The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis - Non Medical Treatments The Occupational Therapy

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

          The Occupational Therapy 

Occupational Therapy 
According to the Canadian Association of Occupation Therapists, Occupational therapy is the form of treatment involved evaluating and improving a persons functional abilities of a specific age group or disability such as arthritis, developmental coordination disorder, mental illness, or spinal cord injury, etc...(251). But some research suggested that patient should be encouraged to change of lifestyle to achieve a optimal self-managing the effects and symptoms of OA(252).
Unfortunately, according to the University of Alberta, the implication for Rehabilitation Pain gasp has not been focused in training programs in occupational therapy education even it is a prevalent condition in all age groups(253). Some research in regarded to occupation therapy in treatment of hand exercise in osteoarthritis, insisted that high-quality studies are necessary to establish a strong and sound of evidences in concerning functional assessment and the effect of hand exercises in hand osteoarthritis(254).

In need, depending to the individual needs, including patients education and self-management programs. Weight loss may be necessary if the osteoarthritic patient is overweight(255); physical therapy may also be needed for muscle strengthening with aerobic conditioning(256)(257) and tai chi exercise(258) with improving pain and function in people with OA, depending to the disease severities(258), etc.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

References
(251) Occupational Therapy - As defined by the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists(Canadian Association of Occupation Therapists)
(252) Integrating lifestyle approaches into osteoarthritis care by Garver MJ1, Focht BC2, Taylor SJ3.(PubMed)
(253) Occupational therapists' pain knowledge: a national survey by Reyes AN1, Brown CA1.(PubMed)
(254) Occupational therapy-based and evidence-supported recommendations for assessment and exercises in handosteoarthritis by Kjeken I1(PubMed)
(255) Osteoarthritis, obesity and weight loss: evidence, hypotheses and horizons – a scoping review by H Bliddal,1 A R Leeds,2,3,4 and R Christensen1(PubMed)
(256) Strength cycle training: effects on muscular strength and aerobic conditioning. by Van Zant RS1, Bouillon LE.(PubMed)
(257) Effect of resistance training and aerobic conditioning on muscular strength and submaximal fitness for individuals with chronic heart failure: influence of age and gender. by Swank AM1, Funk DC, Manire JT, Allard AL, Denny DM.(PubMed)
(258) A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. by Bennell KL1, Hinman RS.(PubMed)

The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis Treatment in Conventional Medicine - The Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

          The Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
a. The use of the medicine should be taken into account of in cost effectiveness, adverse event data and individual cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks(242).
b. Side effects are not limit to
According to King’s College School of Medicine and Dentistry, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause(243)
b.1. A nonspecific colitis (in particular, fenemates), and many patients with collagenous colitis are taking NSAIDs.
b.2. Large intestinal ulcers, bleeding, and perforation
b.3. Relapse of classic inflammatory bowel disease
b.4. Serious complications of diverticular disease (fistula and perforation)
b.5. Small intestinal perforation, ulcers, and strictures requiring surgery
b.6. Specific biochemical and subcellular organelle damage(243).
The University of Sydney insisted that the drug may also cause enteropathy(244).


3. Narcotics
Narcotics are natural opioid drugs derived from the Asian poppy may provide relief from more severe osteoarthritis pain(245), with additive effect(246).
b. According to NIH, the side effects(247) are not limit to
b.1. Risk of dependence
b.2. Dizziness and drowsiness
b.3. Nausea and vomiting
b.4. Headache and fatigue
b.5. Others include
Yawning, insomnia, restlessness, mood swings, diarrhea(247)



Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

References
(231) Physical Activity and Arthritis Overview(CDC)
(232) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(233) Lower body positive pressure: an emerging technology in the battle against knee osteoarthritis? by Takacs J1, Anderson JE, Leiter JR, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD.(PubMed)
(234) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(235) Weight loss over 48 months is associated with reduced progression of cartilage T2 relaxation time values: data from the osteoarthritis initiative by Serebrakian AT1, Poulos T, Liebl H, Joseph GB, Lai A, Nevitt MC, Lynch JA, McCulloch CE, Link TM.(PubMed)
(236) Obesity versus osteoarthritis: beyond the mechanical overload.[Article in English, Portuguese] by Sartori-Cintra AR1, Aikawa P2, Cintra DE3.(PubMed)
(237) Effect of low-level laser therapy (904 nm) and static stretching in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol of randomised controlled trial by Ferreira de Meneses SR1,2, Hunter DJ3, Young Docko E4, Pasqual Marques A5.(PubMed)
(238) The efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (Ultracet®) as add-on and maintenance therapy in knee osteoarthritis pain inadequately controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). by Park KS1, Choi JJ, Kim WU, Min JK, Park SH, Cho CS.(PubMed)
(239) Efficacy and safety of tramadol/acetaminophen tablets (Ultracet) as add-on therapy for osteoarthritis pain in subjects receiving a COX-2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Emkey R1, Rosenthal N, Wu SC, Jordan D, Kamin M; CAPSS-114 Study Group.(PubMed)
(240) Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Remy C1, Marret E, Bonnet F.(PubMed)
(241) Tylenol Side Effects Center(RXlist)
(242) Cost effectiveness of COX 2 selective inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs alone or in combination with a proton pump inhibitor for people with osteoarthritis(The BMJ)
(243) Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans by Bjarnason I1, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS.(PubMed)
(244) Detection and prevention of NSAID-induced enteropathy by Davies NM1, Saleh JY, Skjodt NM.(PubMed)
(245) Patient preference and willingness to pay for knee osteoarthritis treatments. by Posnett J1, Dixit S2, Oppenheimer B2, Kili S3, Mehin N4.(PubMed)
(246) A model of additive effects of mixtures of narcotic chemicals by Shirazi MA1, Linder G.(PubMed)
(247) Pain medications - narcotics(NIH)

The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis -The Medical Treatments

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                                    The Medication

A.3. Medication
The aim of the treatment is to relieve symptoms of the disease
1. Acetaminophen
a. Acetaminophen such as Tylenol can help to relive the pain of Osteoarthritis. In the study to Tramadol/APAP add-on significantly improved knee OA pain which had been inadequately controlled by NSAIDs. Both tramadol/APAP and NSAIDs were effective at maintaining the pain-reduced state(238)(239).
b. According to RX(241) list side effects are not limit to
b.1. Nausea(239) and vomiting(240)
b.2. Appetite loss(241)
b.3. Itching(241)
b.4. Diarrhea
b.5. Dark urine(241)
b.6. Abdominal pain(241)
b.7. Constipation(239)
b.8. Others may include sedation, urinary retention, pruritus and/or respiratory depression(240).

2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
a. The use of the medicine should be taken into account of in cost effectiveness, adverse event data and individual cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks(242).
b. Side effects are not limit to
According to King’s College School of Medicine and Dentistry, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause(243)
b.1. A nonspecific colitis (in particular, fenemates), and many patients with collagenous colitis are taking NSAIDs.
b.2. Large intestinal ulcers, bleeding, and perforation
b.3. Relapse of classic inflammatory bowel disease
b.4. Serious complications of diverticular disease (fistula and perforation)
b.5. Small intestinal perforation, ulcers, and strictures requiring surgery
b.6. Specific biochemical and subcellular organelle damage(243).
The University of Sydney insisted that the drug may also cause enteropathy(244).


3. Narcotics
Narcotics are natural opioid drugs derived from the Asian poppy may provide relief from more severe osteoarthritis pain(245), with additive effect(246).
b. According to NIH, the side effects(247) are not limit to
b.1. Risk of dependence
b.2. Dizziness and drowsiness
b.3. Nausea and vomiting
b.4. Headache and fatigue
b.5. Others include
Yawning, insomnia, restlessness, mood swings, diarrhea(247)


A.4.. Non medication therapy
Non medication therapies such as
1. Physical therapy or physiotherapy
Physical therapy is the form of medical rehabilitation for develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability for patients caused by injure, aging and other external factors such as diseases(250). In knee osteoarthritis, according to The University of Melbourne, more research may be needed to support the claim, physiotherapy interventions has shown to reduce pain and improve function in those with knee OA(249). But according to the joint study by the University of Melbourne, University of Otago and Monash University, physical therapy dose not result in greater improvement in pain or function than other treatment such as sham treatment in patients with hip osteoarthritis(248).

