Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Treatments
1. Surgery
a. Clipping
In the study of the data of patients with SAH who underwent aneurysmal clipping at the
Kartal Training and Research Hospital between 1999 and 200, showed that early surgery is advantageous over late surgery in patients with SAH with lower post-operative vasospasm and mortality rates(22).
b. Coiling
In the study of 15 patients with high-risk intracranial saccular
aneurysms treated using electrolytically detachable coils introduced via
an
endovascular approach. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 69 years.
The most frequent clinical presentation was subarachnoid hemorrhage
(eight cases). Considerable thrombosis of the aneurysm (70% to 100%) was
achieved in all 15 patients, and preservation of the parent artery was
obtained in 14. Although temporary neurological deterioration due to the
technique was recorded in one patient, no permanent neurological
deficit was observed in this series and there were no deaths. It is
believed that this new technology is a viable alternative in the
management of patients with high-risk intracranial saccular aneurysms.
It may also play an important role in the occlusion of aneurysms in the
acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage(23).
c. Fenestration of the lamina terminalis and removal of cisternal clots
In the study to investigate the effects of clot removal on
multiple outcome variables following the clipping of ruptured anterior
communicating aneurysms, showed that vasospasm affected 5 of 17 (29%) in
group A and 8 of 13 (61.5%) in group
B (p < 0.05). Endovascular treatment for vasospasm was required in
one patient in group A (5.8% of 17, 20% of 5) and in five from group B
(38.4% of 13, 62.5% of 8) (p < 0.05). Mortality was observed in one
case in group A (5.8% of 17, 20% of 5) and in two cases in group B
(15.3% of 13, 25% of 8) and was related to vasospasm after SAH.
Ventriculoperitonal shunt (VPS) was required in one case in group A
(5.8%) and in five cases in group B (38.4%). Conclusions:
Fenestration of the lamina terminalis and removal of cisternal clots
significantly decreased the incidence of post-SAH hydrocephalus and was associated with better outcomes(24).
2. Other Treatments
The preference of medication
with poor clinical evidence, such as magnesium sulfate, aspirin,
statins, and anti-fibrinolytics was lower than 10%. The use of
intravenous nimodipine and systemic glucocorticoids was as high as 31%.
The availability of endovascular therapy was 69%. The indication for
treatment of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms that
required intervention was less than 13.8%. In patients with ruptured or
unruptured intracranial aneurysms, coiling was the preferred method for
exclusion, according to a a sample of members from the Colombian Association of Neurosurgery(25)
3. Etc.
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Sources
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22368972
(23) http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/jns.1991.75.1.0008
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22890652
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22059120
Monday, 2 December 2013
Upper head hemorrhaging: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) - The Complications and diseases associated with SAH
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Complications and diseases associated with SAH
1. Changes in coagulative and fibrinolytic activities
Both coagulative and fibrinolytic activities were altered after the onset of SAH. These results demonstrate that the coagulative/fibrinolytic cascade might be activated via different mechanisms in different types of stroke(18).
2. Terson's Syndrome
TS was diagnosed in 20 of 155 SAH patients (30 eyes), and detected in 16 (14.16%) of 113 patients with aneurysmal SAH and four (9.52%) of 42 patients with traumatic SAH. No correlations were found between state-of-consciousness, GCS scores, and presence of TS in patients with traumatic SAH. Among patients suffering from aneurysmal SAH, however, significant relationships were observed between state-of-consciousness, GCS scores, Hunt-Hess grades, and incidence of TS (p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed between men and women with regard to the incidence of TS (χ(2) = 0.821, p = 0.365)(19).
3. Fahr's Disease
there is a report of a case of an acute IBCG presentation in which the cause of the deterioration was an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(20).
4. Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus, also known as "water in the brain" is defined as complex and multifactorial neurological disorders of accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cavity of brain of that can lead to intracranial pressure inside the side, resulting of brain trauma, stroke, infection, tumor, etc. Acute hydrocephalus is present in 20% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. One third of them may be asymptomatic on admission; 50% of those who have clinical hydrocephalus recover spontaneously within the first 24 h. The presence of acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with additional morbidity and higher mortality secondary to rebleeding(21).
