolide proposed as alternative in the treatment of autoimmune disease, according to the study of Tablets (Paractin) made of an extract of A. paniculata (30% total andrographolides) were administered three times a day for 14 weeks, after a 2-week washout period to 60 patients with active RA. In the study of osteoclast formation, AP suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through attenuating NF-κB and ERK/MAPK signalling pathways in vitro, thus preventing bone loss in vivo. of which may be a potential therapeutic natural compound for the treatment of osteoclast-related bone diseases. Others in the study of he pseudo-tumoral expansion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes which is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showed that andrographolide exerts anti-growth and pro-apoptotic effects on RAFLSs, thus may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of RA. by induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

The Side effects
1. Antifertility
Dry leaf powder of A. paniculata increases the risk accumulating of glycogen and cholesterol in the testis, and increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase in testis and alkaline phosphatase in testis and ventral prostate, thus reducing the risk of fertility.
 2. People with gallbladder disease may want to consult with their doctor before using because of the herb stimulating gallbladder contraction effect.
3. Etc.

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References
1. Andrographis paniculata, http://essenherb.com/plant1.html
2. Efficacy of an Andrographis paniculata composition for the relief of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial, by Burgos RA, Hancke JL, Bertoglio JC, Aguirre V, Arriagada S, Calvo M, Cáceres DD. (PubMed)
3. Andrographolide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. by Yan J, Chen Y, He C, Yang ZZ, Lü C, Chen XS.(PubMed)
4. Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)

Herbal Alfalfa as an Antioxidant

Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North America aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush.
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls.

Ingredients
1. Essential amino acids
2. Calcium
3. Magnesium
4. Potassium
5. Iron
6. Phosphorus
7. Zinc
8. Beta carotene
9. vitamin C
10. vitamins D
11.Vitamin E
12. Vitamin K
13. Etc.

The Benefits
Carbon tetrachloride found in both ambient outdoor and indoor air has been proven to cause liver injure and induced oxidative stress. According to the study by Dr.Al-Dosari MS., the yophilized aqueous extract of alfalfa, or Medicago sativa L. possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidative stress properties possibly through its antioxidant phytochemical constituents and substantiates its use in various liver disorders as a hepatoprotector. Other searchers in the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides(Polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds) from alfalfa, indicated that the polysaccharides had good antioxidant effect, especially scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical, which indicated that the polysaccharides from alfalfa may be explored as a novel natural antioxidant. In other case, dietary protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa to turkey diets (at 15 and 30 g kg(-1) feed)  did not cause deterioration of breast and thigh meat quality, but changes in color, oxymyoglobin content, TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential values suggested that the inclusion of the concentrate to turkey diets acts as an antioxidant in the raw meat.

The Side effects
1. High amount of vitamin K may reduce the effectiveness of anticogulation medicine
2. Causing additive effects for women who are under estrogen replecement therapy or taking the oral contraceptive pill.
3. It may cause stomach upset and diarrhea
4. Etc.

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References
1. Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from alfalfa and its antioxidant activity, Wang S, Dong X, Tong J.(PubMed)
2. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. by Al-Dosari MS (PubMed).
3. Effect of protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa supplementation on physico-chemical properties of turkey breast and thigh muscles during ageing. by Karwowska M, Stadnik J, Dolatowski ZJ, Grela ER.(PubMed)

Aloe Vera and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Aloe Vera is species of succulent plant in the genus Aloe, belonging to the Family Xanthorrhoeaceae, native to Sudan. It has become very popular for commercial cultivation due to its health benefits. Aloe vera has been used in herbal medicine in treating many kinds of disease, including wound, burn healing, minor skin infections, sebaceous cysts, diabetes, and elevated of cholesterol, etc. It is also one of many popular herb studied in scientific ways with some conflicted results.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries as resulting of enlarged ovaries, leading to hormone imbalance( excessive androgen), resulting in male pattern hair development, acne,irregular period or absence of period, weight gain and effecting fertility. It effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women. According to the study by Desai BN, Maharjan RH, Nampoothiri LP. almost 70% PCOS women have abnormal serum lipid levels (dyslipidemia) and 50% of these women are obese. Several classes of pharmacological agents have been used to manage dyslipidemia. However, studies have shown adverse effects associated with these drugs.

The Ingredients 
The ten main areas of chemical constituents of Aloe vera include: amino acids, anthraquinones, enzymes, minerals, vitamins, lignins, monosaccharide, polysaccharides, salicylic acid, saponins, and sterols.They all work together in a synergistic way to create healing and health giving benefits, according to Gertrude Baldwin in the article of THE BENEFITS OF THE USE OF ALOE VERA IN HERBAL PREPARATIONS.

The Benefits
Aloe Vera may be a potential herb in treating Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome by enhancing the reductions of plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels, with an increase in HDL cholesterol or by restoring the ovarian steroid status. According to the study of PCOS was induced in Charles Foster female rats by oral administration of non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor letrozole (0.5 mg/kg body weight, 21 days), AVG treated PCOS rats exhibited significant reduction in plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels, with an increase in HDL cholesterol. The gel treatment also caused reversion of abnormal estrous cyclicity, glucose intolerance, and lipid metabolizing enzyme activities, bringing them to normal. Other study also indicated that Aloe vera gel formulation exerts a protective effect in against the PCOS phenotype by restoring the ovarian steroid status, and altering key steroidogenic activity. This can be attributed to phyto-components present in the extract.
Dr.Pérez YY and the research team in the study of Effect of a polyphenol-rich extract from Aloe vera gel on experimentally induced insulin resistance in mice also indicated that decreasing significantly both body weight (p < 0.008) and blood glucose levels of Aloe, calculated using the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) formula by the polyphenol-rich extract from Aloe vera.
Also in the confirmation of above result, study of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models, vera leaf pulp extract showed hypoglycaemic activity on IDDM and NIDDM rats, the effectiveness being enhanced for type II diabetes in comparison with glibenclamide. On the contrary, A. vera leaf gel extract showed hyperglycaemic activity on NIDDM rats. It may therefore be concluded that the pulps of Aloe vera leaves devoid of the gel could be useful in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Where non-diabetic (ND), type I (IDDM) and type II (NIDDM) diabetic rats.