2. Occupational Therapy 
According to the Canadian Association of Occupation Therapists, Occupational therapy is the form of treatment involved evaluating and improving a persons functional abilities of a specific age group or disability such as arthritis, developmental coordination disorder, mental illness, or spinal cord injury, etc...(251). But some research suggested that patient should be encouraged to change of lifestyle to achieve a optimal self-managing the effects and symptoms of OA(252).
Unfortunately, according to the University of Alberta, the implication for Rehabilitation Pain gasp has not been focused in training programs in occupational therapy education even it is a prevalent condition in all age groups(253). Some research in regarded to occupation therapy in treatment of hand exercise in osteoarthritis, insisted that high-quality studies are necessary to establish a strong and sound of evidences in concerning functional assessment and the effect of hand exercises in hand osteoarthritis(254).

In need, depending to the individual needs, including patients education and self-management programs. Weight loss may be necessary if the osteoarthritic patient is overweight(255); physical therapy may also be needed for muscle strengthening with aerobic conditioning(256)(257) and tai chi exercise(258) with improving pain and function in people with OA, depending to the disease severities(258), etc.


Exercise therapy may be beneficiary for treatment of pain in patients with OA(259), but when it is used in conjunctions with other forms of therapies such as strength training and exercise with additional passive manual mobilisation, the combination has found to achieve better pain relief in patients with knee osteoarthritis(260), according to the study by Maastricht University


Manual therapy on the other hand, is more effective than exercise for those with hip OA in the short and long-term(261). Unfortunately, in the investigate the addition of manual therapy to exercise therapy for the reduction of pain and increase of physical function in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA), researchers at the showed that combined strategy of exercise therapy plus manual therapy with booster sessions was not superior to exercise therapy alone in patients with knee osteoarthritis(262).


A.5. Surgery
Surgery only necessary if symptoms persist, depending on several factors, including the location and severity of OA damage, patient characteristics and risk factors.(265).
1. Arthrocentesis plus corticosteroid
Arthrocentesis is a medical procedure to remove joint fluid with a sterile needle for analysis through injection of corticosteroids into the joints to relieve pain, swelling, and inflammation. According to Regions Hospital, there is a reluctance of surgeon to perform such operation in patient who are receiving anticoagulation at therapeutic levels(263).
According to the Mayo clinic, cortisone shots overdoses can cause joint damage(264).

2. Arthroscopy
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to examine and treat the abnormalities of and damage to the cartilage and ligaments through the arthroscope. It is considered as one of the standard interventions with low potential for complications for patient with knee osteoarthritis(265) and ankles, shoulders, elbows, wrists and hips osteoarthritis(266).

3. Lubrication injections
Injections of hyaluronic acid derivatives (Hyalgan, Synvisc) are recommended only to patients who have not found adequate pain relief in conservative treatment(268).
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains high concentrations of autologous growth factors that originate from platelets influences the production of SZP from human joint-derived cells, has shown effectively in treatment of osteoarthritis or damage in the knee joint. or damage in the knee joint, according to the study by University of California(267).

4. Realigning bones
Osteotomy is a surgical procedure used to realign bones, cartilage and reposition the joint to reduce knee pain by shifting your body weight away from the damaged cartilage(269). Osteotomies about the hip may be used for the prevention and treatment of osteoarthrosis(270), only if the mechanical causes of the potential or established osteoarthritis is clear and the operation succeeds in reducing the pathologically excessive joint loads(271).

5. Joint replacement
Joint replacement is a surgical procedure of orthopedic surgery to relief pain and to place the damaged joint surfaces(272). Over 1 million surgical procedure have been perform in elective total knee and hip replacements annually in the United States alone(273). According to study, over 70 % of patients who received rapid mobilization of total joint replacement patients recover safely and reduced the overall length of hospital stay(274).

