Skin aging in Vitamin B3 points of view

Skin aging is one of most visible process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Niacin, is also known as vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, an organic compound with the formula
C6H5NO2, found abundantly in chicken, beef, fish, cereal, peanuts and legumes. It is best known for its effects in lowering cholesterol and triglycerides and removing toxic from our body and promoting production of steroid hormones.

Vitamin B3 may be effective to protect against skin-aging through its antioxidant activity(1)(2)(3) such as allowness, wrinkling, red blotchiness and hyperpigmented spots(3a)
In the comparison of the effect on aging skin among  a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen, researchers showed that the composition significantly improved wrinkle appearance after 8 weeks relative to tretinoin, with comparable benefits after 24 weeks with well tolerate adverse effects(4). In facial hyperpigmentation, composition of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl  reduced the appearance of irregular pigmentation including hypermelaninization(5) and niacinamide alone enhanced skin lightening, and hyperpigmented lesions(6) through inhibiting melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes(7).  A daily facial lotion application containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women, 30-60 years of age, for 10 weeks, showed a significantly reduced appearance of hyperpigmentation, improved skin tone evenness, appearance of lightening of skin, and positive effects on skin texture, as early as 6 weeks(8). In Global gene expression skin aging process, compounds niacinamide and hexamidine, may effect the skin hydration, barrier, matrix, pigmentation through theirs' antioxidant capacity(9). According to Kinki University School of Medicine, application of composition containing 4%  niacinamide in 30 healthy Japanese females who had wrinkles in the eye areas showed to reduced wrinkles through a marked and moderate improvement in 64% of the subjects with a significant difference as compared with the control site(10) and niacinamide alone exhibited a significant reductions in fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, red blotchiness, and skin sallowness (yellowing)(11)(12).

Taken altogether, strong evidence suggested that vitamin B3 used alone or combination with other antioxidants may be beneficial in reduced the early onset skin aging and skin aging progression.  Overdoses of vitamin B3 may induce symptoms of severe skin flushing combined with dizziness, rapid heartbeat, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, etc. As always,  all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.



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References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1) [Anti-aging creams. What really helps?].[Article in German] by Kerscher M¹, Buntrock H.(PubMed)
(2) Practical application of cellular bioenergetics to the care of aged skin by Osborne R¹, Carver RS, Mullins LA, Finlay DR(PubMed)
(3) Application of genomics to breakthroughs in the cosmetic treatment of skin ageing and discoloration by Osborne R¹, Hakozaki T, Laughlin T, Finlay DR.(PubMed)
(3a) Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide by Kawada A¹, Konishi N, Oiso N, Kawara S, Date A.([PubMed)
(4) A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen by Fu JJ¹, Hillebrand GG, Raleigh P, Li J, Marmor MJ, Bertucci V, Grimes PE, Mandy SH, Perez MI, Weinkle SH, Kaczvinsky JR.(PubMed)
(5) Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl glucosamine: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial by Kimball AB¹, Kaczvinsky JR, Li J, Robinson LR, Matts PJ, Berge CA, Miyamoto K, Bissett DL(PubMed)
(6) Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible by Greatens A¹, Hakozaki T, Koshoffer A, Epstein H, Schwemberger S, Babcock G, Bissett D, Takiwaki H, Arase S, Wickett RR, Boissy RE(PubMed)
(7) The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer by Hakozaki T¹, Minwalla L, Zhuang J, Chhoa M, Matsubara A, Miyamoto K, Greatens A, Hillebrand GG, Bissett DL, Boissy RE(PubMed)
(8) The effects of a daily facial lotion containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women: a randomized, double-blind trial by Jerajani HR¹, Mizoguchi H, Li J, Whittenbarger DJ, Marmor MJ.(PubMed)
(9) Understanding metabolic pathways for skin anti-aging by Osborne R¹, Mullins LA, Jarrold BB.(PubMed).
(10) Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide by Kawada A¹, Konishi N, Oiso N, Kawara S, Date A.(PubMed)
(11) Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance by Bissett DL¹, Oblong JE, Berge CA(PubMed)
(12) Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin by Bissett DL¹, Miyamoto K, Sun P, Li J, Berge CA.(PubMed)

Food therapy - Celery and liver cancer

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.

Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).

