Avocado as Antioxidant

Avocado is commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world. It is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Nutrients
1. Vitamin K
2. Dietary fiber
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin C
5. Folate
6. Copper
7. Potassium
8. Amino acid
9. Others
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B12
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin E
e) Carotenoid
f) Pantothenic acid
g) Calcium
h) Chromium
Chemical constituents
The fruit contains campesterol, high amounts of β-sitosterol (average 76.4 mg/100 g); fatty acids (approximately 60% monounsaturated, 20% saturated, and 20% unsaturated); high amounts of glutathione (27.7 mg/100 g); approximately 2% protein; 6–9% carbohydrates and sugars (glucose, fructose, d-mannoheptulose, a taloheptulose, and an alloheptulose); two bitter substances (1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene and 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene); carnitine; proanthocyanidins; persenones A and B(a).
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.
Ethyl acetate, containing 70% acetone, and 70% methanol extracts of the peel, pulp, and seed from two avocado (Persea americana Mill) exerted its antioxidant activity in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria through inhibition of oxidative stress(1). the Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey suggested that avocado pulp may sever as a novel lipophilic antioxidants in a food matrix due to the presence of acetogenins(2), a class of polyketide natural products found in plants. The University of California in the study of the effect of harvest date on nutritional compounds and antioxidant activity (AOC) in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass) fruit , suggested that AOC in early harvested fruit after storage for 35 days was much higher than that in late harvested fruit after storage for 21 days(3).


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References
(1) Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) phenolics, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation in porcine patties by Rodríguez-Carpena JG¹, Morcuende D, Andrade MJ, Kylli P, Estévez M.(PubMed)
(2) Activity-guided identification of acetogenins as novel lipophilic antioxidants present in avocado pulp (Persea americana) by Rodríguez-Sánchez D¹, Silva-Platas C, Rojo RP, García N, Cisneros-Zevallos L, García-Rivas G, Hernández-Brenes C.(PubMed)
(3) Effect of harvest date on the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity in 'Hass' avocado during storage by Wang M¹, Zheng Y, Khuong T, Lovatt CJ.(PubMed)

Herbal cayenne and High blood pressure

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.
Epidemiological studies linking cayenne in reduced hypertension have not been conclusive, the mechanism of these effect are still an mystery.
The pepper (Capsicum) genus showed to exhibit both anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hypertension potential in many studies, probably through inhibition of related enzymes(1). But in other studies, ingestion of large amount may cause an arterial hypertensive crisis, according to a case report at 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. There was a report of a case of an arterial hypertensive crisis in a 19-year-old Italian man with an abundant ingestion of peppers and of chili peppers the preceding day(2).
Capsaicin in Caynne also found to exhibit acute myocardial infarction with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone if ingestion of large amount(3).
This dual mechanisms presented in cayenne may not be explained by conventional medicine, traditional Chinese medicine provides this differentiation. Cayenne, yang in nature, promotes Qi movement of blood. In healthy individual, qi smooth movement reduces the unnecessary blood pressure in blood transportation. On the other hand, movement of qi was block to induce higher blood pressure due to the presence of high amount cholesterol cause of narrow blood vessel.

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References
(1) Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America by Ranilla LG¹, Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K.(PubMed)
(2) Capsaicin and arterial hypertensive crisis by Patanè S, Marte F, La Rosa FC, La Rocca R.(PubMed)
(3) Capsaicin, arterial hypertensive crisis and acute myocardial infarction associated with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone by Patanè S, Marte F, Di Bella G, Cerrito M, Coglitore S.(PubMed)

The Rubs - Cajun Blackening dry Rub

Recipe by Cooking light, the complete Quick Cook, (A practical Guide to Smart, Fast home Cooking) by Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarborough, Publisher Oxmoor House

Try this fiery rub on chicken breasts or white-fleshed fish fillets, such as calfish or snapper. Or try it on shell o0n shrimp for a real Cajun feast. You can also sprinkle it on burgers of any variety, from turkey to beef-or over corn on the cob.