Joint replacement is considered as a treatment only for patients with severe joint pain or dysfunction that can not be alleviated by non invasive treatments. But, according to Odense University Hospital, hip replacement can be postponed in patients with severe hip osteoarthritis if patients participate in a education and supervised exercise program(275).

6. Etc.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.htmlReferences

(231) Physical Activity and Arthritis Overview(CDC)
(232) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(233) Lower body positive pressure: an emerging technology in the battle against knee osteoarthritis? by Takacs J1, Anderson JE, Leiter JR, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD.(PubMed)
(234) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(235) Weight loss over 48 months is associated with reduced progression of cartilage T2 relaxation time values: data from the osteoarthritis initiative by Serebrakian AT1, Poulos T, Liebl H, Joseph GB, Lai A, Nevitt MC, Lynch JA, McCulloch CE, Link TM.(PubMed)
(236) Obesity versus osteoarthritis: beyond the mechanical overload.[Article in English, Portuguese] by Sartori-Cintra AR1, Aikawa P2, Cintra DE3.(PubMed)
(237) Effect of low-level laser therapy (904 nm) and static stretching in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol of randomised controlled trial by Ferreira de Meneses SR1,2, Hunter DJ3, Young Docko E4, Pasqual Marques A5.(PubMed)
(238) The efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (Ultracet®) as add-on and maintenance therapy in knee osteoarthritis pain inadequately controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). by Park KS1, Choi JJ, Kim WU, Min JK, Park SH, Cho CS.(PubMed)
(239) Efficacy and safety of tramadol/acetaminophen tablets (Ultracet) as add-on therapy for osteoarthritis pain in subjects receiving a COX-2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Emkey R1, Rosenthal N, Wu SC, Jordan D, Kamin M; CAPSS-114 Study Group.(PubMed)
(240) Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Remy C1, Marret E, Bonnet F.(PubMed)
(241) Tylenol Side Effects Center(RXlist)
(242) Cost effectiveness of COX 2 selective inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs alone or in combination with a proton pump inhibitor for people with osteoarthritis(The BMJ)
(243) Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans by Bjarnason I1, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS.(PubMed)
(244) Detection and prevention of NSAID-induced enteropathy by Davies NM1, Saleh JY, Skjodt NM.(PubMed)
(245) Patient preference and willingness to pay for knee osteoarthritis treatments. by Posnett J1, Dixit S2, Oppenheimer B2, Kili S3, Mehin N4.(PubMed)
(246) A model of additive effects of mixtures of narcotic chemicals by Shirazi MA1, Linder G.(PubMed)
(247) Pain medications - narcotics(NIH)

The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis Treatment in Conventional Medicine - The Weight management

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).



                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                                    The Weight management

A.2. Weight management
Over weight and obesity are found to be associated to increased risk of osteoarthritis to elder. According to studies, Over weight and obesity can lead to more severe cartilage degeneration(121)(123) as assessed by both morphological and quantitative MRI measurements(122).According to the study by University of California San Francisco, in the study of 127 individuals with risk factors for knee OA, 62 subjects with a body mass index (BMI) decrease≥10% found to associate to a slower progression of T2 values in individuals with risk factors for OA,(235).


Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.htmlReferences

(231) Physical Activity and Arthritis Overview(CDC)
(232) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(233) Lower body positive pressure: an emerging technology in the battle against knee osteoarthritis? by Takacs J1, Anderson JE, Leiter JR, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD.(PubMed)
(234) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(235) Weight loss over 48 months is associated with reduced progression of cartilage T2 relaxation time values: data from the osteoarthritis initiative by Serebrakian AT1, Poulos T, Liebl H, Joseph GB, Lai A, Nevitt MC, Lynch JA, McCulloch CE, Link TM.(PubMed)

The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis Treatment in Conventional Medicine - Physical Activity

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                                    The Physical Activity

