Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is defined as a condition of the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain).
Causes and Rick factors
1. Causes
a. Bleeding from an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
There is a report of nineteen additional cases of angiographic vasospasm after AVM
rupture are reported in the literature. The mean age of these patients
was 33 years; there was a 1.25:1 female to male predominance in this
group. One-half of these patients had an intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and only 56% of them had SAH(1).
b. Bleeding from a cerebral aneurysm
There is a report of a 59-year-old woman with type IIA von Willebrand's disease (VWD) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Computed tomography showed SAH in the right sylvian fissure and intracranial hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe. Angiography demonstrated an aneurysm at the bifurcation of the right middle cerebral artery(2).
c. Coagulopathy
In the study carried out in an attempt to find out the association of coagulopathy and the development of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) in patients diagnosed with a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (TSAH), found that on admission, peripheral blood samples for coagulation
studies were taken within 6 hours after injury. All patients had
subsequent CT scans performed within 24 hours of admission. Thirty
(47.6%) of 63 patients exhibited radiological evidence of DTICH on their
subsequent CT scans. There was a significant correlation between the
increased value of serum fibrinogen degradation product (FDP > 40
micrograms/ml) and the development of DTICH(3).
d. Head injury
In the study of Coagulopathy in severe traumatic brain injury: a
prospective study, found that the incidence of TBI coagulopathy in SHI
is high, especially in
penetrating injuries. Independent risk factors for coagulopathy in
isolated head injuries include GCS score of <or=8, ISS >or=16,
hypotension upon admission, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage,
and midline shift. The development of TBI coagulopathy is associated
with longer ICU length of stay and an almost 10-fold increased risk of
death(4).
f. Use of blood thinners
There is a repory of a 45-year-old woman with prosthetic valves replacement, was admitted with
severe headache and vomiting one month after starting danazol treatment
at 300 mg per day. She was receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin
and dipyridamole, taking 3.5 mg and 300 mg per day respectively. The
patient's thrombotest value was less than 6% at the time of admission.
Cranial CT revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage(5).
g. Certain types of herb
If you are experience certain symptoms of Hemorrhaging, please consult
with your doctor before taking any blood thinning herbal medicine.
Moderate to severe adverse events, such as spinal epidural hematoma,
spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, retrobulbar hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage,
spontaneous hyphema, and postoperative bleeding, have occasionally been
anecdotally associated with consumption of dietary supplements(6).
h. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381269
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377951
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11260889
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131806
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1886315
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300597
Monday, 2 December 2013
Upper head hemorrhaging: Cerebral hemorrhage - The Diagnosis and Treatments
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Diagnosis
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
If your doctor suspects the bleeding is within the brain itself, then CT scan is the best choice. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. We hypothesized that repeat computed tomography in persons with intracranial hemorrhage and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15, without clinical progression of neurologic symptoms, does not impact the need for neurosurgical intervention or discharge GCS scores, according to the study by The University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center(12).
2. A Lumbar puncture
If CT scan can not identify the diagnosis, your doctor may suggest a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lumbar puncture or a spinal tap may be necessary to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for the presence of blood. There is a report of two cases of spinal epidural hematoma and two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture (LP) are reported in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding was asymptomatic but interfered with treatment in one case, and caused either severe backache or headache but no neurological deficit in the other three patients(13).
3. Other tests such as
a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in detecting structural abnormalities of the body to determine the extent of injury to the brain.
b. Arteriography
In case a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, arteriography, a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels to pinpoint the location of the ruptured aneurysm.
4. Etc.
D.2.4. Treatments
Depending on the underlying abnormality
1. Medication
a. Antihypertensive therapy
In the study of the efficacy of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for ultra-early, intentional antihypertensive therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage, showed that there are clinical benefits, by the prevention of subsequent HE, in maintaining a MAP level lower than that recommended by the the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) (110 mm Hg) after hospitalization for patients who have intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)(14).
b. Factor VII
Factor VII is a protein that causes blood to clot. Several studies have demonstrated successful correction of the international normalized ratio (INR) using prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). To our knowledge, no study has directly compared these agents for treatment of warfarin-related ICH(15).
c. Mannitol and hypertonic saline
In the study to develop effective strategies for the medical treatment of ICP in cases of ICH, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a canine model of ICH, found that
hypertonic saline, in both 3 and 23.4% concentrations, is as effective as mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertension observed in association with ICH. Hypertonic saline may have a longer duration of action, particularly when used in 3% solution. None of three treatment regimens influence regional cerebral blood flow or cerebral metabolism(16).
d. Acetaminophen to relieve the symptoms of headache and body temperature.
e. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, a synthetic drug and closely resemble cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands may be used in case of hypertensives and swelling.
f. Etc.
