Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Sunday, 7 October 2018

Green tea, The Beverage Which Processes Anti Viral Activity Against Onset of Pneumonitis

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition

Scientists may have found a beverage processed antivirus property for a cure of pneumonitis, some studies suggested.

Pneumonitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the walls of the alveoli in the lungs, in most cases, it is caused by a virus.

However, irritants, ranging from airborne molds to chemotherapy drugs, have been linked to the onset of the condition.

Most common symptoms of are difficulty breathing, often accompanied by a dry cough.

Green tea, a precious drink processes numbers of health benefit known to almost everyone in Asia and Western world.

In the concerns of the widespread of some virus in the induction of pneumonitis, researchers at the Kobe University conducted an investigation to examine whether green tea Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin component of green tea possessed antiviral activities against a wide range of DNA viruses and RNA viruses, that cause pneumonitis.

At the final report of the experiment, researchers suggested that EGCG appears most likely to inhibits the early stage of infections, such as attachment, entry, and membrane fusion, by interfering with viral membrane proteins.

Also, according to the observation of the relationships between structure and antiviral activity of catechin derivatives, researchers found that the 3-galloyl and 5'-OH group of catechin derivatives appears critical to antiviral activities in the early phase of infection.

In addition of fatty acid derivative, the combination also exerts an increase viral and cellular membrane permeability.

These results suggested that EGCG-fatty acid monoesters improved greater antiviral activities against different types of viruses, probably due to their increased affinity for virus and cellular membranes, compared to the use of EGCG alone.

Dr. Kaihatsu K, the lead author said, after taking into account of other co and confounders, "(The) application of EGCG-fatty acid derivatives for the prevention and treatment of viral infections".

Furthermore, a study in the evaluation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea, anti-infective properties.launched by the University of Duisburg-Essen, showed that application of EGCG demonstrated a significant activity on orthomyxoviridae and Flaviviridae and other human pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and the hepatitis C virus.through interfering with the replication cycle of DNA viruses like hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus,.... and adenovirus.

Additionally, in an experimental skin contact model for influenza virus transmission to evaluate the use of a green tea solution as a first-hand disinfectant, researchers strong agreed that green tea displays a strong antiviral effect in inhibiting the infectivity of the virus on the skin cell layer.

This result suggested that green tea may be used as a non-pharmaceutical washing solution in reducing human transmission of viral infection, including the virus that causes pneumonitis.

Taken all together, green tea and its bioactive EGCG may be considered a functional food in protecting the lung tissue against the onset of viral pneumonitis.

Intake of green tea supplement EGCG should be taken with extreme care as acute liver diseases have been reported in many instances.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Antiviral Mechanism of Action of Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and Its Fatty Acid Esters by Kaihatsu K1, Yamabe M2, Ebara Y. (PubMed)

(2) Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea by Steinmann J1, Buer J, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E.(PubMed)

(3) Evaluation of the antiviral activity of a green tea solution as a hand-wash disinfectant by Shin WJ1, Kim YK, Lee KH, Seong BL. (PubMed)

Detoxification: Fennel, The Potent and Functional Food Which Protects the Liver Against Toxicity

Kyle J. Norton

Fennel may be considered a functional food in exhibited liver protective effect against toxicity, some scientists suggested.

Liver protection in an action that prevents injury and damage of the liver, regardless of the causes.

Researchers do not know the exact cause of liver disease. However, they do know that genes inherited from the parents, aging and viral and bacterial infection are associated with the increased risk of liver disease.

Additionally, long-term excessive alcohol drinking and obesity are also some prevalent risk factors for the onset of liver disease.

Untreated liver disease or liver disease that is not treated properly overtime can increase the risk of cirrhosis, a leading cause of liver failure and a life-threatening condition.

Dr. William Nseir, the lead author in the assessment of the role of diet and lifestyle changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease wrote, "A combination of dietary modifications and increased physical activity remains the mainstay of NAFLD management. It is hard to maintain this mode of management; however, it seems to have significant long-term benefits" and "Furthermore, NAFLD patients, whether obese or not, should be educated that a healthy diet and physical activity have benefits beyond weight reduction".