21/2 tsp. paprika
2 tsp. salt
11/2 tsp. ground cumin
11/2 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
1/2 tsp. garlic powder
1/2 tsp. ground red pepper
Combined all ingredients. Store in a airtight container at room temperature for up to 2 months. Yield about 1/2 (Serving size: 1 tsp,)

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Food Therapy - Avocado's Anti inflammatory effect

Avocado is commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world. It is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Nutrients
1. Vitamin K
2. Dietary fiber
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin C
5. Folate
6. Copper
7. Potassium
8. Amino acid
9. Others
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B12
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin E
e) Carotenoid
f) Pantothenic acid
g) Calcium
h) Chromium
Chemical constituents
The fruit contains campesterol, high amounts of β-sitosterol (average 76.4 mg/100 g); fatty acids (approximately 60% monounsaturated, 20% saturated, and 20% unsaturated); high amounts of glutathione (27.7 mg/100 g); approximately 2% protein; 6–9% carbohydrates and sugars (glucose, fructose, d-mannoheptulose, a taloheptulose, and an alloheptulose); two bitter substances (1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene and 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene); carnitine; proanthocyanidins; persenones A and B(a).

The immune system is the set of cells comprised with the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.
In UV-induced damage in skin cells, the unique lipid molecules, polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols (PFA), extracted from avocado, showed to reduce UVB-induced damage and inflammation in skin. Application of the extract  prior to their exposure to UVB enhanced a protective effect, increased cell viability, decreased the secretion of IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. and PGE(2) in mediated the inflammation process, and DNA repair(1).
Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASU)supplement, when applied alone exhibited pain-reducing and anti-inflammatory effects, through suppressing TNF-alpha, a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine, IL-1beta which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, COX-2 which  involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, iNOS gene expression which involved in immune response, and prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in articular chondrocytes and monocyte/macrophages(3). When used combination with epigallocatechin gallate, in the study by Nutramax Laboratories, Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASU)supplement demonstrated a significantly anti-inflammatory activity and may offer an attractive supplement or alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the management of osteoarthritis(2).


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References
(1) Polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols derived from avocado suppress inflammatory response and provide non-sunscreen protection against UV-induced damage in skin cells by Rosenblat G¹, Meretski S, Segal J, Tarshis M, Schroeder A, Zanin-Zhorov A, Lion G, Ingber A, Hochberg M.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in chondrocytes by avocado soybean unsaponifiables and epigallocatechin gallate by Heinecke LF¹, Grzanna MW, Au AY, Mochal CA, Rashmir-Raven A, Frondoza CG.(PubMed)
(3) Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) suppress TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, COX-2, iNOS gene expression, and prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in articular chondrocytes and monocyte/macrophages by Au RY¹, Al-Talib TK, Au AY, Phan PV, Frondoza CG.(PubMed)

Herbal Chamomile and Dermatitis

Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.

Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).
Dermatitis or eczema, is defined as a condition of inflammation of skin including itchy, erythematous, vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches.  
The use of chamomile oil in folk medicine for treatment of skin disorder may have found to be effect in modern medicine, according to Howon University, application of German chamomile oil to alleviating atopic dermatitis, such as reduced serum IgG1 level and significantly lower serum histamine level through influencing of Th2 cell activation(1).
Dr Dohil MA. in the study of herbal effects on in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease, indicated that there may be a positive effect of herbal medicine, including chamomile through the present  recent multicenter and international clinical studies that support their efficacy and safety profile for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions(2). and herbs containing anti inflammatory activity such as chamomile may be particularly well suited as alternatives to pharmacologic therapies in chronic conditions for which long-term use is required,(3), Dr. Wu J. said.
Although, German chamomile may be effective for treatment of skin disorder, but it was found to have allergic effect in some patients,  in external use of chamomile tea or use of chamomile-containing topical herbal remedies, due to its chemical constituent herniarin(4).

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References
(1) Effect of German chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice.by Lee SH¹, Heo Y, Kim YC.(PubMed)
(2) Natural ingredients in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease.