2. Non medical treatments
a. In case of intracranial pressure, placement of intracranial pressure monitors (The intracranial pressure (ICP) is monitored and ICP also can be lowered by draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out through the catheter) by non-neurosurgeons: Excellent outcomes can be achieved. Placement of ICP monitors may be performed safely by both neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons. This procedure should thus be considered a core skill for trauma surgeons and surgical residents alike, thereby allowing initiation of prompt medical treatment in both rural areas and trauma centers with inadequate neurosurgeon or fellow coverage, according to the study by Department of Trauma Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis (J.M.H.(17).
3. Surgery
a. Non invasive treatment
Interventional radiology involves treatments that include passing a catheter to widen or to close off blood vessels in the brain without surgery(18).
b. Surgery
"Currently, most neurosurgeons in the UK would operate on patients with a deteriorating conscious level and a worsening neurological deficit. In addition, haematomas between 20—80 ml in volume are more likely to be operated upon as are lobar/superficial haematomas. With cerebellar haemorrhage, although there are again no randomized controlled trials comparing surgical and conservative treatment, there seems to be greater agreement that hematomas greater than 3—4 cm should be operated upon, especially when there is concomitant clinical deterioration or hydrocephalus", according to the study of Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage by University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (19).
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Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929497
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155928
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541417?dopt=Abstract
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492631
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232539
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929484
(18) http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Stroke-Program/Stroke-Resources/Cerebral-Hemorrhage.aspx
(19) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/444.full.pdf
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Diagnosis
1. Computed tomography (CT) scan
If your doctor suspects the bleeding is within the brain itself, then CT scan is the best choice. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. We hypothesized that repeat computed tomography in persons with intracranial hemorrhage and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15, without clinical progression of neurologic symptoms, does not impact the need for neurosurgical intervention or discharge GCS scores, according to the study by The University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center(12).
2. A Lumbar puncture
If CT scan can not identify the diagnosis, your doctor may suggest a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Lumbar puncture or a spinal tap may be necessary to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for the presence of blood. There is a report of two cases of spinal epidural hematoma and two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture (LP) are reported in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding was asymptomatic but interfered with treatment in one case, and caused either severe backache or headache but no neurological deficit in the other three patients(13).
3. Other tests such as
a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in detecting structural abnormalities of the body to determine the extent of injury to the brain.
b. Arteriography
In case a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, arteriography, a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels to pinpoint the location of the ruptured aneurysm.
4. Etc.
D.2.4. Treatments
Depending on the underlying abnormality
1. Medication
a. Antihypertensive therapy
In the study of the efficacy of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for ultra-early, intentional antihypertensive therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage, showed that there are clinical benefits, by the prevention of subsequent HE, in maintaining a MAP level lower than that recommended by the the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) (110 mm Hg) after hospitalization for patients who have intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)(14).
b. Factor VII
Factor VII is a protein that causes blood to clot. Several studies have demonstrated successful correction of the international normalized ratio (INR) using prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). To our knowledge, no study has directly compared these agents for treatment of warfarin-related ICH(15).
c. Mannitol and hypertonic saline
In the study to develop effective strategies for the medical treatment of ICP in cases of ICH, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a canine model of ICH, found that
hypertonic saline, in both 3 and 23.4% concentrations, is as effective as mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertension observed in association with ICH. Hypertonic saline may have a longer duration of action, particularly when used in 3% solution. None of three treatment regimens influence regional cerebral blood flow or cerebral metabolism(16).
d. Acetaminophen to relieve the symptoms of headache and body temperature.
e. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, a synthetic drug and closely resemble cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands may be used in case of hypertensives and swelling.
f. Etc.