These results suggested that change of diet and lifestyle with moderate exercise may have a strong effect in the prevention of liver disease.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belonging to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean.

The herb has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...

In the evaluation of the liver protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CLL4) in the rat model, researchers found that oral administration of essential oil isolated from the fennel exerts a strong activity in the decrease of levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin, the potential causes of liver damage through their toxic effects.

Further analysis insisted that the hepatoprotective activity of the essential oil was attributed to the expression of phytochemical constituents d-limonene and β-myrcene in the inhibition of the levels of carbon tetrachloride in catalyzing liver toxicity and initiating liver lesion and liver fibrosis.

Additional differentiation of the hepatic fibrosis model in rats induced by subcutaneous injection with 40% CCl4 olive oil mixture with 94 male SD rats given high lipoid-low protein animal feeds for 5 weeks then randomly divided into six groups, including blank control group (A-group), 8 rats were feed in normal, prevention model control group (B-group), 10 rats given saline solution by intragastric administration during make of hepatic fibrosis model and FVM prevention group (C-group), 10 rats given FVM by intragastric administration during make of hepatic fibrosis model; model control group (D-group), FVM treatment group (E-group) and Fuzhenghuayu treatment group (F-group), after assessing the results from the 5-th weekend, A, B, C- group rats sacrificed at the 6-th, 7-th, 8-th, 9-th weekend and 4-6 rats in D, E, F-group sacrificed., researchers indicated that

* The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin(a-SMA) associated with liver damage and correlated positively in recurrent HCV hepatitis group are significantly higher in the HBV cirrhosis detected by immunohistochemical staining assay.

* Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an amino acid found in proteins and intermediate in cellular energy production presented in the blood of tested subjects may be an indication of liver damage.

Low levels of ALT are found in the blood profiles of healthy individuals.

* Similar to ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme associated with the liver parenchymal cell and presented in low levels in the blood of healthy individual but significantly higher in liver damage tested rats.

* Hyaluronic acid (HA) is distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues, the prediction of liver damage, particularly in the risk of liver fibrosis.

* Increased levels of Laminin (LN), a protein of the extracellular matrix, is also associated with substantial risk with the development of liver fibrosis.

* Overexpression of levels of 8 - hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is another indication of oxidative stress and also considered as a critical biomarker of carcinogenesis.

The increased levels of above expressions suggested a substantial damage to the liver caused by ingestion of CCL4 in the non-fennel treatment group

However, application of fennel in such groups inhibited the overexpression of toxicity caused by injection of CCL4 by restoring the normal levels of Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN) and 8 - hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG).

Further analysis also showed that oral administration of fennel inhibited the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in precipitated oxidative stress through lipid peroxidation.

Some researchers suggested that levels of MDA may be used as a biomarker in the assessment of oxidative stress status in patients with liver disease or cancer.

Moreover, injection of fennel exerted liver protective and anti-inflammatory effects through its antioxidants overexpression and improved production of natural antioxidants in the host tissue such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase levels in inhibited oxidative stress initiated by CCL4

Precisely, fennel significantly decreased expression serums of ALT, AST, HA, and LN and MDA, 8-OHdG, fiber and a-SMA expression in the FVM group and lowered inflammation grade and fibrosis stage compared to control group.

Dr. Zhang ZG, the lead authors, after taking into account of other co-founders said, "Foeniculum Vulgare Mill declines liver inflammation response, and prevent the hepatic fibrosis progression,, this may be due to its effects of antioxidative results".

The findings suggested that fennel with abundant bioactive anethole may be considered a functional food in exhibited hepatoprotective effect through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidants activities.

Sources
(1) Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil by Ozbek H1, Uğraş S, Dülger H, Bayram I, Tuncer I, Oztürk G, Oztürk A.(PubMed)
(2) [Antioxidant effects of the Uygur herb, Foeniculum Vulgare Mill, in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis].[Article in Chinese] by Zhang ZG1, Lu XB, Xiao L, Tang L, Zhang LJ, Zhang T, Zhan XY, Ma XM, Zhang YX(PubMed)
(3) Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology by Shamkant B. Badgujar,* Vainav V. Patel, and Atmaram H. Bandivdekar(PubMed)

Saturday, 6 October 2018

Fennel, The Reliable and Less Expensive Functional Food For Treatment of Hirsutism

Kyle J. Norton

Fennel may have a therapeutic effect in reducing the risk of unwanted hair growth in women, some scientists suggested.