5. Etc.
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Sources
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16671428
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913767
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754741
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586937
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Complications and diseases associated with SAH
1. Changes in coagulative and fibrinolytic activities
Both coagulative and fibrinolytic activities were altered after the onset of SAH. These results demonstrate that the coagulative/fibrinolytic cascade might be activated via different mechanisms in different types of stroke(18).
2. Terson's Syndrome
TS was diagnosed in 20 of 155 SAH patients (30 eyes), and detected in 16 (14.16%) of 113 patients with aneurysmal SAH and four (9.52%) of 42 patients with traumatic SAH. No correlations were found between state-of-consciousness, GCS scores, and presence of TS in patients with traumatic SAH. Among patients suffering from aneurysmal SAH, however, significant relationships were observed between state-of-consciousness, GCS scores, Hunt-Hess grades, and incidence of TS (p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed between men and women with regard to the incidence of TS (χ(2) = 0.821, p = 0.365)(19).
3. Fahr's Disease
there is a report of a case of an acute IBCG presentation in which the cause of the deterioration was an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(20).
4. Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus, also known as "water in the brain" is defined as complex and multifactorial neurological disorders of accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cavity of brain of that can lead to intracranial pressure inside the side, resulting of brain trauma, stroke, infection, tumor, etc. Acute hydrocephalus is present in 20% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. One third of them may be asymptomatic on admission; 50% of those who have clinical hydrocephalus recover spontaneously within the first 24 h. The presence of acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with additional morbidity and higher mortality secondary to rebleeding(21).
5. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16671428
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913767
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754741
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586937
Upper head hemorrhaging: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) - The Diagnosis
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Diagnosis
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan or multidetector CT angiography
If your doctor suspects the bleeding is within the brain itself, then CT scan is the best choice. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. CT scan has correctly identified over 95% of cases—especially on the first day after the onset of bleeding. Others suggested that multidetector CT angiography can be used as a primary examination tool in the diagnostic work-up of patients with SAH(15).
2. A Lumbar puncture
If CT scan can not identify the diagnosis, your doctor may suggest a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). In the study to evaluate the Differentiation of early subarachnoid hemorrhage from traumatic lumbar puncture, showed that the 0.3 to 7% hemolysis which occurred was relatively independent both of the time following SAH and of the number of red blood cells (rbc) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There was, on the other hand, a significant and time-dependent increase in CSF lactate concentration early after SAH, suggesting the potential clinical value of the detection of increased lactate with a relatively normal lactate/pyruvate ratio in hemorrhagic CSF. Until this can be evaluated in human subjects, however, determination of the rbc counts or total hemoglobin concentrations in serially collected samples of CSF remains the best clinical method(16).
3. ECG
ECG is found to be important in differetiating of SAH. In the study to evaluate all patients admitted to a 31-bed department of intensive care between 1993 and 2000 with acute aneurysmal SAH documented by cerebral angiography or autops, indicated that of 159 patients (49.6 years [range: 20-75]) with acute SAH, 106 (66.7%) had abnormal ECGs (classified by an observer blinded to the patients' clinical course and outcome. Conduction abnormalities were present in 7.5%. Arrhythmias occurred in 30.2%. By univariate analysis, the presence of ST depression was related to outcome as assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) (15% poor outcome [GOS 4-5] vs. 1% good outcome [GOS 1-3], p<0.05)(17).
4. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Sources
(14a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135608
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935079
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/906062
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301889
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Diagnosis
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan or multidetector CT angiography
If your doctor suspects the bleeding is within the brain itself, then CT scan is the best choice. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. CT scan has correctly identified over 95% of cases—especially on the first day after the onset of bleeding. Others suggested that multidetector CT angiography can be used as a primary examination tool in the diagnostic work-up of patients with SAH(15).
2. A Lumbar puncture
If CT scan can not identify the diagnosis, your doctor may suggest a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). In the study to evaluate the Differentiation of early subarachnoid hemorrhage from traumatic lumbar puncture, showed that the 0.3 to 7% hemolysis which occurred was relatively independent both of the time following SAH and of the number of red blood cells (rbc) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There was, on the other hand, a significant and time-dependent increase in CSF lactate concentration early after SAH, suggesting the potential clinical value of the detection of increased lactate with a relatively normal lactate/pyruvate ratio in hemorrhagic CSF. Until this can be evaluated in human subjects, however, determination of the rbc counts or total hemoglobin concentrations in serially collected samples of CSF remains the best clinical method(16).