A.1. Physical Activity
According to the center for diseases control and prevention recommends that everyone, including those with arthritis, get 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, including daily flexibility exercises to maintain proper joint range of motion and do balance exercises in patient with osteoarthritis(231). According to the study by University of Manitoba, 12 week lower body positive pressure-support low-load treadmill walking program in patients aged between 55 and 75 years, improved knee joint pain, function, and thigh muscle strength in overweight patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and consider as a safe user-friendly mode of exercise used in management of day-to-day joint symptoms associated with knee OA(232)(233). Other studies insisted that the same program showed a significant improvements in knee joint pain and function and demonstrated significant increases in thigh muscle strength about the degenerative knee(234). Stretching gently on joints may improve flexibility, lessen stiffness and reduced pain. In a study of Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and stretching exercises, researchers found that LLLT can be used as resource to increase the effects of physical therapy(237).


Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.htmlReferences

(231) Physical Activity and Arthritis Overview(CDC)
(232) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(233) Lower body positive pressure: an emerging technology in the battle against knee osteoarthritis? by Takacs J1, Anderson JE, Leiter JR, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD.(PubMed)
(234) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(235) Weight loss over 48 months is associated with reduced progression of cartilage T2 relaxation time values: data from the osteoarthritis initiative by Serebrakian AT1, Poulos T, Liebl H, Joseph GB, Lai A, Nevitt MC, Lynch JA, McCulloch CE, Link TM.(PubMed)
(236) Obesity versus osteoarthritis: beyond the mechanical overload.[Article in English, Portuguese] by Sartori-Cintra AR1, Aikawa P2, Cintra DE3.(PubMed)
(237) Effect of low-level laser therapy (904 nm) and static stretching in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol of randomised controlled trial by Ferreira de Meneses SR1,2, Hunter DJ3, Young Docko E4, Pasqual Marques A5.(PubMed)

The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis- Non medication therapy - Physical therapy or physiotherapy

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                 The Physical therapy or physiotherapy 

A.4.. Non medication therapy
Non medication therapies such as
1. Physical therapy or physiotherapy
Physical therapy is the form of medical rehabilitation for develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability for patients caused by injure, aging and other external factors such as diseases(250). In knee osteoarthritis, according to The University of Melbourne, more research may be needed to support the claim, physiotherapy interventions has shown to reduce pain and improve function in those with knee OA(249). But according to the joint study by the University of Melbourne, University of Otago and Monash University, physical therapy dose not result in greater improvement in pain or function than other treatment such as sham treatment in patients with hip osteoarthritis(248).



Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.htmlReferences

(231) Physical Activity and Arthritis Overview(CDC)
(232) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(233) Lower body positive pressure: an emerging technology in the battle against knee osteoarthritis? by Takacs J1, Anderson JE, Leiter JR, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD.(PubMed)
(234) Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength by Peeler J1, Christian M, Cooper J, Leiter J, MacDonald P.(PubMed)
(235) Weight loss over 48 months is associated with reduced progression of cartilage T2 relaxation time values: data from the osteoarthritis initiative by Serebrakian AT1, Poulos T, Liebl H, Joseph GB, Lai A, Nevitt MC, Lynch JA, McCulloch CE, Link TM.(PubMed)
(236) Obesity versus osteoarthritis: beyond the mechanical overload.[Article in English, Portuguese] by Sartori-Cintra AR1, Aikawa P2, Cintra DE3.(PubMed)
(237) Effect of low-level laser therapy (904 nm) and static stretching in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol of randomised controlled trial by Ferreira de Meneses SR1,2, Hunter DJ3, Young Docko E4, Pasqual Marques A5.(PubMed)
(238) The efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (Ultracet®) as add-on and maintenance therapy in knee osteoarthritis pain inadequately controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). by Park KS1, Choi JJ, Kim WU, Min JK, Park SH, Cho CS.(PubMed)
(239) Efficacy and safety of tramadol/acetaminophen tablets (Ultracet) as add-on therapy for osteoarthritis pain in subjects receiving a COX-2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Emkey R1, Rosenthal N, Wu SC, Jordan D, Kamin M; CAPSS-114 Study Group.(PubMed)
(240) Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Remy C1, Marret E, Bonnet F.(PubMed)
(241) Tylenol Side Effects Center(RXlist)
(242) Cost effectiveness of COX 2 selective inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs alone or in combination with a proton pump inhibitor for people with osteoarthritis(The BMJ)
(243) Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans by Bjarnason I1, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS.(PubMed)
(244) Detection and prevention of NSAID-induced enteropathy by Davies NM1, Saleh JY, Skjodt NM.(PubMed)
(245) Patient preference and willingness to pay for knee osteoarthritis treatments. by Posnett J1, Dixit S2, Oppenheimer B2, Kili S3, Mehin N4.(PubMed)
(246) A model of additive effects of mixtures of narcotic chemicals by Shirazi MA1, Linder G.(PubMed)
(247) Pain medications - narcotics(NIH)
(248) Effect of physical therapy on pain and function in patients with hip osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial by Bennell KL1, Egerton T1, Martin J1, Abbott JH2, Metcalf B1, McManus F1, Sims K3, Pua YH4, Wrigley TV1, Forbes A5, Smith C5, Harris A6, Buchbinder R7.(PubMed)
(249) Physiotherapy management of knee osteoarthritis by Page CJ1, Hinman RS, Bennell KL.(PubMed)
(250) Policy statement: Description of physical therapy(World federation of physical therapy)