Liver cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cell growth in the liver. Commonly, proliferation starts at bile ducts, blood vessels or connective tissue of the liver.
According to the study at Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, dietary intake high amounts of celery was associated with reduced liver cancer risk(b). Methanolic extract of celery seeds, in Wistar rats study, showed to protect against diethylnitrosoamine (DEN)+2-acetylaminofluorine (AAF)+partial hepatectomy (PH) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in dose dependent manner, through modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development(c). Perillyl alcohol(d), its essential oils(e) and chemical compound phthalides(f) found in celery seed may be potent in treating liver tumors, with Perillyl alcohol also acting as a chemopreventative agent for other cancers, such as colon, skin, and lung cancer.



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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Vegetable-based dietary pattern and liver cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women's and men's health studies by Zhang W¹, Xiang YB, Li HL, Yang G, Cai H, Ji BT, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO(PubMed)
(c) Inhibitory effect of celery seeds extract on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development by Sultana S¹, Ahmed S, Jahangir T, Sharma S(PubMed)
(d) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)
(e) Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and acid-soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver by Banerjee S¹, Sharma R, Kale RK, Rao AR.(PubMed)
(f) Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil by Zheng GQ¹, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK.(PubMed)

Phytochemical allicin and liver cancer

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of out of controlled growth of hepatocellular cells in the liver. Since the organ is a soft tissue with less nerve, most liver cancer patient are diagnosed in the later stage of the cancer. According to the statistic, liver cancer remains the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary liver cancer.

The health benefits
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent type of liver cancer in Southeast Asia. Anti cancer agent , although effective with many side effects. The urgency in finding of a natural treatment with little or no side effects has drawn many interest. Study showed that allicin induced degradation of cell death in human HCC Hep G2 (p53(wild type)) cells and apoptotic cell death through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in human cellular tumor antigen p53. on the other hand, Allicin treatment also found to induce apoptotic cell death in p53 knock down Hep G2 cells similar to that of Hep 3B cells. These results suggest that allicin  might be a potential novel complementary gene therapeutic agent for the treatment of apoptosis-resistant cancer cells.



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References
(1) Allicin induces anti-human liver cancer cells through the p53 gene modulating apoptosis and autophagy by Chu YL, Ho CT, Chung JG, Raghu R, Lo YC, Sheen LY.(PubMed)
(2) Allicin induces anti-human liver cancer cells through the p53 gene modulating apoptosis and autophagy by Chu YL, Ho CT, Chung JG, Raghu R, Lo YC, Sheen LY.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Vitamin E points of view

 By Kyle J. Norton

Skin aging is one of most visible process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affecting the skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, resulting in  injuries and damages regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
 Vitamin E,  a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced progression of aging have been inconclusive(1)(2)(3)(4).
The effects
According to the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, in stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) model of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), γ-tocotrienol (GTT), a vitamin E variant showed to delay cellular senescence of human diploid fibroblasts through the inhibition of intrinsic mitochondria-mediated pathway which involved the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes and proteins(5) and prevented cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts(6), probably through modulating gene expression(7) and protected against oxidative stress-induced cellular ageing by modulating the telomere length possibly via telomerase(8). The molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) study insisted that the variants protect against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in human skin fibroblast culture by modulating the expression of Skin Aging in COL I and COL III genes(Collagen gene) with concomitant increase in the rate of total collagen synthesis(9). According to the National University of Malaysia, f alpha-tocopherol (ATF), another variant of vitamin E protected against H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of normal human skin fibroblast cells derived from young and old individual donors(10) and topical administration of alpha-tocopherol (ATF), in medium doses, may provid some degree of photoprotection against UVA(11). Some researchers suggested the potent of vitamins in reduced aging progression is a result of the balance between various skin antioxidants of vitamin E and C, through new delivery systems, in delivering vitamins C and E into the skin simultaneously(12). Other antioxidant in improved skin health, include vitamin E, certain flavonoids, and the carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene and lutein, may also effective through protection against  inflammation, oxidative stress, breakdown of the extracellular matrix(13). In Indian women with facial signs of aging study, the composition of niacinamide, panthenol, and tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced appearance of hyperpigmentation, improved skin tone evenness, appearance of lightening of skin, versus control in 6 weeks(14).

Taken altogether, composition of vitamin E and other antioxidants and its variants may be effective
in reduced early onset of skin aging and inhibited skin aging progression, but large sample size and multi centers studies to improve these validation are necessary. Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.