The Side effects
1. Hepatitis
Some researchers concerned that the over use of oral aloe vera may contribute to acute hepatitis, according to the study of "Oral aloe vera-induced hepatitis" by Bottenberg MM, Wall GC, Harvey RL, Habib S., posted in PubMed
2. Diarrhea, caused by the laxative effect of oral use of Aloe Vera
3. oral use of Aloe Vera may cause abdominal cramps and pain
4. It may cause of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms as a result of collagen in the plant, according to the study of "Oral type II collagen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A six-month double blind placebo-controlled study" by Cazzola M, Antivalle M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Dell'Acqua D, Panni B, Caruso I., posted in PubMed
5. Etc.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Women health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/women-health.html

   
References
(1) Aloe barbadensis Mill. formulation restores lipid profile to normal in a letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat Model (PubMed)
(2)   ALOE VERA by Gertrude Baldwin, http://www.herballegacy.com/Baldwin_Chemical.html
(3) Effect of Aloe barbadensis Mill. formulation on Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model (PubMed)
(4) Effect of a polyphenol-rich extract from Aloe vera gel on experimentally induced insulin resistance in mice (PubMed)
(5) Oral aloe vera-induced hepatitis(PubMed)
(6) Oral type II collagen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A six-month double blind placebo-controlled study(PubMed)
 

Women and Insomnia

Insomnia is a sign and symptom of sleep disorder and defined as a condition in which a person has a difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep or sleep of poor quality that can lead to substantial impairments in the quality of life and functional capacity of an individual. Most adults have experienced insomnia sometimes in their life. According to statistic, more than 30% of the population suffers from insomnia, one in three people suffer from some form of insomnia during their lifetime and women suffer from insomnia more often than men.

Types of insomnia
1. Transient insomnia
The symptom is last less than a week, as a result from sleep environment changes, timing of sleep or caused by depression, stress or other factors.
2. Acute insomnia
Acute insomnia, a more common type of insomnia, is defined as a condition of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep for a period of less than three months, one is acute insomnia.
3. Chronic insomnia
The symptom is last more than 3 months and can be caused by another disorder, such as emotional or psychological basis.

Diagnosis and tests
The purpose of the insomnia diagnosis is to determine the causes ( psychology , medicine, etc) of the diseases to provide a best possible treatment to the patient. In general, after recording the family history and a physical and mental exams
1. obstructive sleep apnea
The test is to determine the periodic reduction in or a complete stop of breathing during sleep. It can be performed in the doctor office or at the hospital.
2. Epworth Sleepiness Scale
A validated questionnaire to be answered by the patient and can be helpful in
assessing insomnia.
3. Etc.


Causes and Ricks factors of insomnia in women
There are many factors that can cause insomnia
1. Hormone change
Hormones produced by glands or organs during menstrual cycle, pregnancy or in the stage of menopause can affect the pattern of sleep.
a. Menstrual cycle
According to an article posted at reader digest version, health- menstrual insomnia by By Ellen Michaud with Julie Bain from Sleep to Be Sexy Smart and Slim showed that Premenstrual insomnia, as doctors call it, seems to be associated with a rapid drop in the hormone progesterone. “Progesterone is a soporific, a sedative-type drug that your body gives you every month when you ovulate,” says Dr. Lee.(researcher) “Then, just before your period, its production either slows to a trickle or falls dramatically.”

b. Menopause
According to the article of Menopause And Insomnia -- New Findings Link Estrogen Decline, Sleeplessness And Mineral Deficiency post on medical news today 15 May 2007 - 12:00 showed that women in the pre-menopause and menopause years are more and more finding themselves experiencing symptoms of chronic insomnia,.....Some of the above reactions occur nearly simultaneously whenever the level of estrogen falls. as a result of gradual drop in estrogen but severe drop in progesterone.

c. Pregnancy
The hormonal change during pregnancy may also affect the sleep pattern in some women, causing insomnia. According to a study of 189 women completed the surveys provided by the researchers at Northwestern studying insomnia and pregnancy, researchers found that pregnancy insomnia could also be caused by inadequate nutrient intake, particularly in the later stages as more nutrients are being directed to the developing fetus. For example, blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acid Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) become much lower during the third trimester.
DHA is necessary for normal brain function. Low DHA levels have been associated with depression. That could be the connection between increased insomnia during pregnancy. The brain receptors responsible for regulating sleep are the same as those responsible for regulating mood. Both insomnia and pregnancy can affect the mood as a result of the effects of sleep deprivation and hormonal changes.

2. Disorder causes of insomnia
Women who has been affected by anxiety disorders or the delayed sleep phase disorder may experience the symptom of insomnia.

3. Frequent nighttime urination
Frequent nighttime urination can cause sleep disturbance, if the disorder persists for the prolonged period of time can lead to insomnia.

4. Depression and Anxiety
Women who have been affected by depression and anxiety are at high risk of developing insomnia.

5. Stimulants
Stimulants can cause nervous tension that can lead to insomnia.

6. Mental disorders
Increased risk insomnia for women with mental disorder.

7. Medical conditions
Certain sickness such as hyperthyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis[ can lead to insomnia.