The Research and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis preventive Phytochemicals

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).


                                Osteoarthritis 


Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone. University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).


The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                                    The preventive Phytochemicals 

1. Epigallocatechin including catechins, found abundantly in green tea, St John wort, black Tea, carob flour, Fuji apples, etc. is a phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols)
EGCG has shown to slow the progression of OA and relieve OA-associated pain in a mouse model study of research team lead by Dr. Daniel J Leong(201).


a. Inflammatory effects
Catechins might be useful therapeutically as an anti-inflammatory modulator of dental pulpal inflammation(203), through up-regulated expressions of IL-8 in fighting against infection or PGE(2) in response to infection or inflammation(202).

b. Antiviral activities
(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and green tea extract (GTE) inhibited the cytopathic effect of coxsackie B3 virus, but did not inhibit the cytopathic effects of HSV-1, HSV-2, influenza A or influenza B viruses(203(204).

c. Antioxidants
Polyphenolic components extracted from green tea leaves, exhibit antioxidative effects against free radical initiated and peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein(205)(206).

2. Catechin is phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in white tea, green tea, black tea, grapes, wine, apple juice, cocoa, lentils, etc.
a. Body-weight regulation
Green tea-caffeine showed to exert its hypolipidemic and antiobesogenic effects through regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the effect on lipid metabolism and obesity(207). The Ewha Womans University study also support the above result in weight reduction but through genes expression(208). It mixture improves weight maintenance, through thermogenesis, fat oxidation, and sparing fat free mass(209).

b. Antioxidant activity(210)(211)
Polyphenolic compounds (included catechins) in the berries of edible honeysuckle, including proanthocyanidins, catechins, exhibit the beneficial anti-adherence and chemo-protective activities in against a number of chronic conditions, e.g., cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumour growth or cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, according to the study by Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra(212).

c. Anti-inflammatory effect
Polymeric tannins and monomeric flavonoids, such as catechin and epicatechin found in green tea showed to exhibit anti inflammatory effects(213) through interfere with immunobiochemical pathways that are highly relevant for immunosurveillance and competing virus infections(213).

3. Theaflavin is phytochemicals of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found abundantly in black tea.
a. Antioxidant capacities
Theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF(2)B), a derivative of theaflavin exhibits positive antioxidant capacities on singlet oxygen(214), hydrogen peroxide(215), hydroxyl radical(216), and the hydroxyl radical induced DNA damage in vitro(214).
b. Antimicrobial activities
Plant polyphenols, including Theaflavins have exhibited anti microbial activity against several food-borne pathogenic bacteria(217) and growed in Mueller-Hinton medium(218).In the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of seven green tea catechins and four black tea theaflavins, including (-)-gallocatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (-)-catechin-3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate, theaflavin-3′-gallate, and theaflavin-3-gallate exhibit antimicrobial activities, better than medicinal antibiotics, such as tetracycline or vancomycin, at comparable concentrations(218).
c. Anti inflammation
The major polyphenolic compounds in black tea leaves are theaflavins strongly inhibited TPA-induced edema of mouse ears, through its anti inflammatory activity(219).