2. Non medical treatments
a. In case of intracranial pressure, placement of intracranial pressure monitors (The intracranial pressure (ICP) is monitored and ICP also can be lowered by draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out through the catheter) by non-neurosurgeons: Excellent outcomes can be achieved. Placement of ICP monitors may be performed safely by both neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons. This procedure should thus be considered a core skill for trauma surgeons and surgical residents alike, thereby allowing initiation of prompt medical treatment in both rural areas and trauma centers with inadequate neurosurgeon or fellow coverage, according to the study by Department of Trauma Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis (J.M.H.(17).
3. Surgery
a. Non invasive treatment
Interventional radiology involves treatments that include passing a catheter to widen or to close off blood vessels in the brain without surgery(18).
b. Surgery
"Currently, most neurosurgeons in the UK would operate on patients with a deteriorating conscious level and a worsening neurological deficit. In addition, haematomas between 20—80 ml in volume are more likely to be operated upon as are lobar/superficial haematomas. With cerebellar haemorrhage, although there are again no randomized controlled trials comparing surgical and conservative treatment, there seems to be greater agreement that hematomas greater than 3—4 cm should be operated upon, especially when there is concomitant clinical deterioration or hydrocephalus", according to the study of Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage by University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (19).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929497
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155928
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541417?dopt=Abstract
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492631
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232539
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929484
(18) http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Stroke-Program/Stroke-Resources/Cerebral-Hemorrhage.aspx
(19) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/444.full.pdf
Upper head hemorrhaging: Cerebral hemorrhage - The Symptoms and Risk Factors
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
D.2.2. Symptoms
1. Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(9).
2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(10).
3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(11).
3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.
Risk factors
In the study of a total of 1714 patients with hemorrhagic stroke participation in the Hemorrhagic Stroke Project (HSP), showed that of these, 217 cases met the criteria for primary ICH. Cases with primary ICH were matched to 419 controls. Independent risk factors for ICH included hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.71; 95% CI, 3.61 to 9.05), diabetes (adjusted OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.01), menopause (adjusted OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.88), current cigarette smoking (adjusted OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.44), alcoholic drinks≥2/day (adjusted OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.32), caffeinated drinks≥5/day (adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.79), and caffeine in drugs (adjusted OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.24 to 10.20)(8).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(8) http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/9/1881.abstract
(9) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
D.2.2. Symptoms
1. Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(9).
2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(10).
3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(11).
3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.
Risk factors
In the study of a total of 1714 patients with hemorrhagic stroke participation in the Hemorrhagic Stroke Project (HSP), showed that of these, 217 cases met the criteria for primary ICH. Cases with primary ICH were matched to 419 controls. Independent risk factors for ICH included hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.71; 95% CI, 3.61 to 9.05), diabetes (adjusted OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.01), menopause (adjusted OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.88), current cigarette smoking (adjusted OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.44), alcoholic drinks≥2/day (adjusted OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.32), caffeinated drinks≥5/day (adjusted OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.79), and caffeine in drugs (adjusted OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.24 to 10.20)(8).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(8) http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/9/1881.abstract
(9) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617
Upper head hemorrhaging: Cerebral hemorrhage - The Causes
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Causes
a. Penetrating head trauma
Patients receiving warfarin or clopidogrel are considered at increased risk for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage after blunt head trauma. In a study of a total of 1,064 patients were enrolled (768 warfarin patients [72.2%] and 296 clopidogrel patients [27.8%]). There were 364 patients (34.2%) from Level I or II trauma centers and 700 patients (65.8%) from community hospitals. One thousand patients received a cranial CT scan in the ED. Both warfarin and clopidogrel groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, although concomitant aspirin use was more prevalent among patients receiving clopidogrel. The prevalence of immediate traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was higher in patients receiving clopidogrel (33/276, 12.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4% to 16.4%) than patients receiving warfarin (37/724, 5.1%; 95% CI 3.6% to 7.0%), relative risk 2.31 (95% CI 1.48 to 3.63). Delayed traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was identified in 4 of 687 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.2% to 1.5%) patients receiving warfarin and 0 of 243 (0%; 95% CI 0% to 1.5%) patients receiving clopidogrel(2).