8. Physical exercise
Exercise-induced insomnia ((EII)) is common in athletes. In a study of the epidemiological survey of exercise-induced insomnia in Chinese athletes by Youqi Shi, Zhihong Zhou, Ke Ning, Jianhong LIU, researchers concluded that EII symptoms are generally existed in Chinese athletes. The difficulty-initiating sleep(DIS)are most prevalent (79.5%) among EII. It frequently occurs after intensity exercise and before competition. 95% of EII symptoms belong to temporary psychological and physiological insomnia while 5% of them match the definition of insomnia described by the CCMD-2-R or are so-called obstinate psychological and physiological insomnia.

9. Excessive alcohol intake
Excessive intake of alcohol can interfere with the function of the nervous system in information transmitting information between brain cells and cells in the body, prolonged excessive drinking can cause insomnia.

10. Smoking
Smoking is a stimulant which can interfere with the body's ability to fall asleep.

11. Etc.

Symptoms
1. Difficulty falling and maintaining asleep
2. Poor quality sleep pattern
3. Difficult staying asleep
4. Poor concentration
5. Difficulty with memory
6. Impaired motor coordination
7. Irritability and impaired social interaction
8. Fatigue
9. Etc.

Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Maintain a health diet and lifestyle to prevent the hormonal causes of insomnia.
2. Reduce intake of alcohol
3. Stop smoking
4. Moderate exercise
5. Frequent nighttime urination can be treated
6. A glass of warm milk 15 minutes before going to bed may be helpful.
7. Taking a warm water bath an hour before bedtime can enhance sleep.
8. Reading, meditation can relieve nervous tension and induce sleep.
9. Do not eat a large meal within two hours of bedtime

10. Etc.

B. Diet
1. Tofu or bean curd

Tofu or bean curd is soft white blocks made by coagulating soy milk with substance such as salt or acid or enzyme, a stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein that can be made into tofu, originated from Chinese and part of East and Southeast Asian. Since it is proven to be one of many healthy foods, it become synonymous with vegetarianism and others.

Isoflavones is one of the most powerful phytoestrogen, which not only helps to reduce symptoms of peri-menopause and menopause due to decreasing of the reproduction of estrogen as aging, it also helps to reduce symptom of menstrual cramps and pain as well as enhancing normal menstrual cycle.

2. Tryptophan rich foods
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, the precursor to serotonin, in turn, converted to melatonin, via N-acetyltransferase and 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities which are necessary neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting nerve impulses in the brain and induce relaxation and natural sleep, but high levels of tryptophan can increase the risk of drowsiness and cause harmful harmful effects of the age-related increase in brain serotonin. Intake food rich of tryptophan from the food below.
a. Chicken breast and Turkey
b. Tuna
c. Soybean
d. Beef
e. Lamb
f. Halibut
g. Shrimp
h. Salmon
i. Etc.

3. Carbohydrate
Eating foods with high in carbohydrate stimulates the pancreas in production and releasing insulin in the blood stream as it also reduce others amino acids which would otherwise compete with tryptophan, leading to the production of serotonin, which in return enhances the production melatonin, the natural sleep induced hormone.
a. Bread and pasta
b. Whole gain cereal
c. Potatoes
d. Apple pie and
e. Ice cream
f. Oatmeal and raisin cookies
g. Etc.
High amount of simple carbohydrate over prolonged period of time can increase the risk of type II diabetes due to over work that diminishes the function of pancreas in production of insulin. It If you are any symptom of sleep disorder, eating turkey combined with complex carbohydrate rich foods would be a better choice for meat and glucose. What is your choice?

4. Chlorophyll
All green plants including algae contain at least one type of chlorophyll, the green pigment of plants which allows plants to absorb sun light and convert them into usable energy. Beside it is best known as oxygen uptaker to the blood, it is also important to calm the nervous system, to induce sleep due to rich amount of magnesium.
a. All dark green plants( Roman lettuce is the best choice)
b. Algae (Fresh water organic growth is the best choice)
c. Etc.

5. Magnesium
Magnesium is a natural sedative and stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation as it is used in conjunction with other medication to treat depressed elderly type 2 diabetics.. The mineral is important in manipulating of ATP, DNA, and RNA and many enzymes.
a. Leaf green vegetables (due to high amount of Chlorophyll)
b. Almonds
c. Sesame seed
d. Blackstrap molasses
e. Brewer's yeast
f. Whole grains
g. Etc.

For details of foods of above visit
100+ Healthy Foods Classification
or Super Food Health Effects

Treatments

A. Conventional medicine
Generally, treatment of insomnia includes Non-pharmacological non-pharmacologic pharmacologic
A. 1.Non-pharmacological treatments
Non-pharmacological treatments have been used more effectively without worrying about the withdrawal effects after discontinued use of medication, including sleep hygiene, stimulus control, behavioral interventions, sleep-restriction therapy, paradoxical intention, patient education and relaxation therapy.
1. Sleep hygiene
Sleep hygiene is the method used to treat insomnia by including all behavioral and environmental factors that precede to sleep and may interfere with sleep. In a study of Sleep hygiene and actigraphically evaluated sleep characteristics in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia KRISTIAAN B . VAN DER HEIJDE, researchers concluded that there were differences in sleep onset and sleep latency in ADHD children with chronic SOI and those without insomnia; however, sleep hygiene practices were similar and did not relate to sleep characteristics.

2. Stimulus control
The purpose of stimulus control is to The use of conditioning techniques to bring the target behavior of an individual under environmental control. If a person behaviors can respond differentially to the environment factors, he/or she are likely to fall to sleep under certain certain conditions. the characteristics of stimulus control is to helps the patient to behavior automatically when the conditioned stimulus is given but not to others.