Dohil MA.(PubMed)

(3) Anti-inflammatory ingredients by Wu J.(PubMed)

(4) The coumarin herniarin as a sensitizer in German chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Compositae] by Paulsen E¹, Otkjaer A, Andersen KE.(PubMed)

The Rubs - Korean Barbecue Wet Rub

Recipe by Cooking light, the complete Quick Cook, (A practical Guide to Smart, Fast home Cooking) by Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarborough, Publisher Oxmoor House

Here is a traditional -tasting Korean rub that goes on just before the food is grill. It is great on Salmon, steak, pork, tenderloin, dark meat chicken, or any game bird such as duck or quail.

1/4 cup packed dark brown sugar
1/2 tsp. salt
4 tsp. bottle minced garlic
2 tsp. lower-sodium soy sauce
2 tsp. dark sesame oil
Combined all ingredients, Store in the airtight container in refrigerator for 1 week . Yield about 3 tsp. (serving size; i1/2 tsp.).


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Hormone Adionection and Obesity

By Kyle J. Norton


Recent study from the renowned institutions suggested that protein Adiponectin may be associated to risk of obesity. Adionection is a protein with function involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. Therefore, it plays a causative role in the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, through probably mediated the metabolic effects of FGF21, a metabolic hormone, on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity(1a).

Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese. 

In a study of all the fourth-grade school children (9 or 10 years of age) in the town of Ina during 2005-2008 (N = 1675), Japan, lower levels of adiponectin complexes were associated to in the abdominal obesity group than in the non-abdominal obesity group regardless of sex. In fact the impact of abdominal obesity was larger in boys than in girls(1).

Indeed, the alternation and mutation of adiponectin gene were also found to contribute to the genetic risk towards the development of  obesity, in the south Indian population study by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Type 2 Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre(2).

But in the study of calorie-restricted low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets (LFD and LCD among overweight and obese premenopausal women, researchers suggested that in these diet patterns serum leptin, but not adiponectin is found to effect on obesity's complications(3). In support of the above, the West China Medical School study showed that Leptin, the product of the obese gene, is an adipocyte-secreted protein hormone playing a key role in the progression of obesity(4)

The Russian study indicated the evaluation of metabolic disorders and adipokine synthesis in obese patients may optimize the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases and to personalize diet therapy(5).

Adiponectin receptor 1 agonists, matairesinol, arctiin, (-)-arctigenin and gramine, may be potential drug-candidates for hypoadiponectin related diseases, such as obesity(6)

Taken altogether, adipokine  synthesis is associated to risk of obesity, but the question of low level of adiponectin induces obesity or obesity causes lower levels of adiponectin remains largely unknown. Leptin, another member of adipokine  may be used as biomarker in management of the progression of the disease and its complications. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying


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References
(1a) Adiponectin mediates the metabolic effects of FGF21 on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in mice by Lin Z¹, Tian H, Lam KS, Lin S, Hoo RC, Konishi M, Itoh N, Wang Y, Bornstein SR, Xu A, Li X.(PubMed)

(1) Abdominal obesity and serum adiponectin complexes among population-based elementary school children in Japan: a cross-sectional study by Ochiai H¹, Shirasawa T, Nishimura R, Nanri H, Ohtsu T, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A.(PubMed)
(2) Genetic association of ADIPOQ gene variants with type 2 diabetes, obesity and serum adiponectin levels in south Indian population by Ramya K¹, Ayyappa KA, Ghosh S, Mohan V, Radha V.(PubMed)
(3) Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial by Llanos AA¹, Krok JL², Peng J³, Pennell ML³, Olivo-Marston S¹, Vitolins MZ³, Degraffinreid CR², Paskett ED(PubMed)
(4) Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel urea- and guanidine-based derivatives for the treatment of obesity-related hepatic steatosis by Liang X¹, Pei H², Ma L³, Ran Y⁴, Chen J⁵, Wang G⁶, Chen L⁵.(PubMed)
(5) [Adipokines and the metabolism of key nutrients in patients with obesity].

[Article in Russian] by Kirillova OO, Vorozhko IV, Gapparova KM, Chekhonina IuG, Sentsova TB, Tutel'ian VA.(PubMed)
(6) Identification of adiponectin receptor agonist utilizing a fluorescence polarization based high throughput assay by Sun Y¹, Zang Z, Zhong L, Wu M, Su Q, Gao X, Zan W, Lin D, Zhao Y, Zhang Z.(PubMed)