3. ECG
ECG is found to be important in differetiating of SAH. In the study to evaluate all patients admitted to a 31-bed department of intensive care between 1993 and 2000 with acute aneurysmal SAH documented by cerebral angiography or autops, indicated that of 159 patients (49.6 years [range: 20-75]) with acute SAH, 106 (66.7%) had abnormal ECGs (classified by an observer blinded to the patients' clinical course and outcome. Conduction abnormalities were present in 7.5%. Arrhythmias occurred in 30.2%. By univariate analysis, the presence of ST depression was related to outcome as assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) (15% poor outcome [GOS 4-5] vs. 1% good outcome [GOS 1-3], p<0.05)(17).
4. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(14a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135608
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935079
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/906062
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301889
Upper head hemorrhaging: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) - The Symptoms and Risk Factors
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Symptoms
1. Thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, psychosocial consequences
Classic signs and symptoms include sudden onset of 'thunderclap' headache but patients can present with atypical symptoms such as neck stiffness. For patients who survive SAH, the psychosocial consequences can be devastating and can affect their families or carers(11).
2. Head ache and Meningeal signs
In the study of 193 adult aSAH patients confirmed headache as well as meningeal signs as the most frequent symptom on presentation to the emergency department, and this was cited as the most common reason for seeking medical treatment(12).
3. Confusion, seizures. impairment of language ability and vasospasm
eizures are a recognized complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). They can increase the cerebral metabolic demands and lead to cardiopulmonary compromise. This could be detrimental in the setting of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), when the brain tissue is vulnerable to further reductions in oxygen delivery or increases in demand. An association between seizures and worsening ischemia could influence the decision to use antiepileptic drug (AED) prophylaxis in patients with vasospasm(13).
4. Intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull), drop of cerebral blood flowand Cushing reflex respons, brain edema formation, loss of hippocampal neurons, neurological dysfunction
SAH induced a sharp increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) from 5.1+/-1.2 to 78.5+/-9.3 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; p<0.05), a concomitant drop of cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by 81+/-4% (p<0.05), and a significant Cushing reflex response (p<0.05). rCBF measurements alone could not reliably detect SAH. SAH resulted in significant brain edema formation (brain water content increase at 72 h: 2.9+/-0.9%; p<0.05), loss of hippocampal neurons (CA1: -56%, CA2: -55%; CA3: -72%; 7 days; p<0.05), severe neurological dysfunction over 7 days, and a mortality of 30%.(14).
5. Other symptoms
There is a report of a 50-year-old male patient suffered from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). No abnormal condition was found in intracranial vascular digital subtraction angiography (DSA). But, this patient presented with positive hantavirus-IgM and IgG, with typical clinical process, which lead to the diagnosis of EHF followed by SAH. Meticulous assessment of EHF patients with a serious condition had one or more central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, such as sudden headache, vomiting, confusion, meningismus, and convulsions, which is necessary for diagnosing and giving timely treatment to improve the prognosis(14a).
Risk factors
a, Gene defect
In the study to evaluate whether genes influencing coagulation are associated with the occurrence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and with secondary cerebral ischemia and rebleeding in patients with aneurysmal SAH, showed that aneurysmal SAH patients are more often carriers of the subunit B His95Arg factor XIII polymorphism compared to controls. This suggests that carriers of the subunit B His95Arg factor XIII polymorphism have an increased risk of aneurysmal SAH(7).
b. von Willebrand's disease
von Willebrand's disease is associated with the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)(8).
c. Vitamin K deficiency
Although late VKDB leads to significant morbidity and mortality, it can be avoided by providing vitamin K prophylaxis to all newborns. Administration of vitamin K (1 mg) at birth can prevent intracranial bleeding and other hemorrhagic manifestations, according to the study by Erciyes University, Talas, Kayseri, Turkey(9).
d. Factor XI deficiency
Aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating event affecting patients at a fairly young age and accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Researchers at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athensm reported a unique case of aneurismal SAH in a patient with underlying coagulation FXI deficiency which was incidentally identified after patient's admission, as routine blood tests revealed increased activated partial thromboplastin time. Despite early successful treatment with coiling, the patient had a second episode of SAH a few months after his discharge, due to aneurysm revascularization and rupture(10).
d. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19367158
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437757
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578393
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21427775
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457182
(14a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135608
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Symptoms
1. Thunderclap headache, neck stiffness, psychosocial consequences
Classic signs and symptoms include sudden onset of 'thunderclap' headache but patients can present with atypical symptoms such as neck stiffness. For patients who survive SAH, the psychosocial consequences can be devastating and can affect their families or carers(11).