3. Behavioral intervention
The purpose of behavioral intervention is to reinforce the positive behavior and avoid bad behavior regardless the environment influence.

4. Sleep-restriction therapy
Sleep restriction therapy base on the hypothesis that insomnia is caused spending too much time in bed cause of insomnia. By restriction the time in bed determine by the time a person normally asleep and schedule for others such as time to wake up, same bed time every night, etc.

5. Paradoxical intention
Paradoxical intention is a treatment of removing the psychological habit or thought cause of insomnia by helping the patient to understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction

6. Relaxation therapy
relaxation therapy is a form of treatment by enhancing the person into a relaxation stage quieting the mind to allow thoughts to flow in a smooth and induce the relaxation response.

7. Etc.

A..2. Pharmacologic treaments
1. Benzodiazepines
a. Benzodiazepines is used for patient with insomnia to initiate sleep and increase sleep time, but they also decrease deep sleep and increase light sleep.
b. Risk and side effects
b.1. Drowsiness and dizziness.
b.2. Stomach upset
b.3. Headache,
b.4. Confusion
b.5. Impaired coordination
b, 6. Fatigue
b.7. Memory loss
b.8. Trembling
b.9. Etc

2. Non-benzodiazepines
a. Non-benzodiazepine is a sedative-hypnotic drugs used to treat insomnia similar to those in the benzodiazepine class but with an advantage of reducing the time for the patient to fall asleep.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. morning sedation
b.2. Drowsiness
b.3. Dizziness
b.4.Fatigue
b.5. Headache
b.6. Diarrhea
b.7. Etc.

3. Antidepressants
a. According the article of Use of Low-Dose Sedating Antidepressants vs Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonist Hypnotics in Treating Insomnia by Thomas Roth, PhD, the author concluded that Because the use of low-dose sedating antidepressants in insomnia is a common practice, one can come to 2 conclusions. These were formalized in the National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference on the Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults. First, there is a need for dose-response data on the relationship with sleep, as well as long-term efficacy data. Second, "all antidepressants have potentially significant adverse effects raising concerns about the risk-benefit ratio."^[11] In summary, there is a wealth of data supporting the efficacy and safety, with some concerns mentioned above, of the BZRAs for the management of insomnia. In contrast, while the use of low-dose sedating antidepressants for the management of insomnia is gaining in popularity, as pointed out by the National Institutes of Health, the wisdom of this use awaits further data on dose-related safety and efficacy.
b. Risk and side effects
b.1. Bladder problems
b.2. Loss of libido
b.3. Dizziness and drowsiness
b.4. Inability to achieve an orgasm
b.5. Headaches
b.6. Nervousness
b.7. Etc.

4. Melatonin supplement
a. Melatonin supplements has been used treat insomnia without altering the sleep pattern by inducing sleep and regulating the sleep/waking cycle. In a study of Melatonin and zopiclone as facilitators of early circadian sleep in operational air transport crews. by Paul MA, Gray G, Sardana TM, Pigeau RA, researchers concluded that melatonin and zopiclone, in the dosages we used, are equipotent facilitators of early circadian sleep during transmeridian air transport operations.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Daytime sleepiness and drowsiness
b.2. Dizziness
b.3. Headaches
b.4. Abdominal discomfort
b.5. Confusion
b. 6. Nightmares
b.7. Etc.

5. Melatonin agonist
In a study of Melatonin agonist and insomnia by Ferguson SA, Rajaratnam SM, Dawson D., researchers concluded that all appear to be efficacious in the treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders and some types of insomnia. However, further studies are required to understand the mechanisms of action, particularly for insomnia. Clinical application of the agonists requires a good understanding of their phase-dependent properties. Long-term effects of melatonin should be evaluated in large-scale, independent randomized controlled trials.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Daytime sleepiness
b.2. Dizziness
b.3. Headaches
b.4. Abdominal discomfort
b.5. Confusion
b. 6. Nightmares
b.7. Etc.

6. Etc.
B. Herbs
1. Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis):
Chamomile, a time-honored sedative herb, is widely used in teas for its relaxing and calming effects, especialy in South America, and Mexico it is used as a herbal medicine to treat insomnia, restlessness and irritability, particularly in children.

2. Hops (Humulus lupulus):Hops are the female inflorescences of the plant Humulus lupulus L., and used used as an herbal medicine for mood disturbance and insomnia. In a study of Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, Ware JC, Wooten V., researchers found that Sleep improvements with a valerian-hops combination are associated with improved quality of life. Both treatments appear safe and did not produce rebound insomnia upon discontinuation during this study. Overall, these findings indicate that a Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine might be useful adjuncts in the treatment of mild insomnia.

3. Lavender (Lavandula officinalis):Lavender is a gentle strengthening tonic for the nervous system to treat moderate depression and for generalized anxiety disorder cause of insomnia.
4. Passion flower (Passiflora incarnata):Passion flower is an important herb to treat insomnia caused by anxiety, epilepsy, neuralgia, and withdrawal syndromes from opiates or benzodiazepines due to its sedative effect of centrally acting substances such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol. in a study of Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam by Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M., researchers found that Passiflora extract is an effective drug for the management of generalized anxiety disorder, and the low incidence of impairment of job performance with Passiflora extract compared to oxazepam is an advantage. A large-scale trial is justified.

5. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis):Valerian has been used as a sedative agent to treat against insomnia, nervousness, and restlessness by many herbalists. Please read hops-valerian study above.

