Secoisolariciresinol, aphytochemical in the class of Lignans (phytoestrogens), found abundantly in
flax seeds, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pumpkin, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Health Benefits
In
the review of a growing body of evidence suggests that SDG metabolites
may provide health benefits due to their weak oestrogenic or
anti-oestrogenic effects, antioxidant activity, ability to induce phase
2 proteins and/or inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, or by
mechanisms yet unidentified, indicated that human and animal studies
identify the benefits of SDG consumption. SDG metabolites may protect
against CVD and the metabolic syndrome by reducing lipid and glucose
concentrations, lowering blood pressure, and decreasing oxidative
stress and inflammation. Flax lignans may also reduce cancer risk by
preventing pre-cancerous cellular changes and by reducing angiogenesis
and metastasis. Thus, dietary SDG has the potential to decrease the
incidence of several chronic diseases that result in significant
morbidity and mortality in industrialised countries. The available
literature, though, makes it difficult to clearly identify SDG health
effects because of the wide variability in study methods. However, the
current evidence suggests that a dose of at least 500 mg SDG/d for
approximately 8 weeks is needed to observe positive effects on
cardiovascular risk factors in human patients. Flaxseed and its lignan
extracts appear to be safe for most adult populations, though animal
studies suggest that pregnant women should limit their exposur,
according to "Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside" by Adolphe JL, Whiting SJ, Juurlink BH, Thorpe LU, Alcorn J(1)
2. Antioxidant activities
In
the evaluation of the antioxidant efficacy of potential physiological
concentrations of SDG, SECO, ED and EL against
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH()), and
2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-initiated peroxyl
radical plasmid DNA damage and phosphatidylcholine liposome lipid
peroxidation, found that the efficacy of lignans and controls against
AAPH peroxyl radical-induced DNA damage was:
SDG>SECO=17alpha-estradiol>ED=EL>genistein>daidzein. Lignan
efficacy against AAPH-induced liposome lipid peroxidation was:
SDG>SECO=ED=EL. Plant lignan antioxidant activity was attributed to
the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyl substituents of SDG and SECO, versus the meta
mono-phenol structures of ED and EL. Benzylic hydrogen abstraction and
potential resonance stabilization of phenoxyl radicals in an aqueous
environment likely contributed to the antioxidant activity of the
mammalian lignans, according to "Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro" by Hu C, Yuan YV, Kitts DD.(2)
3. Cardiovascular health
In
the investigation of the effects of and its effect on cardiovascular
health, found that Flaxseed oil decreases soluble vascular cell adhesion
molecule-1 but has no effect on soluble intracellular adhesion
molecule-1, soluble E-selectin, and monocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Flaxseed has variable effects on IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. FLC reduces
plasma levels of C-reactive protein but has no effects on IL-6, tumor
necrosis factor-alpha, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1,
soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or monocyte chemoattractant
protein. Flaxseed has a very small hypotensive effect, but flaxseed oil
does not lower blood pressure. However, SDG is a very potent
hypotensive agent. Flaxseed oil decreases platelet aggregation and
increases platelet activating inhibitor-1 and bleeding time. Flaxseed
and FLC have no effect on the hemopoietic system. SDG is a potent
angiogenic and antiapoptotic agent that may have a role in
cardioprotection in ischemic heart disease, according to "Flaxseed and cardiovascular health" by Prasad K.(3)
4. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the effect of FS compared with pure lignan at the level it is present in FS [secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG)] and to the lignan-rich fraction [FS hull (FH)] on
human breast tumor growth and their potential mechanisms of action,
found that All treatments significantly inhibited cell proliferation,
but only FS and SDG induced significantly higher apoptosis. Both FS and
SDG significantly decreased mRNA expressions of Bcl2, cyclin D1, pS2,
ERalpha, and ERbeta, epidermal growth factor receptor, and insulin-like
growth factor receptor. FS also reduced human epidermal growth factor
receptor 2 mRNA and SDG decreased phospho-specific mitogen-activated
protein kinase expression, according to "Flaxseed and pure secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, but not flaxseed hull, reduce human breast tumor growth (MCF-7) in athymic mice" by Chen J, Saggar JK, Corey P, Thompson LU.(4)
5. MCF-7 tumor growth
In the elucidation of the component of flaxseed, i.e. secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) lignan or flaxseed oil (FO), makes tamoxifen (TAM)
more effective in reducing growth of established estrogen receptor
positive breast tumors (MCF-7) at low circulating estrogen levels, and
potential mechanisms of action. In a 2 x 2 factorial design,
ovariectomized athymic mice,
found that all treatments reduced the
growth of TAM-treated tumors by reducing cell proliferation, expression
of genes, and proteins involved in the ER- and growth factor-mediated
signaling pathways with FO having the greatest effect in increasing
apoptosis compared with TAM treatment alone. SDG and FO reduced the
growth of TAM-treated tumors but FO was more effective. The mechanisms
involve both the ER- and growth factor-signaling pathways, according to
"Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil
combined with tamoxifen treatment affects MCF-7 tumor growth through
estrogen receptor- and growth factor-signaling pathways" by Saggar JK, Chen J, Corey P, Thompson LU.(5)
6. Bone density
In
the investigation of the association between habitual phyto-oestrogen
intake and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcanaeum as
a marker of bone density, we collected 7 d records of diet, medical
history and demographic and anthropometric data from participants (aged
45-75 years) in the European Prospective Investigation into
Cancer-Norfolk study. Phyto-oestrogen (biochanin A, daidzein,
formononetin; genistein, glycitein; matairesinol;
secoisolariciresinol; enterolactone; equol) intake was determined
using a newly developed food composition database, found that non-soya
isoflavones are associated with bone density independent of Ca,
whereas the association with soya or soya isoflavones is affected by
dietary Ca, according to "Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women" by Kuhnle GG, Ward HA, Vogiatzoglou A, Luben RN, Mulligan A, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT.(6)
7. Obesity
In the observation in the mice, of the oral administration of (-)-secoisolariciresinol and in addition, subcutaneous injection of (-)-secoisolariciresinol also significantly suppressed the gain of body weight, found that (-)-secoisolariciresinol
exerts a suppressive effect on the gain of body weight of mice fed a
high-fat diet by inducing gene expression of adiponectin, resulting in
the altered expression of various genes related to the synthesis and
β-oxidation of fatty acids, according to "(-)-Secoisolariciresinol attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice" by Tominaga S, Nishi K, Nishimoto S, Akiyama K, Yamauchi S, Sugahara T.(7)
8. Colon cancer
In the testing of the hypothesis that dietary secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) might have a different effect than its metabolites in
human colonic SW480 cancer cells, found that SDG demonstrated similar
effects on cell growth, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle arrest when
compared with its metabolite enterolactone. However, the reliable
stability and undetectable intracellular SDG in treated cells may
suggest that metabolism of SDG, if exposed directly to the colonic
cells, could be different from the known degradation by microorganisms
in human gut, according to "Cytostatic inhibition of cancer cell growth by lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside" by Ayella A, Lim S, Jiang Y, Iwamoto T, Lin D, Tomich J, Wang W.(8)
9. Hypercholesterolemia and liver disease
In the investigation of the effects of flaxseed lignan (secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside [SDG]) intake on hypercholesterolemia and liver disease
risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, found that
SDG-treated subjects, we also observed a significant percentage decrease
in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase relative to the levels at baseline (P < .01) and a
significant percentage decrease in the level of gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase relative to the placebo-treated group (P < .05). These
results suggest that daily administration of 100 mg SDG can be
effective at reducing blood level of cholesterol and hepatic diseases
risk in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, according to "Flaxseed lignan lowers blood cholesterol and decreases liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men" by Fukumitsu S, Aida K, Shimizu H, Toyoda K.(9)
10. Plasma lipids and fasting glucose level
An
8-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was
conducted in fifty-five hypercholesterolaemic subjects, using
treatments of 0 (placebo), 300 or 600 mg/d of dietary secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) from flaxseed extract to determine the effect on
plasma lipids and fasting glucose levels, found that a substantial
effect on lowering concentrations of fasting plasma glucose was also
noted in the 600 mg SDG group at weeks 6 and 8, especially in the
subjects with baseline glucose concentrations > or = 5.83 mmol/l
(lowered 25.56 and 24.96 %; P = 0.015 and P = 0.012 compared with
placebo, respectively). Plasma concentrations of secoisolariciresinol
(SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone were all significantly raised
in the groups supplemented with flaxseed lignan, according to "Dietary flaxseed lignan extract lowers plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects" by Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sun SZ.(10)
11. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In
a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with
repeated measurements was conducted over a 4-month period using
treatment dosages of 0 (placebo), 300, or 600 mg/day SDG, found that
dietary flaxseed lignan extract appreciably improves LUTS in BPH
subjects, and the therapeutic efficacy appeared comparable to that of
commonly used intervention agents of alpha1A-adrenoceptor blockers and
5alpha-reductase inhibitors, according to "Effects of dietary flaxseed lignan extract on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia" by
Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sun SZ.(11)
12. Hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis
In the evaluation of many natural products, including vitamin E, garlic, purpurogallin, flaxseed and its components [secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside (SDG) and flax lignan complex (FLC)] and resveratrol have
been reported to suppress hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis, found
that The mechanisms of the ineffectiveness of vitamin E in regression