2. Head ache and Meningeal signs
In the study of 193 adult aSAH patients confirmed headache as well as meningeal signs as the most frequent symptom on presentation to the emergency department, and this was cited as the most common reason for seeking medical treatment(12).
3. Confusion, seizures. impairment of language ability and vasospasm
eizures are a recognized complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). They can increase the cerebral metabolic demands and lead to cardiopulmonary compromise. This could be detrimental in the setting of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), when the brain tissue is vulnerable to further reductions in oxygen delivery or increases in demand. An association between seizures and worsening ischemia could influence the decision to use antiepileptic drug (AED) prophylaxis in patients with vasospasm(13).
4. Intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull), drop of cerebral blood flowand Cushing reflex respons, brain edema formation, loss of hippocampal neurons, neurological dysfunction
SAH induced a sharp increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) from 5.1+/-1.2 to 78.5+/-9.3 mm Hg (mean+/-SD; p<0.05), a concomitant drop of cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by 81+/-4% (p<0.05), and a significant Cushing reflex response (p<0.05). rCBF measurements alone could not reliably detect SAH. SAH resulted in significant brain edema formation (brain water content increase at 72 h: 2.9+/-0.9%; p<0.05), loss of hippocampal neurons (CA1: -56%, CA2: -55%; CA3: -72%; 7 days; p<0.05), severe neurological dysfunction over 7 days, and a mortality of 30%.(14).
5. Other symptoms
There is a report of a 50-year-old male patient suffered from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). No abnormal condition was found in intracranial vascular digital subtraction angiography (DSA). But, this patient presented with positive hantavirus-IgM and IgG, with typical clinical process, which lead to the diagnosis of EHF followed by SAH. Meticulous assessment of EHF patients with a serious condition had one or more central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, such as sudden headache, vomiting, confusion, meningismus, and convulsions, which is necessary for diagnosing and giving timely treatment to improve the prognosis(14a).
Risk factors
a, Gene defect
In the study to evaluate whether genes influencing coagulation are associated with the occurrence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and with secondary cerebral ischemia and rebleeding in patients with aneurysmal SAH, showed that aneurysmal SAH patients are more often carriers of the subunit B His95Arg factor XIII polymorphism compared to controls. This suggests that carriers of the subunit B His95Arg factor XIII polymorphism have an increased risk of aneurysmal SAH(7).
b. von Willebrand's disease
von Willebrand's disease is associated with the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)(8).
c. Vitamin K deficiency
Although late VKDB leads to significant morbidity and mortality, it can be avoided by providing vitamin K prophylaxis to all newborns. Administration of vitamin K (1 mg) at birth can prevent intracranial bleeding and other hemorrhagic manifestations, according to the study by Erciyes University, Talas, Kayseri, Turkey(9).
d. Factor XI deficiency
Aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating event affecting patients at a fairly young age and accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Researchers at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athensm reported a unique case of aneurismal SAH in a patient with underlying coagulation FXI deficiency which was incidentally identified after patient's admission, as routine blood tests revealed increased activated partial thromboplastin time. Despite early successful treatment with coiling, the patient had a second episode of SAH a few months after his discharge, due to aneurysm revascularization and rupture(10).
d. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19367158
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437757
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578393
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21427775
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457182
(14a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135608
Upper head hemorrhaging: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) - The Causes
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Causes and Rick factors
1. Causes
a. Bleeding from an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
There is a report of nineteen additional cases of angiographic vasospasm after AVM rupture are reported in the literature. The mean age of these patients was 33 years; there was a 1.25:1 female to male predominance in this group. One-half of these patients had an intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and only 56% of them had SAH(1).
b. Bleeding from a cerebral aneurysm
There is a report of a 59-year-old woman with type IIA von Willebrand's disease (VWD) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Computed tomography showed SAH in the right sylvian fissure and intracranial hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe. Angiography demonstrated an aneurysm at the bifurcation of the right middle cerebral artery(2).