Hirsutism is an unwanted hair growth pattern in women.

The exact causes of Hirsutism are unknown. However, researchers do know certain risk factors are associated to the early onset of the disease, including women who have a persistent hormone imbalance, are obese.

Certain medical conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, long-term, irregular period, abnormal menstrual conditions and cysts presented in the ovaries, and Cushing's syndrome are also considered the prevalent risk factors of Hirsutism.

Some women with the syndrome may experience symptoms of deepening voice, persistent acne on the facial skin, decreased breast size, increased muscle mass, particularly, unwanted hair growth.

If you have some of the above symptoms, please check with your doctor to rule out the possibility.

In most cases, Hirsutism is treated by androgen inhibitor such as spironolactone(Aldactone). Topical cream. Eflornithine (Vaniqa), a prescription cream is a primary treatment for women with excessive hair growth.

If you use the above medication, please make sure that know all the side effects.

Some researchers suggested due to the complex nature of the syndrome, management is usually a long and troublesome process.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belonging to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean.

The herb or food has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...

The double-blind study, using an ethanolic extract of Fennel, obtained by a Soxhlet apparatus to test the efficacy against the expression of idiopathic hirsutism of a total of 38 patients, includes women with idiopathic hirsutism, a normal ovulatory menstrual cycle and normal levels of serum androgens but exhibited male growth pattern were selected to participate.

All patients were assigned randomly to receive either topical cream containing 1%, 2% of Fennel extract or placebo.

At the end of the experiment, researchers found that application of fennel cream exerts a significant effect in reducing hair growth diameter compared to placebo.

Fennel cream with 2% concentration displayed a strongly inhibited activity compared to cream with 1%.

Specifically, the mean values of hair diameter reduction were 7.8%, 18.3% and -0.5% for patients receiving the creams containing 1%, 2% and 0% (placebo) respectively, without inducing any untolerated adverse effects.

These results suggested that fennel ethanolic extract in reducing male hair growth pattern may be attributed to estrogenic property in the activation of the molecular pathways involved in the estrogen-mediated induction of hair growth.

Dr. Ozra Akh, the lead author said, "Estrogens harness the making of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the papilla cells of the skin by controlling 5-alfa reductase enzyme or increasing the conversion of testosterone to weaker androgens and decreasing the testosterone available for conversion to DHT".

Truly, in the review of literature of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial carried out from 2009 to 2011, in Sari, Iran with a total of 44 women with mild to moderate idiopathic hirsutism, researchers assigned participants either to the group of 22 treated with fennel gel 3% or the control group received placebo.

The mean age of both groups are not much difference at 26.9±6.7 and 25.6±4.3 years in case and control group, respectively, the researchers after taking into account co and confounders indicated that application of fennel gel 3% demonstrates a significant effect in the reduction of thickness of facial hair in micrometer by microscope compared to placebo, after 24 weeks of treatment.

The results of the score of both groups were compared to the baseline taken before the experiment

Although no severity of side effects was found during the period, 4 patients complained of itching (3 in the case group) and 4 patients complained of irritation and itching (3 in the case group).

In compared to the results of 2 experiments used in the article, both 2% gel and 3% gel exerted a similar efficacy in treating idiopathic hirsutism in patients with mild, moderated and excessive hair growth.

Truly, the property in reduced unwanted hair growth in the study, probably due to the presence of major bioactive phytochemical trans-anethole and di-anethole anti-androgenic effect.

Based on the evidence found, fennel may be considered a reliable and less expensive functional food for treatment of idiopathic hirsutism.

However, due to the limited information provided by the small sample size, short period time of follow-up and the case severity does not include in both studies, Additional studies are necessary to reconfirm fennel anti Hirsutism viability.