4. Myricetin is a flavonol, belong to the flavonoid in Flavonoids (polyphenols), found in many grapes, berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, as well as other plants. It has been used as antioxidant to lower cholesterol, treat certain types of cancer, etc.
a. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity
Extracted from plants containing phenolic compound, including flavonoid-galloyl glycoside [myricetin 3-O-(2',3'4'-tri-O-galloyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside] exhibited high antioxidant activity(220)(221) and cytotoxic activity(222) against Hep G2 and hepatocellular carcinoma(220).
b. Antitumour and anti-inflammatory activities
On mammary tumour cells LM2, myricetin may be a promising agent in the treatment of murine breast cancer by immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities due to its inhibitory activity to the release of NO(223). According to the study by East China Normal University, the phytochemical Myricetin also consist anti obesity and anti anti inflammatory activity(224)

5. Cyanidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in red apple and pear, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, plum, hawthorn, etc.
a. Antioxidants
In menopausal women, intake antioxidants has shown to reduce the level of OS. Blackberries (BBs) containing mainly cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside (C3G) exhibit its antioxidant effect in preventing bone loss in rat model(225). According to the joint study by Wonkwang University, Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major components of anthocyanin, a water-soluble phytochemical, may be a potential antioxidant for prevention of bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis(226)

b. Anti-inflammatory Effects
According to Kyung Hee University, cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glycoside express potent anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NF-kappaB pathway(228). Its polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract, containing Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) one of the major component of anthocyanin decreases in the rate of degradation of both proteoglycan and type II collagen as well as inhibition of inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage damage, and bone resorption(227).

c. Obesity
Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g)-rich foods inhibited the onset of obesity, partly related to the activation of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase(LPL), and inhibition of LPL in adipose tissue(229)(230).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