c. Coagulopathy
In the study carried out in an attempt to find out the association of coagulopathy and the development of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) in patients diagnosed with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (TSAH), found that on admission, peripheral blood samples for coagulation studies were taken within 6 hours after injury. All patients had subsequent CT scans performed within 24 hours of admission. Thirty (47.6%) of 63 patients exhibited radiological evidence of DTICH on their subsequent CT scans. There was a significant correlation between the increased value of serum fibrinogen degradation product (FDP > 40 micrograms/ml) and the development of DTICH(3).
d. Head injury
In the study of Coagulopathy in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective study, found that the incidence of TBI coagulopathy in SHI is high, especially in penetrating injuries. Independent risk factors for coagulopathy in isolated head injuries include GCS score of <or=8, ISS >or=16, hypotension upon admission, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and midline shift. The development of TBI coagulopathy is associated with longer ICU length of stay and an almost 10-fold increased risk of death(4).
f. Use of blood thinners
There is a repory of a 45-year-old woman with prosthetic valves replacement, was admitted with severe headache and vomiting one month after starting danazol treatment at 300 mg per day. She was receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin and dipyridamole, taking 3.5 mg and 300 mg per day respectively. The patient's thrombotest value was less than 6% at the time of admission. Cranial CT revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage(5).
g. Certain types of herb
If you are experience certain symptoms of Hemorrhaging, please consult with your doctor before taking any blood thinning herbal medicine. Moderate to severe adverse events, such as spinal epidural hematoma, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, retrobulbar hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spontaneous hyphema, and postoperative bleeding, have occasionally been anecdotally associated with consumption of dietary supplements(6).
h. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381269
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377951
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11260889
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131806
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1886315
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300597
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Causes and Rick factors
1. Causes
a. Bleeding from an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
There is a report of nineteen additional cases of angiographic vasospasm after AVM rupture are reported in the literature. The mean age of these patients was 33 years; there was a 1.25:1 female to male predominance in this group. One-half of these patients had an intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and only 56% of them had SAH(1).
b. Bleeding from a cerebral aneurysm
There is a report of a 59-year-old woman with type IIA von Willebrand's disease (VWD) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Computed tomography showed SAH in the right sylvian fissure and intracranial hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe. Angiography demonstrated an aneurysm at the bifurcation of the right middle cerebral artery(2).
c. Coagulopathy
In the study carried out in an attempt to find out the association of coagulopathy and the development of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) in patients diagnosed with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (TSAH), found that on admission, peripheral blood samples for coagulation studies were taken within 6 hours after injury. All patients had subsequent CT scans performed within 24 hours of admission. Thirty (47.6%) of 63 patients exhibited radiological evidence of DTICH on their subsequent CT scans. There was a significant correlation between the increased value of serum fibrinogen degradation product (FDP > 40 micrograms/ml) and the development of DTICH(3).
d. Head injury
In the study of Coagulopathy in severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective study, found that the incidence of TBI coagulopathy in SHI is high, especially in penetrating injuries. Independent risk factors for coagulopathy in isolated head injuries include GCS score of <or=8, ISS >or=16, hypotension upon admission, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and midline shift. The development of TBI coagulopathy is associated with longer ICU length of stay and an almost 10-fold increased risk of death(4).
f. Use of blood thinners
There is a repory of a 45-year-old woman with prosthetic valves replacement, was admitted with severe headache and vomiting one month after starting danazol treatment at 300 mg per day. She was receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin and dipyridamole, taking 3.5 mg and 300 mg per day respectively. The patient's thrombotest value was less than 6% at the time of admission. Cranial CT revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage(5).
g. Certain types of herb
If you are experience certain symptoms of Hemorrhaging, please consult with your doctor before taking any blood thinning herbal medicine. Moderate to severe adverse events, such as spinal epidural hematoma, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, retrobulbar hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spontaneous hyphema, and postoperative bleeding, have occasionally been anecdotally associated with consumption of dietary supplements(6).
h. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381269
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377951
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11260889
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131806
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1886315
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300597
Upper head hemorrhaging: Cerebral hemorrhage - The Diagnosis and Treatments
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Diagnosis
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
If your doctor suspects the bleeding is within the brain itself, then CT scan is the best choice. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. We hypothesized that repeat computed tomography in persons with intracranial hemorrhage and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15, without clinical progression of neurologic symptoms, does not impact the need for neurosurgical intervention or discharge GCS scores, according to the study by The University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center(12).