Sources
(1) Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A double-blind placebo controlled study by Javidnia K1, Dastgheib L, Mohammadi Samani S, Nasiri A.(PubMed)
(2) The effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) gel 3% in decreasing hair thickness in idiopathic mild to moderate hirsutism, A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial by Ozra Akha, MD,1 Khadijeh Rabiei, MD,*,2 Zahra Kashi, MD,1 Adele Bahar, MD,1 Elham Zaeif-Khorasani, MD,1 Mehrnoush Kosaryan, MD,3 Majid Saeedi, PhD,4 Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh, PhD,5 and Omid Emadian, MD(PubMed)

Caffeinated Coffee, The Beverage Which Protects Skin Against Aging by Increasing Micro-Vascular Function in Skin, Scientists Reveal

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition

Moderate intake of caffeinated coffee regularly may have a particular effect in protecting the skin against aging, a joint institutes study suggested.

Skin aging is a natural process that cannot be reversed. However, by looking after our skin through a change of diet and lifestyle and reduced skin exposure to substances which have a potential to cause skin damage, skin aging process can be delayed.

Dr. Silke K. Schagen, the lead author in the study of Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging wrote, "Vitamins, carotenoids, tocopherols, flavonoids and a variety of plant extracts have been reported to possess potent antioxidant properties and have been widely used in the skin care industry either as topically applied agents or oral supplements in an attempt to prolong youthful skin appearance"

These results suggested that regular intake of fruits and vegetable with abundant nutrients and antioxidants may have a strong effect in delaying skin aging process.

Additionally, in the study of lifestyle and risk of skin aging in Japanese, Dr. Keiko Asakura, the lead scientists suggested, "Smoking status and topical sun protection were significantly associated with signs of visible skin aging in this study population" and " (There are) significant differences between sexes in the severity of hyperpigmentation, texture, and pores, but not wrinkling".

More precisely, skin aging can be caused by a number of factors, including
* The intrinsic aging of skin are factors that cannot be controlled, such as gene inherited from the parents, hormone change and cellular recession due to aging.

* The extrinsic aging of skin are factors that can or cannot be prevented, such as sun exposure, smoking, air pollution, bad eating habits, and physical inactivity.

Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particularly in the West, is a drink made from roasted bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.

In the review of coffee caffeine effect in skin blood flow, researchers at the study lead by the Linköping University showed that intake of caffeinated coffee exhibits a stronger expression in increased skin microvascular response to transdermal iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh)( non‐invasively introduce vasoactive drugs in regulating the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions), in compared to decaffeinated coffee intake group.

The study also found that coffee caffeine intake displayed a significant effect in microvascular responses in increasing blood flow to the skin but decreasing blood flow in the fingertips, during the first hour after of drinking;

These result suggested that caffeine in coffee showed an enormous activity in increasing blood flow to the body's skin.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study performed in 27 healthy volunteers with oral intake of a cup either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee and reactive hyperemia of finger blood flow assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, within an interval of more than 2 days, the same experimental protocol was repeated with another coffee in a crossover manner, researchers showed that caffeinated coffee intake group demonstrated a slightly decreased finger blood flow in compared to decaffeinated coffee intake group.

According to the index of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, microvascular endothelial function, in compared with decaffeinated coffee intake, caffeine contained showed an important effect in enhanced microvascular function in healthy individuals.

Taking together, the findings suggested that intake of coffee caffeine exerted a significant effect in promoted skin blood flow through a microvascular function which may have a strong impact in reducing the risk of skin aging.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Acute effects of coffee on skin blood flow and microvascular function by Tesselaar E1, Nezirevic Dernroth D2, Farnebo S3.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee on microvascular function in healthy subjects by Noguchi K1, Matsuzaki T2, Sakanashi M2, Hamadate N2, Uchida T2, Kina-Tanada M2, Kubota H2, Nakasone J2, Sakanashi M2, Ueda S3, Masuzaki H4, Ishiuchi S5, Ohya Y6, Tsutsui M7.(PubMed)

(3) Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging by Silke K. Schagen,, † Vasiliki A. Zampeli, Evgenia Makrantonaki, and Christos C. Zouboulis. (PMC)

(4) Lifestyle Factors and Visible Skin Aging in a Population of Japanese Elders by Keiko Asakura,1 Yuji Nishiwaki,1 Ai Milojevic,1 Takehiro Michikawa,1 Yuriko Kikuchi,1Makiko Nakano,1 Satoko Iwasawa,1 Greg Hillebrand,2 Kukizo Miyamoto,2 Masaji Ono,3Yoshihide Kinjo,4 Suminori Akiba,5 and Toru Wakabayashi. (PMC)

Fennel, The Potent Neurons Protective and Memory Enhancing Functional Food

Kyle J. Norton

Intake of fennel daily and regularly may have a profound and positive effect in enhancing memory, some scientists suggested.