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References
(1) Evaluation of the photoprotective effect of oral vitamin E supplementation by Werninghaus K¹, Meydani M, Bhawan J, Margolis R, Blumberg JB, Gilchrest BA.(PubMed)
(2) Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) by Eberlein-König B¹, Placzek M, Przybilla B(PubMed)
(3) Effects of oral vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in human skin by McArdle F¹, Rhodes LE, Parslew RA, Close GL, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ(PubMed)
(4) Effect of UV exposure and beta-carotene supplementation on delayed-type hypersensitivity response in healthy older men by Herraiz LA¹, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich A, Roe DA.(PubMed)
(5) Inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and suppression of caspases by gamma-tocotrienol prevent apoptosis and delay aging in stress-induced premature senescence of skin fibroblasts by Makpol S¹, Abdul Rahim N, Hui CK, Ngah WZ(PubMed)
(6) Gamma-tocotrienol modulation of senescence-associated gene expression prevents cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts by Makpol S¹, Zainuddin A, Chua KH, Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(7) Gamma-tocotrienol modulated gene expression in senescent human diploid fibroblasts as revealed by microarray analysis by Makpol S¹, Zainuddin A, Chua KH, Mohd Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(8) Gamma-Tocotrienol prevents oxidative stress-induced telomere shortening in human fibroblasts derived from different aged individuals by Makpol S¹, Abidin AZ, Sairin K, Mazlan M, Top GM, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(9) Modulation of collagen synthesis and its gene expression in human skin fibroblasts by tocotrienol-rich fraction by Makpol S¹, Azura Jam F, Anum Mohd Yusof Y, Zurinah Wan Ngah W.(PubMed)
(10) Alpha-tocopherol modulates hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of human skin fibroblasts derived from differently aged individuals by Makpol S¹, Zainuddin A, Rahim NA, Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(11) A pilot study of the photoprotective effect of almond phytochemicals in a 3D human skin equivalent by Evans-Johnson JA¹, Garlick JA, Johnson EJ, Wang XD, Oliver Chen CY.(PubMed)
(11) Main approaches for delivering antioxidant vitamins through the skin to prevent skin ageing by Gašperlin M¹, Gosenca M(PubMed)
(12) The role of phytonutrients in skin health by Evans JA¹, Johnson EJ.(PubMed)
(14) The effects of a daily facial lotion containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women: a randomized, double-blind trial by Jerajani HR¹, Mizoguchi H, Li J, Whittenbarger DJ, Marmor MJ.(PubMed)

Food Therapy - Celery and atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer progression

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.

Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer progression
Stomach cancer/gastric cancer is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.
atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa.

Apigenin, one of the most common flavonoids, found abundantly in celery, in a joint study from institution in Taiwan, including the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, showed effectively decreased atrophic gastritis (atrophic gastritis group) and dysplasia/gastric cancer (gastric cancer group) rates in Mongolian gerbils induced by Helicobacter pylori colonization and Helicobacter pylori(b). Celery seed extract (CSE), in a dose- and time-dependent manner, exhibited anti-proliferation effect on human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, through Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis related proteins, such as cyclin A, CDK2, down regulated bcl-2 and up -regulated Bax pathways(c).
Celery seed oil, in benzo[a]pyrene- (BP) induced forestomach cancer in mice, the chemical constituents. 3-n-butyl phthalide and sedanolide showed to reduce tumor incidence from 68% to 30% and 11%,  and  67% and 83% in tumor multiplicity, respectively(d). In fact, according to the State University of New York,  dietary intake of celery, substantial reductions in risk gastric cancer is associated to its phytochemical such as carotene(e).



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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Apigenin has anti-atrophic gastritis and anti-gastric cancer progression effects in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils by Kuo CH¹, Weng BC², Wu CC³, Yang SF⁴, Wu DC⁵, Wang YC(PubMed)
(c) Molecular mechanisms of celery seed extract induced apoptosis via s phase cell cycle arrest in the BGC-823 human stomach cancer cell line by Gao LL¹, Feng L, Yao ST, Jiao P, Qin SC, Zhang W, Zhang YB, Li FR(PubMed)
(d) Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil by Zheng GQ¹, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK(PubMed)
(e) Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer by Graham S¹, Haughey B, Marshall J, Brasure J, Zielezny M, Freudenheim J, West D, Nolan J, Wilkinson G.(PubMed)

Phytochemical allicin and breast cancer

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.