6. St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum):
St. John's Wort has been used as sedative agent as imipramine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to treat mild to moderate depression causes of insomnia. In a study of Equivalence of St John's wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: a randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression by Schrader E., researcher found that Although hypericum (St. John Wart extracted, Ze 117) may be superior in improving the responder rate, the main difference between the two treatments is safety. Hypericum was superior to fluoxetine in overall incidence of side-effects, number of patients with side-effects and the type of side-effect reported.

7. Etc.

C. Chinese Herbs
In traditional Chinese medicine, insomnia is most often results of imbalances of the Heart or Liver. Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan is one the most study and used to treat insomnia. Its ingredients
contains
Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Dang Shen)
Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Shi Chang Pu)
Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae (Di Huang)
Radix Angelica Sinensis (Dang Gui)
Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (Wu Wei Zi)
Tuber Ophiopogonis Japonici (Mai Men Dong)
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (Suan Zao Ren)
Semen Biotae Orientalis (Bo Zi Ren)
Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae (Dang Shen)
Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (Fu Ling)
Radix Scrophulariae Ningpoensis (Xuan Shen)
Radix Polygalae Tenuifoliae (Yuan Zhi)
Radix Platycodi Grandiflori (Jie Geng)
Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (Gan Cao)
Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (Shou Wu Teng)
Asparagus Cochinchinensis Tuber (Tian Men Dong)

The International Chinese Medical Journal of Daytona notes in a 2003 review of insomnia posted from chinesetherapeutics.org that this formula is especially helpful for those suffering from nervousness and vivid, disturbing dreams.

 

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Diet and physical activity behaviors among Americans trying to lose weight

In the study to investigate the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based telephone survey of adults > or =18 years of age (N = 184,450) conducted in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2000, showed that the prevalence of trying to lose weight was 46% (women) and 33% (men). Women reported trying to lose weight at a lower BMI than did men; 60% of overweight women were trying to lose weight, but men did not reach this level until they were obese. Adults who had a routine physician checkup in the previous year and reported medical advice to lose weight vs. checkup and no medical advice to lose weight had a higher prevalence of trying to lose weight (81% women and 77% men vs. 41% women and 28% men, respectively). The odds of trying to lose weight increased as years of education increased. Among respondents who were trying to lose weight, approximately 19% of women and 22% of men reported using fewer calories and > or =150 min/wk leisure-time physical activity(1).

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(1) " Diet and physical activity behaviors among Americans trying to lose weight: 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System" by Bish CL, Blanck HM, Serdula MK, Marcus M, Kohl HW 3rd, Khan LK.

Methods for voluntary weight loss and control

In a study of "Methods for voluntary weight loss and control",  found that participants who remain in weight loss programs usually lose approximately 10% of their weight. However, one third to two thirds of the weight is regained within 1 year, and almost all is regained within 5 years. For many overweight persons, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight is a lifelong challenge. Successful weight loss improves several cardiovascular risk factors and diabetic control; effects on mortality are not clear. Several epidemiologic studies have found that weight loss is associated with increased mortality but the reasons for weight loss were not known. Survey data also confirm that many Americans who are not overweight, particularly young women, are trying to lose weight, which may have adverse physical and psychological consequences. Because of the importance of these issues, research on weight and on weight loss and control should assume a high priority on the nation's health agenda(1).

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(1) "Methods for voluntary weight loss and control. NIH Technology Assessment Conference Panel. Consensus Development Conference, 30 March to 1 April 1992" by [No authors listed]

Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults

In the review of data on body weight and weight change collected from nationally representative samples of U.S. adults, showed that between 1960 and 1980, the prevalence of overweight among whites increased by 3% in women and by 6% in men. In blacks, however, the prevalence of overweight increased by 7% in women and by 28% in men. Longitudinal body weight measurements taken 10 years apart show that adults younger than 55 years tend to gain weight, whereas those 55 years and older tend to lose weight. The youngest adults gain the most weight, and the oldest adults lose the most weight. In all age groups, women have substantially greater variation in their 10-year weight change than do men(1).

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(1) "Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults" by Williamson DF.

Health-related quality of life and weight loss practices among overweight and obese US adults

In the study to examine the prevalence and association of HRQOL measures as independent moderators of weight loss practices among overweight and obese men and women, showed that Among men with BMI 25-34.9 kg/m2, the odds of trying to lose weight increased for the moderate vs best category of HRQOL but not for the poorest vs best category, and no associations were noted for men with BMI > or = 35 kg/m2. Women with BMI 25-34.9 kg/m2 had reduced odds and decreasing associated trends in the prevalence of trying to lose weight with poorer general health, increased physically unhealthy days, and increased activity limitation days. Conversely, women with 1-13 vs 0 mentally unhealthy days had greater odds of trying to lose weight. Among those trying to lose weight, reducing calories was common (52%-69%, men; 56%-69%, women). Among men, with the exception of recent mental health, poorer levels of HRQOL measures were associated with diminished attainment of recommended physical activity levels. Among women, poorer general health status was associated with diminished attainment of recommended physical activity levels(1).

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(1) "Health-related quality of life and weight loss practices among overweight and obese US adults, 2003 behavioral risk factor surveillance system" By Bish CL, Blanck HM, Maynard LM, Serdula MK, Thompson NJ, Khan LK.

Employment, work hours and weight gain among middle-aged women

In the study to investigate the influence of employment and work hours on weight gain and weight loss among middle-aged women, Dr. Au N, and the scientists at the Monash University, found that among the employed, working longer hours was associated with more weight gain, especially at the higher levels of weight gain where the health consequences are more serious. These findings suggest that as women work longer hours they are more likely to make lifestyle choices that are associated with weight gain.International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 19 June 2012(1).