b. Amyloid angiopathy
In the review of neuropathologic studies suggestion of an association between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and small ischemic infarctions as well as hemorrhages by analyzing MR images from 78 subjects with a diagnosis of probable CAA and a similar aged group of 55 subjects with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment (AD/MCI) for comparison. DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were inspected for acute or subacute infarcts, showed that MRI evidence of small subacute infarcts is present in a substantial proportion of living patients with advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The presence of these lesions is associated with a higher burden of hemorrhages, but not with conventional vascular risk factors(3).
c. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is defined as a rare condition of stroke as a result from thrombosis (a blood clot) of the dural venous sinuses. There is a report of a A 65-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis and loss of consciousness. Brain computed tomography showed a left frontoparietal hemorrhage. Angiographic studies with magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a partial superior saggital sinus thrombosis. With a diagnosis of CVST, intravenous heparin was administered. After 24 hours the patient had a symptomatic increase in ICH size, and 2 days later the patient developed a status epilepticus with new evidence of rebleeding. Anticoagulant treatment was stopped and the patient experienced neurological improvement, with no new episodes of rebleeding(4).
d. Infection of Streptococcus mutans
Infection with Streptococcus mutans expressing collagen-binding protein (CBP) is a potential risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke(5).
e. Fetal cytomegalovirus infection
There is a report of a 38-year-old gravida 3, para 2 at 16 weeks of gestation who underwent ultrasound examination for anomaly screening. The scan revealed an extensive irregular echogenic area in the fetal brain, especially at the level of lateral ventricles, suggestive of intraventricular and cerebral hemorrhage due to intrauterine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection(6).
e. Cerebral Aneurysms
Cerebral aneurysm is defined as a cerebrovascular disorder causes of the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out of the wall of a blood vessel as a result of the weaken of blood vessels and veins and occurred mostly at the bifurcations and branches of the large arteries located at the Circle of Willis. It can burst and cause bleeding into the brain(5) leading to Intracranial hemorrhage(7)
f. Brain Arteriovenous malformations
Brain Arteriovenous malformations is defined as a condition of abnormal connection between veins and arteries, with a high rate of bleeding into the brain usually congenital.
g. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22626015
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349602
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21712666
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952219
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417974
(7) http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/cerebral-aneurysm.html
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral hemorrhage, a sub type of intracranial hemorrhage, is defined as a condition of bleeding as a result of artery bursts in the brain, considered as one of the main cause of stroke, according to the research article of Endoscopic management of hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus(1).
Causes
a. Penetrating head trauma
Patients receiving warfarin or clopidogrel are considered at increased risk for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage after blunt head trauma. In a study of a total of 1,064 patients were enrolled (768 warfarin patients [72.2%] and 296 clopidogrel patients [27.8%]). There were 364 patients (34.2%) from Level I or II trauma centers and 700 patients (65.8%) from community hospitals. One thousand patients received a cranial CT scan in the ED. Both warfarin and clopidogrel groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, although concomitant aspirin use was more prevalent among patients receiving clopidogrel. The prevalence of immediate traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was higher in patients receiving clopidogrel (33/276, 12.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.4% to 16.4%) than patients receiving warfarin (37/724, 5.1%; 95% CI 3.6% to 7.0%), relative risk 2.31 (95% CI 1.48 to 3.63). Delayed traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was identified in 4 of 687 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.2% to 1.5%) patients receiving warfarin and 0 of 243 (0%; 95% CI 0% to 1.5%) patients receiving clopidogrel(2).
b. Amyloid angiopathy
In the review of neuropathologic studies suggestion of an association between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and small ischemic infarctions as well as hemorrhages by analyzing MR images from 78 subjects with a diagnosis of probable CAA and a similar aged group of 55 subjects with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment (AD/MCI) for comparison. DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were inspected for acute or subacute infarcts, showed that MRI evidence of small subacute infarcts is present in a substantial proportion of living patients with advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The presence of these lesions is associated with a higher burden of hemorrhages, but not with conventional vascular risk factors(3).
c. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is defined as a rare condition of stroke as a result from thrombosis (a blood clot) of the dural venous sinuses. There is a report of a A 65-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis and loss of consciousness. Brain computed tomography showed a left frontoparietal hemorrhage. Angiographic studies with magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a partial superior saggital sinus thrombosis. With a diagnosis of CVST, intravenous heparin was administered. After 24 hours the patient had a symptomatic increase in ICH size, and 2 days later the patient developed a status epilepticus with new evidence of rebleeding. Anticoagulant treatment was stopped and the patient experienced neurological improvement, with no new episodes of rebleeding(4).
d. Infection of Streptococcus mutans
Infection with Streptococcus mutans expressing collagen-binding protein (CBP) is a potential risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke(5).
e. Fetal cytomegalovirus infection
There is a report of a 38-year-old gravida 3, para 2 at 16 weeks of gestation who underwent ultrasound examination for anomaly screening. The scan revealed an extensive irregular echogenic area in the fetal brain, especially at the level of lateral ventricles, suggestive of intraventricular and cerebral hemorrhage due to intrauterine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection(6).
e. Cerebral Aneurysms
Cerebral aneurysm is defined as a cerebrovascular disorder causes of the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out of the wall of a blood vessel as a result of the weaken of blood vessels and veins and occurred mostly at the bifurcations and branches of the large arteries located at the Circle of Willis. It can burst and cause bleeding into the brain(5) leading to Intracranial hemorrhage(7)
f. Brain Arteriovenous malformations
Brain Arteriovenous malformations is defined as a condition of abnormal connection between veins and arteries, with a high rate of bleeding into the brain usually congenital.
g. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/7/1
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22626015
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349602
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21712666
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952219
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417974
(7) http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/cerebral-aneurysm.html
Upper head hemorrhaging: Intracranial hemorrhage - The Treatments
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Treatments
Treatments of Intracranial hemorrhage are completely depending to diseases of differentiation
1. Medication
a. Antihypertensive therapy
In the study of the efficacy of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for ultra-early, intentional antihypertensive therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage, showed that there are clinical benefits, by the prevention of subsequent HE, in maintaining a MAP level lower than that recommended by the the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) (110 mm Hg) after hospitalization for patients who have intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)(19).
b. Factor VII
Factor VII is a protein that causes blood to clot. Several studies have demonstrated successful correction of the international normalized ratio (INR) using prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). To our knowledge, no study has directly compared these agents for treatment of warfarin-related ICH(20).
c. Mannitol and hypertonic saline
In the study to develop effective strategies for the medical treatment of ICP in cases of ICH, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a canine model of ICH, found that
hypertonic saline, in both 3 and 23.4% concentrations, is as effective as mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertension observed in association with ICH. Hypertonic saline may have a longer duration of action, particularly when used in 3% solution. None of three treatment regimens influence regional cerebral blood flow or cerebral metabolism(21).
d. Acetaminophen to relieve the symptoms of headache and body temperature.
e. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, a synthetic drug and closely resemble cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands may be used in case of hypertensives and swelling.
f. Etc.
2. Non medical treatments
a. In case of intracranial pressure, placement of intracranial pressure monitors (The intracranial pressure (ICP) is monitored and ICP also can be lowered by draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out through the catheter) by non-neurosurgeons: Excellent outcomes can be achieved. Placement of ICP monitors may be performed safely by both neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons. This procedure should thus be considered a core skill for trauma surgeons and surgical residents alike, thereby allowing initiation of prompt medical treatment in both rural areas and trauma centers with inadequate neurosurgeon or fellow coverage, according to the study by Department of Trauma Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis (J.M.H.(22).
3. Surgery
"Currently, most neurosurgeons in the UK would operate on patients with a deteriorating conscious level and a worsening neurological deficit. In addition, haematomas between 20—80 ml in volume are more likely to be operated upon as are lobar/superficial haematomas. With cerebellar haemorrhage, although there are again no randomized controlled trials comparing surgical and conservative treatment, there seems to be greater agreement that hematomas greater than 3—4 cm should be operated upon, especially when there is concomitant clinical deterioration or hydrocephalus", according to the study of Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage by University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (23).