The human brain consists of billions of neurons, some of them were given a special function in storing the event from the past.

In other words, There is a faculty in the human brain in which the mind stores and remembers information.

There are 2 types of memory. The short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes the working memory, reacted by taking into information that already was happened in the past.

Long-term memories are information collected by the brain that can last for just a few days, or years. Some long-term memories are more important than others.

Memory loss occurs often in the aging population. It is a normal degeneration, however, we can’t take action to slow it down a little.

Some researchers suggested that change of lifestyle, such as meditation and eating habit such as reduced intake of red meat which has been found to associate to lipid peroxidation can improve or slow down the risk of memory loss.

Dr. Xian Jiang, the lead author in the evaluation of the consumption of fruit and vegetables in the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, wrote, "The meta-analysis showed that an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia (the leading cause of memory loss)".

Risks of cognitive impairment and dementia-inducing memory loss were reduced by an approximately 13% for an increment of 100 g per day of fruit and vegetable consumption.

A study which examines the fennel enhancing memory activity in an orogastric tube suggested that administration at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, fennel displays a significant effect in enhancing short and long-term memory.

Scientists at the research center, after taking into account all factors, recommended that adding a portion of fennel in the daily diet may improve memory in all aspects.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belongings to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean.

The herbal medicine has been used in traditional and herbal medicine, like warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...

According to the observation of urinary levels of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), daily administration of F. vulgare extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) 1 h prior to the induction of stress, exerted a significantly altered the stress in reducing central nervous system in the expression of stress hormone production from 395.79 to 347.12, 311.21 and 258.86 μg/kg, receptively.

In compared to ascorbic acid, fennel extracts treated groups also exhibited potent antioxidant effect by inhibiting lipid peroxidation in both tested rats liver and brain homogenates to a greater extent.

These results suggested that fennel extract may also improve brain function by reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the induction of neuron cells cytotoxicity and apoptosis in facilitating plagues accumulation in the neurons, the process has long been found to decrease long-term memory recalled.

At the same period, memory deficits induced by scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) in rats was significantly reversed by F. vulgare dose-dependently.

Dr. A. E. Bawazirand, the lead author of the research paper said, "F. vulgare may be useful in the management of stress and stress-related disorders on account of its multiple actions such as anti-stress, memory-enhancing and antioxidant effects".

Further analysis of the enhanced memory and intelligence of F. vulgaris, an ayurvedic Rasayana (mixture) served to children as part of their food in Indian traditional medicine, scientists found that ingestion of whole plant extract at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg exhibits a strong memory-enhancing effect against scopolamine-induced amnesic rats.

Observed by conditioned avoidance response (CAR) technique, group treated with fennel extract of rats through gradually increased administration up to 95% over 7 to 12 days demonstrated a significant increase of percent avoidance due to information feedback from previous experience, compared to control group.

Additionally, fennel extracts showed strong linearly and independently in memory recalled from tested rats.

As Animals received 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract took ten days, while groups treated with 100 and 50 mg/kg doses of the extract required eleven and twelve days, respectively, to reach the point of acquisition.

Importantly, during the period of the experiment, treated rats demonstrated significantly less amnesia, a partial or total loss of memory induced by scopolamine in compared to nontreatment group.

Continuously, fennel treatment also produced better retention and recovery of memory deficits on a dose-dependent manner than the vehicle-treated animals.

Dr. Shamkant B. Badgujar, the lead scientist said, "Recovery from scopolamine-induced amnesia in the extract-treated groups took 3–5 days when compared to normal (control) group which took over 6 days".

Some researchers suggested that the neuro memory enhancement of fennel extracts may be attributed by the effective influence as a sedative and the herbal protective effects in the maintenance of brain tissue through directly increase the total content of neurotransmitters in all the tested regions.