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(1) "Employment, work hours and weight gain among middle-aged women" by Au N, Hauck K, Hollingsworth B.

Women and Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition in which the bone minerals density including calcium, is deteriorate with the amounts of protein in the bone is alter,that lead to bone weakening, causing the increased risk of fracture. In women, osteoporosis happens in the stage of menopause, as the result of the reduction of hormones which protects the bones from calcium and are at increased risk bone fracture related to osteoporosis. In the US, more than 24 million women in the United States are affected by this disease.
Types of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis can be divided to 3 subtypes
1. Primary type 1
Postmenopausal osteoporosis occurs after the women enter the stage of menopause.
2. Primary type 2
Senile osteoporosis occurs after the age of 75, with the risk ratio of 2-1 in women and men.
3. Secondary osteoporosis
The disease can occurs to any age regardless of genders. Secondary osteoporosis mostly caused by prolonged use of certain medication, or results from chronic predisposing medical problems or disease.

Symptoms

In the beginning of the disease, there is no specific symptoms, but when the the disease progress due to the loss certain amount of minerals, some women might experience certain symptoms, including
1. Fragility Fracture
Fragility fractures occur in the vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist is very common for women with osteoporosis, as the result of the bone have become more fragile due to the loss of calcium and certain minerals.

2. Loss of height over time
As a result from the articular cartilage damage

3. Back pain
It may be result from the fracture of the vertebra, wrist, hip.

4. Stooped posture
Such as rounding of the upper back, caved shoulders and leaning forward while standing, etc. due to the bone no longer can support the body weight normally.

5. Etc.

Causes and risk factors
The causes of osteoporosis are unknown, but the process of osteoporosis are caused by remolding disruption.
1. Lack of calcium
Lack of calcium, in women is caused by levels of estrogen. Under normal circumstance, as the depletion of numbers of egg in the ovaries causes the ovaries not responding to the estrogen stimulating hormones as the women enter the stage of menopause.

2. Lack of exercise
According to the artcle of Exercise and Osteoporosis - How exercise helps maintain bone health By Elizabeth Quinn, the author wrote, a survey of 350 middle-aged women found that those who were most active in their daily lives had significantly greater bone density in their spines, femurs and forearms than less active women. Another study from found that running strengthens the leg bones of both older and younger women.
Exercise also enhances muscle power, synthesis, and balance and reduces the likelihood of falls in the elderly.

3. Age
In women, estrogen reduction increase with age, that can cause the loss of bone density, resulting of osteoporosis.
4. Smoking
smoking inhibits osteoblasts which are mononucleate cells that are responsible for bone formation, In an article of The effects of smoking on bone health by Peter K. K. WONG, Jemma J. CHRISTIE and John D. WARK, researchers indicated that Compared with non-smokers, smokers are weaker, have poorer balance and impaired neuromuscular performance. In the study by Nelson et al., smokers had a decrease in physical and neuromuscular function, compared with non-smokers, 50–100% as great as that associated with a 5 year increase in age

5. Hyperthyriodism
Hyperthyroidism can increase loss of calcium and phosphorous in the urine and stool excretion, that can lead to loss of bone mineral.

6. Medications
Certain medications such as Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP), Barbiturates, phenytoin and some other enzyme-inducing antiepileptics, etc can cause the loss of bone minerals density.

7. Low levels of estrogen

Estrogen is best known for its protection against the loss of calcium of bone. The levels of estrogen is lower naturally with aging, that is the reason that osteoporosis happens most frequent in the women after entering stage of menopause. Excessive exercise can also disrupt the levels of estrogen, leading to abnormal menstrual cycle that can lead to increased risk of osteoporosis.

8. Alcohol

Excessive consumption of alcohol increases the risk of posteriors. In an article of Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Both Osteoporosis Fracture and Bone Density by Karina M. Berg, MD, MS, Hillary V. Kunins, MD, MS, MPH, Jeffrey L. Jackson, MD, MPH, Shadi Nahvi, MD, Amina Chaudhry, MD, MPH, Kenneth A. Harris Jr. MD, MPH, Rubina Malik, MD, MS, Julia H. Arnsten, MD, MPH., researchers found that compared with abstainers and heavier drinkers, persons who consume 0.5 to 1.0 drink per day have a lower risk of hip fracture. Although available evidence suggests a favorable effect of alcohol consumption on bone density, a precise range of beneficial alcohol consumption cannot be determined.

9. Medical conditions
Chronic predisposing medical problems or disease requires the use of certain medication can increase the risk of osteoporosis, such as Steroids and Corticosteroids used to treat inflammatory intestinal illness, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; prescription drugs used to treat heartburn, acid reflux, indigestion, excess stomach acid and ulcers:, etc.

10. Gender
Women are at higher risk in developing osteoporosis than men.

11. Family history
Increased risk of osteoporosis if a woman has a history of bone fracture.

12. Gene
In a study of Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects by Lawrence G. Raisz; University of Connecticut Health Center, Musculoskeletal Institute, Farmington, Connecticut, USA. researcher found that Gene deletion studies have shown that absence of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) or a downstream factor, osterix, are critical for osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, overexpression of Runx2 leads to a decrease in bone mass....

13. Vitamin D deficiency
In an article of Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 81, No. 5, 1232S-1239S, May 2005 © 2005 American Society for Clinical Nutrition indicated that Adults with vitamin D deficiency have muscle weakness and are more likely to fall. In a meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation appeared to reduce falls by 20%, and furthermore if 15 patients were treated with vitamin D, fall could be prevented.

14. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
1. Blood test
Blood test for calcium and vitamin D in the sample withdrawn from your vein will be helpful to determine the metabolic process of bone breakdown.