2. A Lumbar puncture
If CT scan can not identify the diagnosis, your doctor may suggest a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lumbar puncture or a spinal tap may be necessary to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for the presence of blood. There is a report of two cases of spinal epidural hematoma and two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture (LP) are reported in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding was asymptomatic but interfered with treatment in one case, and caused either severe backache or headache but no neurological deficit in the other three patients(13).
3. Other tests such as
a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in detecting structural abnormalities of the body to determine the extent of injury to the brain.
b. Arteriography
In case a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, arteriography, a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels to pinpoint the location of the ruptured aneurysm.
4. Etc.
D.2.4. Treatments
Depending on the underlying abnormality
1. Medication
a. Antihypertensive therapy
In the study of the efficacy of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for ultra-early, intentional antihypertensive therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage, showed that there are clinical benefits, by the prevention of subsequent HE, in maintaining a MAP level lower than that recommended by the the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) (110 mm Hg) after hospitalization for patients who have intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)(14).
b. Factor VII
Factor VII is a protein that causes blood to clot. Several studies have demonstrated successful correction of the international normalized ratio (INR) using prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). To our knowledge, no study has directly compared these agents for treatment of warfarin-related ICH(15).
c. Mannitol and hypertonic saline
In the study to develop effective strategies for the medical treatment of ICP in cases of ICH, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a canine model of ICH, found that
hypertonic saline, in both 3 and 23.4% concentrations, is as effective as mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertension observed in association with ICH. Hypertonic saline may have a longer duration of action, particularly when used in 3% solution. None of three treatment regimens influence regional cerebral blood flow or cerebral metabolism(16).
d. Acetaminophen to relieve the symptoms of headache and body temperature.
e. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, a synthetic drug and closely resemble cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands may be used in case of hypertensives and swelling.
f. Etc.
2. Non medical treatments
a. In case of intracranial pressure, placement of intracranial pressure monitors (The intracranial pressure (ICP) is monitored and ICP also can be lowered by draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out through the catheter) by non-neurosurgeons: Excellent outcomes can be achieved. Placement of ICP monitors may be performed safely by both neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons. This procedure should thus be considered a core skill for trauma surgeons and surgical residents alike, thereby allowing initiation of prompt medical treatment in both rural areas and trauma centers with inadequate neurosurgeon or fellow coverage, according to the study by Department of Trauma Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis (J.M.H.(17).
3. Surgery
a. Non invasive treatment
Interventional radiology involves treatments that include passing a catheter to widen or to close off blood vessels in the brain without surgery(18).
b. Surgery
"Currently, most neurosurgeons in the UK would operate on patients with a deteriorating conscious level and a worsening neurological deficit. In addition, haematomas between 20—80 ml in volume are more likely to be operated upon as are lobar/superficial haematomas. With cerebellar haemorrhage, although there are again no randomized controlled trials comparing surgical and conservative treatment, there seems to be greater agreement that hematomas greater than 3—4 cm should be operated upon, especially when there is concomitant clinical deterioration or hydrocephalus", according to the study of Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage by University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (19).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929497
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155928
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541417?dopt=Abstract
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492631
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232539
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929484
(18) http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Stroke-Program/Stroke-Resources/Cerebral-Hemorrhage.aspx
(19) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/444.full.pdf
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Diagnosis
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
If your doctor suspects the bleeding is within the brain itself, then CT scan is the best choice. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. We hypothesized that repeat computed tomography in persons with intracranial hemorrhage and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15, without clinical progression of neurologic symptoms, does not impact the need for neurosurgical intervention or discharge GCS scores, according to the study by The University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center(12).
2. A Lumbar puncture
If CT scan can not identify the diagnosis, your doctor may suggest a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lumbar puncture or a spinal tap may be necessary to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for the presence of blood. There is a report of two cases of spinal epidural hematoma and two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture (LP) are reported in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding was asymptomatic but interfered with treatment in one case, and caused either severe backache or headache but no neurological deficit in the other three patients(13).
3. Other tests such as
a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in detecting structural abnormalities of the body to determine the extent of injury to the brain.
b. Arteriography
In case a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, arteriography, a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels to pinpoint the location of the ruptured aneurysm.