The health benefits
The prevalence of breast cancer is widespread in develop world as 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8. Treating breast cancer with natural elements with little or no side eefcts have drawn many interests to the research community. Allicin, generated by oxidation of diallyl disulfide (DADS) may be effective in suppressing breast cancer as in rat study, its activation of metabolizing enzymes that detoxify carcinogens, the suppression of DNA adduct formation, the inhibition of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulation of cell-cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis as well as reducing side effects caused by anti-cancer agents.



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References
(1) Anticancer effects of garlic and garlic-derived compounds for breast cancer control BY Tsubura A, Lai YC, Kuwata M, Uehara N, Yoshizawa K.(PubMed))

Skin aging in Vitamin D points of view

Kyle J.Norton

Skin aging is one of most visible process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.

1. Plasma of vitamin D
Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels [25(OH)D] was associated to risk of skin aging as the study at Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes showed. UV-radiation exerts both skin aging -promoting and -inhibiting effects on skin aging. Altered mineral homeostasis caused by a high vitamin D activity, exhibited the  premature aging that include, such as short lifespan, retarded growth, ectopic calcification, immunological deficiency, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, skin and general organ atrophy but in laboratory investigations, vitamin D compounds protects the skin against the hazardous effects of various skin aging-inducing agents, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation(1). Therefore optimal serum concentration are necessary due to its U-shaped risk(2). The Stanford University School of Medicine study indicated that vitamin D deficiency enhanced low scores for specific photodamage parameters including erythema/telangiectasias, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkling(3), specially, the skin from aging subjects can decrease by greater than twofold the capacity of the skin to produce previtamin D3(4).

2. The effects
According to Treviglio-Caravaggio Hospital, daily supplementation of vitamin D indicated is about 800-1,000 IU/day but may increase up to a maximum dose of 2,000 IU/day in conditions of severe vitamin D deficiency with a concomitant reduced or no sun exposure, reduced dietary intake and reduced calcium absorption(5)(6). Some researchers suggested that intrinsic skin aging may reflects the reduction processes that are common in internal organs, as the reduced production of sex hormones influence skin morphology and functions, skin permeability, wound healing, sebaceous lipogenesis, and the metabolism of skin cells in both sex and Vitamin D administered and antioxidant treatment may be beneficial(7). In postmenopausal health, low levels of vitamin D may induce obesity, malabsorption syndromes, medication use (e.g. anticonvulsants, antiretrovirals), skin aging. According to Universidad de Zaragoza, Increased level of the vitamin D through regular sunlight exposure (without sunscreens) for 15 min, 3-4 times a week, in the middle of the day in summer may be beneficial, but supplementation intake of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) should be monitored depending on the dose used and the presence of concomitant medical conditions such as renal disease(8). Dr Johnson MA at the University of Georgia, insisted " Diminished synthesis of vitamin D in the skin that occurs with aging and poor dietary intake contribute to the high prevalence of poor vitamin D status in older adults"(9). Cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis declines with age, it would require input of an additional 2600 iu/d (65 microg/d) of oral vitamin D3 to ensure that 97.5% of older women have 25(OH)D values at or above desirable levels (10).

Taken altogether, optimal serum concentration was found to interact in enhancing production of sex hormones and reducing photodamage parameters including erythema/telangiectasias, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkling due to aging. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying



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References
(1) Unravelling of hidden secrets: The role of vitamin D in skin aging by Reichrath J.(PubMed)
(2) Vitamin D and aging by Tuohimaa P.(PubMed)
(3) Association of facial skin aging and vitamin D levels in middle-aged white women by Chang AL¹, Fu T, Amir O, Tang JY.(PubMed)
(4) Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3 by MacLaughlin J, Holick MF.(PubMed)
(5) Vitamin D: role and opportunity to prescribe by Resmini G¹, Tarantino U, Iolascon G.(PubMed)
(6) Vitamin D and aging by Gallagher JC.(PubMed)
(7) Hormonal therapy of intrinsic aging by Zouboulis CC¹, Makrantonaki E.(PubMed)
(8) EMAS position statement: Vitamin D and postmenopausal health by Pérez-López FR¹, Brincat M, Erel CT, Tremollieres F, Gambacciani M, Lambrinoudaki I, Moen MH, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Vujovic S, Rozenberg S, Rees M(PubMed)
(9) Nutrition and aging--practical advice for healthy eating by Johnson MA(PubMed)
(10) Barriers to optimizing vitamin D3 intake for the elderly by Heaney RP.(PubMed)