2. Bone mineral density (BMD)
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a test to measure the amount of matter per cubic centimeter of bones used as an indicator of osteoporosis and fracture risk with a special X ray or computed tomography (CT) scan.

3. Bone density scan
Bone density scan also known as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bone densitometry,
is test to measure amount of bone loss by exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation with the use of X ray to take image of the inside of the body.

4. Etc.

Preventions
No women can prevent the loss of calcium due to aging, but women always can reduce the loss of calcium to a minimum and prevent the onset of osteroporosis.
1. How to reduce the loss of calcium and minerals
a. Quit smoking
b. Reduce intake of alcohol
c. Moderate exercise
d. Eating healthy
e. Maintain a healthy style
f. Taking calcium, vitamin D, and C.
g. Etc.

2. Diet
A balance diet is always helpful in maintaining an optimal health, reduce the risk of diseases
a. Whole grains
b. Beans and legumes
c. Vegetables and fruits
d. Nuts and seeds
e. Lean meats and sea foods
For more information and details of above healthy foods, please visit http://healthy-foods-index.blogspot.com/

3. Nutritional supplements
a. Calcium
Calcium is important in maintaining the strong bond and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. unfortunately, the loss of calcium is inevitable as a result of reduced levels of estrogen due to aging, intake of calcium may be helpful to replace it.

b. Vitamin D
Vitamin D is important in enhancing the absorption of the calcium, thus taking vitamin D and calcium together will reduce the risk of the diseases.

c. Vitamin C
Vitamin C not only enhances the absorption of other vitamins and minerals but also promotes higher calcium uptakes. In an article of Vitamin C reverses osteoporosis in mice, published in the recent issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, experiments on mice showed that antioxidants, and the enzymes responsible for maintaining them in a reduced state, fell substantially in rodent bone marrow after ovariectomy. Bone loss was however entirely preventable by giving the mice 20mg of vitamin C per day.

d. Phosphate and Alendronate
In an article, Phosphate and Alendronate Helpful in Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency published in Reuters Health, New york, regarded to the study of studied 44 patients.
Those who were previously naive to GH were randomized to receive GH
replacement alone or with alendronate or phosphate. After a year, patients receiving phosphate had significantly greater increases in nephrogenous cAMP (a marker of renal PTH activity) than
those on GH alone. There was also a significantly greater increase in BMD.

e. Phytoestrogen from soy and wolfberry
Phytoestrogen contain plant base estrogen which can occupy the estrogen receptor site to replace the loss of estrogen produced by ovaries due to aging, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

f. Vitamin K
vitamin K is important to prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency.

g. Etc.

4. Herbs
a. Alfalfa
Alfalfa is a source of vitamins A, C, E, and K and of the minerals, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron, which is important for osreroporosis caused lack of nutrients and nutrients deficiency.

b. Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium)
The flavonoids in Epimedium were shown to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women, according to a study of Epimedium-derived phytoestrogen flavonoids exert beneficial effect on preventing bone loss in late postmenopausal women: a 24-month randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial, by Zhang G, Qin L, Shi Y.

c. Black Cohosh
Black cohosh has beeen used in herbal medicine as a dietary supplement to relieve the symptoms of menopause caused by estrogen deficiency. It has antiosteoporotic effects, according to the study of Effects of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) on bone turnover, vaginal mucosa, and various blood parameters in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and conjugated estrogens-controlled study by Wuttke W, Gorkow C, Seidlová-Wuttke D.
and has been shown to enhance bone formation in a study of Ethanolic extract of Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) potentiates bone nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells.

Chan BY, Lau KS, Jiang B, Kennelly EJ, Kronenberg F, Kung AW.

d. Red clover –
Red clover contains compounds known as isoflavones that helps to replace lost estrogen in the female body. Also known for its uses before menopause as it can delay the natural progression. according to a study of Clinical effects of a proprietary combination isoflavone nutritional supplement in menopausal women: a pilot trial by Lukaczer D, Darland G, Tripp M, Liska D, Lerman RH, Schiltz B, Bland JS.

e. Etc

5. Chinese herbs
1. Chinese engleica roots (Dang Qui or dong quai)
Dang Qui is considered as a queen herb in traditional Chinese medicine to treat menstrual and menopausal symptoms. Dang Qui exhibits estrogenic activity in vitro, according to the study of Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms by Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL.

2.Rehmannia glutinosa (Shu di huang)
It is one of the good herb for tonifying blood, nourishing yin and blood and enriching kidney essence.

3. Ligustrum lucidum (Nu zhen zi)
Nu zhen zi is good for liver and kidney tonification and clearing heat due to yin deficiency.

4. Morus Albus (Sang shen)
The herbs is most used in nourishing yin, tonifying blood and promoting the generation of body fluids.

5. Etc.

Treatments
The main objective of the treatments is to prevent or reduce bone fractures and maintain or increase bone density
1. Hormone-replacement therapies (HRTs)
a. Hormone-replacement therapies (HRTs) are used to prevent the symptoms caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones for women in the stage of menopause and peri-menopause and have an effect in reduce bone loss when are used.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Thrombophlebitis
b.2. Pulmonary embolism
b.3. Heart disease
b.4. Strokes
b.5. Breast cancer
b.6. Endometrial cancer
b.7. Etc

2. Bisphosphonates
a. Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs that are used to prevent the loss of bone mass and to treat osteoporosis by reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture in those who have had previous fractures, but not those who have not previously had a fracture, including alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid, etc. Avvording to the study of Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women by
George A Wells, Ann Cranney, Joan Peterson, Michel Boucher, Beverley Shea, Vivian Welch, Doug Coyle, Peter Tugwell.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Upset Stomach
b.2. Esophogeal Inflammation
b.3. Unusual femur fractures
b.4. Bone, Joint, and Muscle Pain
b.5. Etc.