Finally, "Fennel is likely to be safe for use as a moderator and enhancer of the functions of the central nervous system by increasing the total content of neurotransmitters and also can be a protection against stress and stress-related diseases such as memory loss, because it contains high amounts of antioxidants", according to the study of "Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology" suggestion.

Taking together, Fennel whole plant and whole plant extracts may be considered as a function in improved memory in all aspects.

These results also reaffirmed the use of fennel as a brain enhancer product by tradition herbal medicine.

Sources
(1) The effect of aqueous extracts of Fennel (Foenicul umvulgare Mill) seeds on some neurotransmitters Content and histological structure changing of cerebellar cortexin the brain of male albino rats by A. E. Bawazirand, L. E. Bokhary(Journal of American Science)
(2) Foeniculum vulgare Mill (Umbelliferae) Attenuates Stress and Improves Memory in Wister Rats by S Koppula, H Kumar(Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research)
(5) Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology by Shamkant B. Badgujar,* Vainav V. Patel, and Atmaram H. Bandivdekar(PubMed)

Green Tea and Its Bioactive EGCG Which Process Anti Bacterial Activity Against the Onset of Atypical Pneumonia, Scientist Find

Kyle J. Norton

Green tea may have a therapeutic and positive effect in protecting the lung against bacterias that cause atypical pneumonia, some scientists suggested.

Atypical pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract. The disease is accounted for 7%‐20% of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Most cases of atypical pneumonia are caused by the Streptococcus pneumonia. However, Other bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia, Chlamydia psittaci, and Legionella pneumophila are also found in some patients with atypical pneumonia.

Conventional medicine used for the treatment of typical pneumonia, such as Macrolide antibiotics: Macrolide drugs are the preferred treatment for children and adults. Macrolides include azithromycin(Zithromax®) and clarithromycin may be effective. However, they can induce certain side effects including gastrointestinal discomforts.

The article of Popular Antibiotics May Carry Serious Side Effects BY JANE E. BRODY, in the explanation of a patient who just took on dose of antibiotic, wrote," After just one dose, he developed widespread pain and weakness." and " (He is) unable to walk uphill, climb stairs or see clearly, his symptoms included dry eyes, mouth, and skin; ringing in his ears; delayed urination; uncontrollable shaking; burning pain in his eyes and feet; occasional tingling in his hands and feet; heart palpitations; and muscle spasms in his back and around his eyes".

If you are currently taking antibiotics for the treatment of a disease, please make sure that you discuss the side effects with your doctor.

Green tea, a precious drink processes numbers of health benefit known to almost everyone in Asia and Western world.

With an aim to find the natural solution with antibacterial potential, researchers at the University of Duisburg-Essen conducted a study to examine whether green tea processes antibacterial activity against the onset of infectious diseases.

at the final report of the experiment researcher wrote, the minimum inhibitory concentrations against bacteria were 10–100-fold higher compared to the antiviral property with the same volume.

EGCG used alone or in combination with different antibiotics exerts a significant activity against a number of bacteria including multidrug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, the group of bacteria that cause atypical pneumonia.

The additional analysis suggested that EGCG displays the efficacy in inhibiting bacteria by binding to lipid membranes and affecting the folic acid metabolism of bacteria and fungi by inhibiting the cytoplasmic enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.

Dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, an enzyme that reduces hydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, plays an essential role in the building of DNA of the cells.

Furthermore, in an aim to find a natural anti antibacterial remedy in replacing the ineffective antibiotics as well as the concerns over the toxicity of the mainstay of treatment against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a main cause of atypical pneumonia, researchers at the Barts & The London NHS Trust conducted a study to examine the effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin found in green tea,against a number of bacteria.

In a total of 40 clinical isolates of S. maltophilia used in the experiment, scientists found that EGCG exerts a promising in vitro antimicrobial activity against S. maltophilia. At the dose of 512 mg/ L., EGCG inhibited bacteria in the range of 50% and 90%.

Moreover, in the examination of tea leaves organic compounds involved in the defense of the plants against invading pathogens including insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses, researchers showed that tea flavonoids and teas exert great antimicrobial effects against foodborne and other pathogenic bacteria, virulent protein toxins produced by some of the bacteria, virulent bacteriophages, pathogenic viruses, and fungi.