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(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541417?dopt=Abstract
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492631
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232539
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929484
(23) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/444.full.pdf
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Treatments
Treatments of Intracranial hemorrhage are completely depending to diseases of differentiation
1. Medication
a. Antihypertensive therapy
In the study of the efficacy of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for ultra-early, intentional antihypertensive therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage, showed that there are clinical benefits, by the prevention of subsequent HE, in maintaining a MAP level lower than that recommended by the the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) (110 mm Hg) after hospitalization for patients who have intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)(19).
b. Factor VII
Factor VII is a protein that causes blood to clot. Several studies have demonstrated successful correction of the international normalized ratio (INR) using prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) or recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). To our knowledge, no study has directly compared these agents for treatment of warfarin-related ICH(20).
c. Mannitol and hypertonic saline
In the study to develop effective strategies for the medical treatment of ICP in cases of ICH, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a canine model of ICH, found that
hypertonic saline, in both 3 and 23.4% concentrations, is as effective as mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertension observed in association with ICH. Hypertonic saline may have a longer duration of action, particularly when used in 3% solution. None of three treatment regimens influence regional cerebral blood flow or cerebral metabolism(21).
d. Acetaminophen to relieve the symptoms of headache and body temperature.
e. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, a synthetic drug and closely resemble cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands may be used in case of hypertensives and swelling.
f. Etc.
2. Non medical treatments
a. In case of intracranial pressure, placement of intracranial pressure monitors (The intracranial pressure (ICP) is monitored and ICP also can be lowered by draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out through the catheter) by non-neurosurgeons: Excellent outcomes can be achieved. Placement of ICP monitors may be performed safely by both neurosurgeons and non-neurosurgeons. This procedure should thus be considered a core skill for trauma surgeons and surgical residents alike, thereby allowing initiation of prompt medical treatment in both rural areas and trauma centers with inadequate neurosurgeon or fellow coverage, according to the study by Department of Trauma Services, Via Christi Hospital on Saint Francis (J.M.H.(22).
3. Surgery
"Currently, most neurosurgeons in the UK would operate on patients with a deteriorating conscious level and a worsening neurological deficit. In addition, haematomas between 20—80 ml in volume are more likely to be operated upon as are lobar/superficial haematomas. With cerebellar haemorrhage, although there are again no randomized controlled trials comparing surgical and conservative treatment, there seems to be greater agreement that hematomas greater than 3—4 cm should be operated upon, especially when there is concomitant clinical deterioration or hydrocephalus", according to the study of Surgical treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage by University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (23).
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(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541417?dopt=Abstract
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492631
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10232539
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929484
(23) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/444.full.pdf
Upper head hemorrhaging: Intracranial hemorrhage - The Diagnosis
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Diagnosis
After a complete physical and history examination, the tests which your doctor may order include
1. Computed tomography (CT)
Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. We hypothesized that repeat computed tomography in persons with intracranial hemorrhage and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15, without clinical progression of neurologic symptoms, does not impact the need for neurosurgical intervention or discharge GCS scores, according to the study by The University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center(16).
2. Lumbar puncture
If the CT is negative for bleeding, lumbar puncture or a spinal tap may be necessary to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for the presence of blood. There is a report of two cases of spinal epidural hematoma and two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture (LP) are reported in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding was asymptomatic but interfered with treatment in one case, and caused either severe backache or headache but no neurological deficit in the other three patients(17).
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in detecting structural abnormalities of the body to determine the extent of injury to the brain.
4. Arteriography
In case a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, arteriography, a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels to pinpoint the location of the ruptured aneurysm.
5. Other tests may be necessary, depending to conditions of the patient and suspection of the doctor.
Some researchers suggested (in case of ttrauma and absence of trauma) that ICH is diagnosed through history, physical examination, and, most commonly, noncontrast CT examination of the brain, which discloses the anatomic bleeding location. Trauma is a common cause. In the absence of trauma, spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage is a common cause associated with hypertension when found in the deep locations such as the basal ganglia, pons, or caudate nucleus(18).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929497
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155928
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22284061
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Diagnosis
After a complete physical and history examination, the tests which your doctor may order include
1. Computed tomography (CT)
Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the skull to check for fractures and bleeding, specially in case of trauma. Scheduled repeat head computed tomography after mild traumatic brain injury has been shown to have limited use for predicting the need for an intervention. We hypothesized that repeat computed tomography in persons with intracranial hemorrhage and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15, without clinical progression of neurologic symptoms, does not impact the need for neurosurgical intervention or discharge GCS scores, according to the study by The University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center(16).