References

(201) Green tea polyphenol treatment is chondroprotective, anti-inflammatory and palliative in a mouse posttraumatic osteoarthritis model by Daniel J Leong, Marwa Choudhury, Regina Hanstein, David M Hirsh, Sun Jin Kim, Robert J Majeska, Mitchell B Schaffler, John A Hardin, David C Spray, Mary B Goldring, Neil J Cobelli, and Hui B Sun(PMC)
(202) Tea catechins reduce inflammatory reactions via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in toll-like receptor 2 ligand-stimulated dental pulp cells by Hirao K1, Yumoto H, Nakanishi T, Mukai K, Takahashi K, Takegawa D, Matsuo T.(PubMed)
(203) Green Tea Catechins and Cardiovascular Health: An Update by Pon Velayutham, Anandh Babu, and Dongmin Liu(PubMed)
(203) [The inhibitory effects of catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerases].[Article in Chinese] by Tao P1.(PubMed)
(204) Differential inhibitory effects of some catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and cellular deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid polymerases. by Nakane H1, Ono K.(PubMed)
(205) Antioxidative effects of green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated and photosensitized peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein. by Liu Z1, Ma LP, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL.(PubMed)
(206) Antioxidant effects of green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. byCai YJ1, Ma LP, Hou LF, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL.(PubMed)
(207) The effect of bioactive compounds in tea on lipid metabolism and obesity through regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by Lee SJ1, Jia Y.(PubMed)
(208) Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces body weight with regulation of multiple genes expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. by Lee MS1, Kim CT, Kim Y.(PubMed)
(209) Green tea catechins, caffeine and body-weight regulation by Westerterp-Plantenga MS1.(PubMed)
(210) Total polyphenols, catechin profiles and antioxidant activity of tea products from purple leaf coloured tea cultivars. byKerio LC1, Wachira FN, Wanyoko JK, Rotich MK.(PubMed)
(211) Effects of quercetin and catechin on hepatic glutathione-S transferase (GST), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and antioxidant enzyme activity levels in rats. by Wiegand H1, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Regos I, Treutter D, Wolffram S, Rimbach G.(PubMed)
(212) Phenolic profile of edible honeysuckle berries (genus lonicera) and their biological effects by Jurikova T1, Rop O, Mlcek J, Sochor J, Balla S, Szekeres L, Hegedusova A, Hubalek J, Adam V, Kizek R.(PubMed)
(213) Bioactivites of two common polyphenolic compounds: Verbascoside and catechin by Sipahi H1,2, Gostner JM3, Becker K2, Charehsaz M1, Kirmizibekmez H4, Schennach H5, Aydin A1, Fuchs D2.(PubMed)
(214) Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses by Yuan-yuan Wu,1,2 Wei Li,1,3 Yi Xu,1,2 En-hui Jin,1,2 and You-ying Tu(PMC)
(215) Theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3'-gallate, polyphenols in black tea with prooxidant properties by Babich H1, Gottesman RT, Liebling EJ, Schuck AG.(PubMed)
(216) Radical-scavenging abilities and antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters in H2O2-mediated oxidative damage system in the HPF-1 cells by Yang Z1, Jie G, Dong F, Xu Y, Watanabe N, Tu Y.(PubMed)
(217) Antimicrobial activity of 10 different plant polyphenols against bacteria causing food-borne disease by Taguri T1, Tanaka T, Kouno I.(PubMed)
(218) Antibacterial spectrum of plant polyphenols and extracts depending upon hydroxyphenyl structure by Taguri T1, Tanaka T, Kouno I.(PubMed)
(219) Antimicrobial activities of tea catechins and theaflavins and tea extracts against Bacillus cereus by Friedman M1, Henika PR, Levin CE, Mandrell RE, Kozukue N.(PubMed)
(220) Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of polyphenolic compounds isolated from the leaves of Leucenia leucocephala by Haggag EG1, Kamal AM, Abdelhady MI, El-Sayed MM, El-Wakil EA, Abd-El-Hamed SS.(PubMed)
(221) Preformulation studies of myricetin: a natural antioxidant flavonoid by Yao Y1, Lin G1, Xie Y1, Ma P2, Li G3, Meng Q4, Wu T3.(PubMed)
(222) Chemical components from the leaves of Ardisia insularis and their cytotoxic activity by Van NT1, Vien TA, Van Kiem P, Van Minh C, Nhiem NX, Long PQ, Anh LT, Kim N, Park S, Kim SH.(PubMed)
(223) Isolated flavonoids against mammary tumour cells LM2 by Carli CB1, de Matos DC, Lopes FC, Maia DC, Dias MB, Sannomiya M, Rodrigues CM, Andreo MA, Vilegas W, Colombo LL, Carlos IZ.(PubMed)
(224) Myricetin suppresses differentiation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes and enhances lipolysis in adipocytes. by Wang Q1, Wang ST1, Yang X1, You PP1, Zhang W2.(PubMed)
(225) Cyanidin 3-O-β-D-Glucoside Improves Bone Indices by Kaume L1, Gilbert W1, Smith BJ2, Devareddy L1.(PubMed)
(226) Dual Role of Cyanidin-3-glucoside on the Differentiation of Bone Cells. by Park KH1, Gu DR2, So HS3, Kim KJ1, Lee SH4.(PubMed)
(227) Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract in an antigen-induced arthritis rat model by Jean-Gilles D1, Li L, Ma H, Yuan T, Chichester CO 3rd, Seeram NP.(PubMed)
(228) Anti-inflammatory effects of black rice, cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glycoside, and its metabolites, cyanidin and protocatechuic acid by Min SW1, Ryu SN, Kim DH.(PubMed)
(229) Lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and post-heparin plasma in primary endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia: relation to lipoprotein pattern and to obesity by Taskinen MR, Nikkilä EA, Kuusi T.(PubMed)
(230) Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice by regulating lipoprotein lipase activity by Wei X1, Wang D, Yang Y, Xia M, Li D, Li G, Zhu Y, Xiao Y, Ling W.(PubMed)