Taken all together, green tea and its bioactive ingredient EGCG may be considered a functional food and supplement respectively in protecting the human body against bacteria, particularly, Streptococcus pneumonia in the initiation of the onset of bacterial infection and infectious diseases, including atypical pneumonia.

Sources
(1) Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea by J Steinmann,1 J Buer,1 T Pietschmann,2 and E Steinmann(PMC)
(2) Antimicrobial activity of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by Gordon NC1, Wareham DW(PubMed)

(3) Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas Mendel Friedman

Coffee, The Beverage Which Protects Human Cells DNA Against Mutagenesis, Scientists Suggested

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition

Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee intake may have a profound effect in protecting the human healthy cell against mutagens in alternating cell DNA transcripts, some studies suggested.

Mutagenicity is an action characterized by the alternation of the DNA chemically or physically.

In most cases, mutagenicity, in human expressed by mutagens are associated with the onset of irregular cells growth, causing various types of cancer.

Coffee, second to green tea, is a popular and social beverage all over the world, particularly in the West, made from roasted bean from the Coffea plant, native to the tropical Africa and Madagascar.

In the study of caffeine effect in mutagenesis, coffee and caffeine showed a significant effect in gene mutation in bacteria and fungi, but in high concentrations, they can also express a similarly mutagenic influence to mammalian cells.

In other words, the application of coffee and caffeine can induce the change of the DNA of bacteria, virus, and fungi and human cultured cells

In the microbial environment, the change of DNA sometimes can increase the survival of the microorganisms in adapting to the change of environment. The results can make them more lethal than the previous form.

The findings suggested the duo effect of coffee and caffeine, on one hand, inhibited the gene mutation but on the hand displayed a significant mutagenic DNA damage to living organisms, but less in the human even with a moderated drinking habit.

Also in bacterial experiments, according to the observation from bacteria mutation assays, trigonelline, found in caffeine alone or in combination with most of the single amino acids found in caffeine and mixtures of amino acids, showed a potent mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains.

The mutagenic activity of caffeine can be observed through its potentiation in inducing chromosomal aberrations through transforming sublethal damage of mutagenic agents into lethal damage.

Furthermore, the study also revealed that chemically reactive components such as aliphatic dicarbonyls from the caffeine were some of the culprits attributed to this mutagenic exhibition.

But conversely, according to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, intake of caffeinated coffee demonstrated a protective effect in inhibiting these mutagenic activities through theirs' numerous chemicals depending on the time consumption in the presence of the mutagenic agent.

Dr. Wu X, the lead author said, "Trigonelline and amino acids are natural components in green coffee beans. Model systems mimicking coffee roasting were used to produce heated samples of trigonelline, amino acids, and glucose".

Additionally, according to the coffee producing company, Nestlé Research Center, coffee intake has shown a strong effect in the exhibition of the function of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification processes and primary hepatocytes.

In animal study, the experiment also found that coffee induces the mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in the promotion of cellular antioxidant defenses.

More importantly, coffee also exhibited chemoprotective effects of against toxic Aflatoxin B1 in the induction of genotoxicity in either human liver cell line and primary hepatocytes.

The in-depth comparison of all studies above suggested caffeine has an effect in the contribution of gene mutation in microorganisms, while intake of caffeinated coffee expresses an opposite effect in the protection of gene in human.

Taking all together, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may be considered a functional beverage for protection of our body cells against alternation of DNA transcription in the initiation of cancers.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299

Sources
(1) Potential genotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: a review by Nehlig A1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(2) Trigonelline, a naturally occurring constituent of green coffee beans behind the mutagenic activity of roasted coffee? by Wu X1, Skog K, Jägerstad M.(PubMed)
(3) Induction of Nrf2-mediated cellular defenses and alteration of phase I activities as mechanisms of chemoprotective effects of coffee in the liver by Cavin C1, Marin-Kuan M, Langouët S, Bezençon C, Guignard G, Verguet C, Piguet D, Holzhäuser D, Cornaz R, Schilter B.(PubMed)