2. Lumbar puncture
If the CT is negative for bleeding, lumbar puncture or a spinal tap may be necessary to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for the presence of blood. There is a report of two cases of spinal epidural hematoma and two cases of intracranial subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture (LP) are reported in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The bleeding was asymptomatic but interfered with treatment in one case, and caused either severe backache or headache but no neurological deficit in the other three patients(17).
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in detecting structural abnormalities of the body to determine the extent of injury to the brain.
4. Arteriography
In case a ruptured aneurysm is suspected, arteriography, a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels to pinpoint the location of the ruptured aneurysm.
5. Other tests may be necessary, depending to conditions of the patient and suspection of the doctor.
Some researchers suggested (in case of ttrauma and absence of trauma) that ICH is diagnosed through history, physical examination, and, most commonly, noncontrast CT examination of the brain, which discloses the anatomic bleeding location. Trauma is a common cause. In the absence of trauma, spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage is a common cause associated with hypertension when found in the deep locations such as the basal ganglia, pons, or caudate nucleus(18).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929497
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155928
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22284061
Upper head hemorrhaging: Intracranial hemorrhage - The Symptoms and Risk Factors
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Symptoms
1. Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(13).
2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(14).
3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(15).
3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.
Risk factors
1. According to the study of Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic stroke after fibrinolytic therapy (from the GUSTO-i trial), showed that Of 592 patients in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and tPA for Occluded Arteries-I trial who had a stroke during initial hospitalization, the risk for intracranial hemorrhage was significantly greater in those with recent facial or head trauma (odds ratio 13.0, 95% confidence interval 3.4 to 85.5); dementia was additionally associated with an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 10.2). Because facial or head trauma may greatly influence treatment decisions, this risk factor should be incorporated into models designed to estimate the risks and benefits of fibrinolytic therapy(12).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(12) http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149%2803%2901581-9/abstract
(13) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(14) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage is defined as condition of bleeding within the skull.
D.1.1. Types of Intracranial hemorrhage
In the study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), showed that Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I-III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere(1).
1. Intra-axial hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage)
Intra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of bleeding in the brain itself, including bleeding of the brain tissues and ventricles,
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage
Extra-axial hemorrhage is defined as a condition of skull bleeding outside of the brain
Symptoms
1. Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure as a result of a traumatic brain injuries can cause large mass which puts pressure on the brain(13).
2. Severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage, a sub types of Intracranial hemorrhage(14).
3. Seizures with no previous history of seizures
In the study to determine the outcome and prognostic factors in those patients with severe AVM-ICH, showed that there were seven males and nine females with a mean age of 32 years (range 6-66). All had Glasgow coma score 8 or less and most exhibited motor posturing and/or dilated pupils. Fifteen patients had intraprenchymal, ten had intraventricular, and four had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Twelve patients underwent hematoma evacuation with concomitant decompressive craniectomy in 11 and external ventricular drainage (EVD) in six. EVD was the only treatment offered to four patients. AVM excision was not routinely attempted in the acute phase. Three patients died from extensive bihemispheric infarction and refractory intracranial pressure. All 13 survivors improved neurologically and 12 had an acceptable functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≤ 4) after a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-49). Among all clinical, radiological, and operative variables, only cisternal SAH (P = 0.007) and early seizures (P = 0.018) were significantly associated with death(15).
3. Other symptoms as a result of central nervous system has been affect by intracranial hemorrhage, such as weakness in an arm or leg, decreased alertness, tingling or numbness, difficulty writing or reading, loss of motor tremors, loss of balance, etc.
Risk factors
1. According to the study of Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic stroke after fibrinolytic therapy (from the GUSTO-i trial), showed that Of 592 patients in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and tPA for Occluded Arteries-I trial who had a stroke during initial hospitalization, the risk for intracranial hemorrhage was significantly greater in those with recent facial or head trauma (odds ratio 13.0, 95% confidence interval 3.4 to 85.5); dementia was additionally associated with an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 10.2). Because facial or head trauma may greatly influence treatment decisions, this risk factor should be incorporated into models designed to estimate the risks and benefits of fibrinolytic therapy(12).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(12) http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149%2803%2901581-9/abstract
(13) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview
(14) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234617
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