3. Calcitonin
a. Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland in our body belonging to belongs to the calcitonin-like protein family, can help to reduce blood calcium and strengthen bone by inhibiting umbilical absorption by the intestines and osteoclast activity in bones, according to the report of Sect. 5, Ch. 6: Effects of CT on the Small Intestine". Medical College of Georgia. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Runny nose
b.2. Sores, or
b.3. Redness.
b.4. Nose bleeding
b.5. Swelling
b.6. Etc.

4. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
a. Selective estrogen receptor modulators are a group of compounds that act on the estrogen receptor, including lasofoxifene, femarelle, raloxifene, etc.. Most SERMs used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis with a favorably respond and may be used as replacements for hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
b. Risks and side effects
1. Uterine cancer
2. Blood clots
3. Endometrial cancer and
4. Stroke
5. Dizziness
6. Severe headaches
7. Hot flashes
8. Fatigue
9. Mood swings
10. Etc.

5. Denosumab
a. Denosumab, a medicine manufactured by Amgen is given as an injection and used to treat osteoporosis to induce bone loss, bone metastases, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. according to the study of Denosumab in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density by
Michael R. McClung, M.D., E. Michael Lewiecki, M.D., Stanley B. Cohen, M.D.,Michael A. Bolognese, M.D., Grattan C. Woodson, M.D., Alfred H. Moffett, M.D.,Munro Peacock, M.D., Paul D. Miller, M.D., Samuel N. Lederman, M.D.,Charles H. Chesnut, M.D., Douglas Lain, M.D., Alan J. Kivitz, M.D.,Donna L. Holloway, Ph.D., Charlie Zhang, Ph.D., Mark C. Peterson, Ph.D.,and Pirow J. Bekker, M.D., Ph.D., for the AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Persistent, or severe infection
b.2. Spasms
b.3. Nervous tension such as depression, confusion and irritability
b.4. Arrhythmia
b.5. Unexplained swelling
b.6. Difficult breathing
b.7. Etc.
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Green tea catechins, caffeine and body-weight regulation

In the study to evaluate the tools for obesity management including caffeine, and green tea have been proposed as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance found that these ingredients may increase energy expenditure and have been proposed to counteract the decrease in metabolic rate that is present during weight loss. Positive effects on body-weight management have been shown using green tea mixtures. Green tea, by containing both tea catechins and caffeine, may act through inhibition of catechol O-methyl-transferase, and inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Here the mechanisms may also operate synergistically. A green tea-caffeine mixture improves weight maintenance, through thermogenesis, fat oxidation, and sparing fat free mass. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the regulation of lipolysis, and the sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of total body fat in general. Taken together, these functional ingredients have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets such as thermogenesis, and fat oxidation. An ethnic or genetic effect, and habitual caffeine or green tea catechin intake may act as confounders; this remains to be revealed(1).


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(1) "Green tea catechins, caffeine and body-weight regulation" by Westerterp-Plantenga MS.

Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation

In the Investigation of the effect of a green tea-caffeine mixture on weight maintenance after body weight loss in moderately obese subjects in relation to habitual caffeine intake, indicated that High caffeine intake was associated with weight loss through thermogenesis and fat oxidation and with suppressed leptin in women. In habitual low caffeine consumers, the green tea-caffeine mixture improved WM, partly through thermogenesis and fat oxidation(1).


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(1) "Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation" by Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM.

The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance

In the study to elucidate by meta-analysis whether green tea indeed has a function in body weight regulation, showed that Catechins significantly decreased body weight and significantly maintained body weight after a period of WL (microcirc=-1.31 kg; P<0.001). Inhibition of this effect by high habitual caffeine intake (>300 mg per day) failed to reach significance (microcirc=-0.27 kg for high and microcirc=-1.60 kg for low habitual caffeine intake; P=0.09). Also, the seemingly smaller effect of catechins in Caucasian (microcirc=-0.82 kg) subjects compared with Asians (microcirc=-1.51 kg; P=0.37) did not reach significance. Interaction of ethnicity and caffeine intake was a significant moderator (P=0.04)(1).

 
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(1) "The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis" by Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS.

Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais

In the study  to investigate the effects of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais, a randomized, controlled trial involving 60 obese subjects (body mass index, BMI > 25 kg/m2) was conducted. All subjects consumed a Thai diet containing 3 meals (8373.6 kJ/day) for 12 weeks, prepared by the Nutritional Unit at Srinagarind Hospital, showed that the diet contained 65% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 20% fat. Body weight, BMI, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation were measured at baseline, and during weeks 4, 8, and 12 of the study. Serum levels of leptin and urine VMA were measured at baseline and during the 12th week. Differences over time and between the treatments (green tea or placebo) over time were determined using two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures. In comparing the two groups, differences in weight loss were 2.70, 5.10, and 3.3 kg during the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of the study, respectively. At the 8th and 12th weeks of the study, body weight loss was significantly different (P < 0.05). At the 8th week, the difference in resting energy expenditure was 183.38 kJ/day (P < 0.001), the difference in the respiratory quotient was 0.02 (P < 0.05), and no significant differences existed in satiety score, food intake, or physical activity. Urine VMA was significantly different in the 12th week of the study (P < 0.05)(1).


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(1) "Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: A randomized, controlled trial" by

Auvichayapat P, Prapochanung M, Tunkamnerdthai O, Sripanidkulchai BO, Auvichayapat N, Thinkhamrop B, Kunhasura S, Wongpratoom S, Sinawat S, Hongprapas P.