Herbal Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) and Anti viral effects

Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc.,

The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cascara Sagrada include Aloe-emodin, Anthrquinone glycosides (Barbaloin Cascarosides A, B, C and D ChrysaloinFrangul), Chrysophanol, Emodin, Heterodianthrones palmidin A, B, and C, dianthrones, Oxanthrone, Rhein, Tannins, etc.

The benefits
Hot glycerin extracts prepared from some herbal plants, including Cascara Sagrada is found to be effective in exerting their anti viral activities including herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2.  The combined emodin plus Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), showed  a weak but persistent inhibitory effect on HBV replication in vivo, which may function as a supplementary modality in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. In SARS,  Isatis indigotica root extract, five major compounds of I. indigotica root, and seven plant-derived phenolic compounds were tested, only compounds aloe emodin and hesperetin dose-dependently inhibited cleavage activity of the 3CLpro,


The Side effects
1. Cascara Sagrada can be liver toxic.
2. Postal hypertension
Cascara sagrada (CS) has been associated with the development of cholestatic hepatitis, complicated by portal hypertension.
3. Fresh cut, dried bark may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
4. It may cause allergic effect.
5. Etc.


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References
(1) Emodin regulates glucose utilization by activating AMP-activated protein kinase by Song P, Kim JH, Ghim J, Yoon JH, Lee A, Kwon Y, Hyun H, Moon HY, Choi HS, Berggren PO, Suh PG, Ryu SH.(PubMed)
(2) Promotion of adiponectin multimerization by emodin: a novel AMPK activator with PPARγ-agonist activity by Chen Z, Zhang L, Yi J, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Li Z.(PubMed)
(3) Emodin, a natural product, selectively inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice by Feng Y, Huang SL, Dou W, Zhang S, Chen JH, Shen Y, Shen JH, Leng Y.(PubMed)

Phytochemical allicin and hypertension

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
Blood pressure medications have undoubtedly prevented many deaths from heart disease in the past 30 years, but they have many side effects such as damaging the kidney. If you can control your diet, such as making changes to lifestyle, maintaining ideal weight and diet with low salt, you could do just fine without the drugs.

The health benefits
Allicin, found in garlic and onion may consist an antihypertensive effects by lowering the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In the study of a popular garlic preparation containing 1.3% allicin at a large dose (2400 mg)  in nine patients with rather severe hypertension, after 5 hours taking the preparation, sitting blood pressure fell 7/16, with a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure from 5-14 hours after the dose. Other in the study of the hypotensive action of time-released garlic powder tablets (Allicor) and compared with that of regular garlic pills (Kwai) in 84 men with mild or moderate arterial hypertension, the result indicated that both Kwai and garlic powder tablets decrease in systolic blood pressure but no decrease in diastolic blood pressure was observed with Kwai. These different effects may be as a result of the prolonged action of Allicor. 



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 References
(1) Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study by McMahon FG, Vargas R.(PubMed)
(2) Time-released garlic powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension by Sobenin IA, Andrianova IV, Fomchenkov IV, Gorchakova TV, Orekhov AN.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Phytic acid and Diabetes

Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The benefits
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, fed with or without phytic acid supplementation for thirty days, showed a positive effects in lowering spike in random blood glucose, in the same group, serum triglycerides and increased total cholesterol and HDL was also reduced. On the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism with rats fed formulated diets supplemented with zinc or without zinc, formulated diets supplemented with zinc plus phytic acid extracted from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) or commercial phytic acid respectively, showed a lowered blood glucose levels in Phytic acid extract consumption from sweet potato and commercial phytic acid plus zinc supplement. These results may indicted that the use of sweet potato diet in diabetic management.



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References
(1) The potential benefits and adverse effects of phytic Acid supplement in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Omoruyi FO¹, Budiaman A¹, Eng Y¹, Olumese FE², Hoesel JL³, Ejilemele A³, Okorodudu AO (PubMed)
(2) The effect of phytic acid on the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by Dilworth LL, Omoruyi FO, Simon OR, Morrison EY, Asemota HN(PubMed)

Phytochemical Piperine and Angiogenesis

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.