4. Etc.
D.2.4. Treatments
Depending on the underlying abnormality
1. Medication
a. Antihypertensive therapy
In the study of the efficacy of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for ultra-early, intentional antihypertensive therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage, showed that there are clinical benefits, by the prevention of subsequent HE, in maintaining a MAP level lower than that recommended by the the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) (110 mm Hg) after hospitalization for patients who have intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)(14).
b. Factor VII
Factor VII is a protein that causes blood to clot. Several studies have demonstrated successful correction of the international normalized ratio (INR) using prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). To our knowledge, no study has directly compared these agents for treatment of warfarin-related ICH(15).
c. Mannitol and hypertonic saline
In the study to develop effective strategies for the medical treatment of ICP in cases of ICH, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a canine model of ICH, found that
hypertonic saline, in both 3 and 23.4% concentrations, is as effective as mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertension observed in association with ICH. Hypertonic saline may have a longer duration of action, particularly when used in 3% solution. None of three treatment regimens influence regional cerebral blood flow or cerebral metabolism(16).
d. Acetaminophen to relieve the symptoms of headache and body temperature.
e. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, a synthetic drug and closely resemble cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands may be used in case of hypertensives and swelling.
f. Etc.
2. Non medical treatments
a. In case of intracranial pressure, placement of intracranial pressure monitors (The intracranial pressure (ICP) is monitored and ICP also can be lowered by draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out through the catheter) by non-neurosurgeons: Excellent outcomes can be achieved. Placement of ICP monitors may be performed safely by both neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons. This procedure should thus be considered a core skill for trauma surgeons and surgical residents alike, thereby allowing initiation of prompt medical treatment in both rural areas and trauma centers with inadequate neurosurgeon or fellow coverage, according to the study by Department of Trauma Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis (J.M.H.(17).
3. Surgery
a. Non invasive treatment
Interventional radiology involves treatments that include passing a catheter to widen or to close off blood vessels in the brain without surgery(18).
b. Surgery
"Currently, most neurosurgeons in the UK would operate on patients with a deteriorating conscious level and a worsening neurological deficit. In addition, haematomas between 20—80 ml in volume are more likely to be operated upon as are lobar/superficial haematomas. With cerebellar haemorrhage, although there are again no randomized controlled trials comparing surgical and conservative treatment, there seems to be greater agreement that hematomas greater than 3—4 cm should be operated upon, especially when there is concomitant clinical deterioration or hydrocephalus", according to the study of Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage by University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (19).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929497
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155928
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541417?dopt=Abstract
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492631
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232539
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929484
(18) http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Stroke-Program/Stroke-Resources/Cerebral-Hemorrhage.aspx
(19) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/444.full.pdf
Upper head hemorrhaging: Cerebral hemorrhage - The Symptoms and Risk Factors
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
D.2.2. Symptoms
1. Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(9).
2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(10).
3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(11).
3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.
Risk factors
In the study of a total of 1714 patients with hemorrhagic stroke participation in the Hemorrhagic Stroke Project (HSP), showed that of these, 217 cases met the criteria for primary ICH. Cases with primary ICH were matched to 419 controls. Independent risk factors for ICH included hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.71; 95% CI, 3.61 to 9.05), diabetes (adjusted OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.01), menopause (adjusted OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.88), current cigarette smoking (adjusted OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.44), alcoholic drinks≥2/day (adjusted OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.32), caffeinated drinks≥5/day (adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.79), and caffeine in drugs (adjusted OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.24 to 10.20)(8).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(8) http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/9/1881.abstract
(9) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
D.2.2. Symptoms
1. Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(9).
2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(10).
3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(11).
3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.
Risk factors
In the study of a total of 1714 patients with hemorrhagic stroke participation in the Hemorrhagic Stroke Project (HSP), showed that of these, 217 cases met the criteria for primary ICH. Cases with primary ICH were matched to 419 controls. Independent risk factors for ICH included hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.71; 95% CI, 3.61 to 9.05), diabetes (adjusted OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.01), menopause (adjusted OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.88), current cigarette smoking (adjusted OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.44), alcoholic drinks≥2/day (adjusted OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.32), caffeinated drinks≥5/day (adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.79), and caffeine in drugs (adjusted OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.24 to 10.20)(8).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(8) http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/9/1881.abstract
(9) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617
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