Angiogenesis is the form of new blood vessels in the body for healing and reproduction.

The benefits
Piperine, a major alkaloid constituent of black pepper, exerted it anti angiogenic effect to cause apoptosis in some cancer cell lines such as in inhibited the proliferation and G(1)/S transition of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) without causing cell death, as well as collagen-induced angiogenic activity by rat aorta explants and breast cancer cell-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. Piperine in the co administration with curcumin, enhancing the functions of curcumin in suppression of many diseases including angiogenesis.


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References
(1) Piperine, a dietary phytochemical, inhibits angiogenesis by Doucette CD, Hilchie AL, Liwski R, Hoskin DW.(PubMed)
(2) Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother Nature by Anand P, Thomas SG, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Sung B, Tharakan ST, Misra K, Priyadarsini IK, Rajasekharan KN, Aggarwal BB.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Allicin as antioxidants

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls. 

The health benefits
Beside with protective effect against development of certain diseases, allicin found in garlic and onion may also be an antioxidant scarvenger of oxygen free radicals (OFRs). Study of hydroxyl radicals (.OH), indicated the prevention of allicin effect in lipid peroxidation of malondialdehyde in liver homogenate in a concentration-dependent manner. Other in the study of the hydroxyl scavengers of allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide, showed allicin did not exhibit hydroxyl radical scavenging but antioxidant activities as protective compounds against free radical damage.


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References
(1) Antioxidant activity of allicin, an active principle in garlic by Prasad K, Laxdal VA, Yu M, Raney BL.(PubMed)
(2) The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide by Chung LY.(PubMed)

Herbal Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) and type 2 diabetes

Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc.,
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.
The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cascara Sagrada include Aloe-emodin, Anthrquinone glycosides (Barbaloin Cascarosides A, B, C and D ChrysaloinFrangul), Chrysophanol, Emodin, Heterodianthrones palmidin A, B, and C, dianthrones, Oxanthrone, Rhein, Tannins, etc.

The benefits
Emodin, a natural component of Cascara Sagrada, beside stimulates  AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) activity in skeletal muscle and liver cells, but is found to be effective in treating insulin sensitivity by regulating the glucose homeostasis, by AMPK activation of that the component may represent a novel therapeutic principle in the treatment of type 2 diabetic models. The Tsinghua University and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica in the study of emodin also support the use of emodin in treating diabetes and metabolic syndrome


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References
(1) Emodin regulates glucose utilization by activating AMP-activated protein kinase by Song P, Kim JH, Ghim J, Yoon JH, Lee A, Kwon Y, Hyun H, Moon HY, Choi HS, Berggren PO, Suh PG, Ryu SH.(PubMed)
(2) Promotion of adiponectin multimerization by emodin: a novel AMPK activator with PPARγ-agonist activity by Chen Z, Zhang L, Yi J, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Li Z.(PubMed)
(3) Emodin, a natural product, selectively inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice by Feng Y, Huang SL, Dou W, Zhang S, Chen JH, Shen Y, Shen JH, Leng Y.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Piperine and cognitive impairment

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Cognition is the process of the brain including the attention of working memory, producing and comprehending language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.

The health benefits
In chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice,
Piperine showed to potentiate the protective effects of curcumin in significantly improved behavioral and biochemical alterations, restored mitochondrial enzyme complex activities and attenuated increased acetylcholinesterase and serum corticosterone levels. In olfactory bulbectomy induced depression in rats, co-administration of piperine with curcumin significantly potentiated the effects in behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. These potentiation of co administration also showed  to prevented all the behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical changes associated with the chronic administration of haloperidol, as compared to their effects alone.


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References
(1) iperine potentiates the protective effects of curcumin against chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice by Rinwa P, Kumar A.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic signaling cascade by curcumin alone and in combination with piperine in rat model of olfactory bulbectomy induced depression.

Rinwa P, Kumar A, Garg S.(PubMed)

(3) Protective effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine (bioavailability enhancer) against haloperidol-associated neurotoxicity: cellular and neurochemical evidence by Bishnoi M, Chopra K, Rongzhu L, Kulkarni SK.(PubMed)