and slowing of progression of atherosclerosis have been discussed. SDG
is effective in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis and
partially effective in regression of hypercholesterolemic
atherosclerosis, according to "Natural products in regression and slowing of progression of atherosclerosis" by Prasad K.(12)
13. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003621
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17624649
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568181
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776177
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19904759
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736835
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22030618
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21130295
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797475
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053310
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18358071
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20874684
Wednesday, 6 November 2013
Phytochemicals in Foods - 8 Health Benefits of Pinoresino
Pinoresino is a phytochemical in the class of Lignans (phytoestrogens), found abundantly in sesame seed, brassica vegetables, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Hepatoprotective effect
In the investigation of the hepatoprotective effects of pinoresinol, a lignan isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with vehicle or pinoresinol (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) 30 min before and 2 h after CCl4 (20 microl/kg) injection, found that pinoresinol ameliorates CCl4)-induced acute liver injury, and this protection is likely due to anti-oxidative activity and down-regulation of inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1, according to"Hepatoprotective effect of pinoresinol on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice" by Kim HY, Kim JK, Choi JH, Jung JY, Oh WY, Kim DC, Lee HS, Kim YS, Kang SS, Lee SH, Lee SM.(1)
2. Colon cancer
In the assessment of the anticancer properties of EVOO phenolic extracts using in vitro models,
found that pinoresinol-rich EVOO extracts have potent chemopreventive properties and specifically upregulate the ATM-p53 cascade. This result was achieved at substantially lower concentrations in EVOO than with purified pinoresinol, indicating a possible synergic effect between the various polyphenols in olive oil, according to "Chemopreventive properties of pinoresinol-rich olive oil involve a selective activation of the ATM-p53 cascade in colon cancer cell lines" by Fini L, Hotchkiss E, Fogliano V, Graziani G, Romano M, De Vol EB, Qin H, Selgrad M, Boland CR, Ricciardiello L.(2)
3. Hypertension
In a controlled clinical trial conducted to evaluate an aqueous bark extract of Eucommia standardized to eight percent pinoresinol di-beta-D-glucoside (PG) for BP reduction in humans, found that the standardized Eucommia extract reduced BP and has beta-adrenergic blocking activity. Eucommia may be an appropriate nutraceutical intervention for prehypertension, according to "A clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of a standardized Eucommia ulmoides oliver bark extract to treat hypertension" by
Greenway F, Liu Z, Yu Y, Gupta A.(3)
4. Antioxidants
In the isolation of the antioxidant components from cassava stems produced in Hainan. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed greater DPPH˙and ABTS·+ scavenging activities than other fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield ten phenolic compounds: Coniferaldehyde (1), isovanillin (2), 6-deoxyjacareubin (3), scopoletin (4), syringaldehyde (5), pinoresinol (6), p-coumaric acid (7), ficusol (8), balanophonin (9) and ethamivan (10), which possess significant antioxidant activities, found that The relative order of DPPH· scavenging capacity for these compounds was ascorbic acid (reference) > 6 > 1 > 8 > 10 > 9 > 3 > 4 > 7 > 5 > 2, and that of ABTS·+ scavenging capacity was 5 > 7 > 1 > 10 > 4 > 6 > 8 > 2 > Trolox (reference compound) > 3 > 9. The results showed that these phenolic compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of cassava, according to "Antioxidant phenolic compounds of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from Hainan" by Yi B, Hu L, Mei W, Zhou K, Wang H, Luo Y, Wei X, Dai H.(4)
5. Antifungal effect
In the investigation of the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of (+)-pinoresinol, a biphenolic compound isolated from the herb Sambucus williamsii,used in traditional medicine.
found that the antifungal mechanism of (+)-pinoresinol, we conducted fluorescence experiments on the human pathogen Candida albicans indicated that the (+)-pinoresinol caused damage to the fungal plasma membrane, according to "Antifungal effect of (+)-pinoresinol isolated from Sambucus williamsii" by Hwang B, Lee J, Liu QH, Woo ER, Lee DG.(5)
6. Anti-proliferative effect
Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation and purification of MeOH extract from Chionanthus retusus Lindl. et Paxton resulted in the isolation of compounds, including phillygenin (1), scopoletin (2), pinoresinol (3), kaempferol (4), aromadendrin (5), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (6), 3,3',5,5',7-pentahydroxyflavanone (7), luteolin (8), quercetin (9), apigenin (10), chrysoeriol (11), phillyrin (12), oleuropein (13), (7R,8R)-guaiacylglycerol (14). All compounds except for 12 and 13 were isolated for the first time from this plant and genus Chionanthus, found that anti-proliferative effect of isolated compounds were evaluated by the sulforhodamin B assay against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15). Compounds 4 and 8-10 were significantly active with ED50 values of 1.84-6.35 microg/mL. Also, compounds 1, 3, 5 and 7 revealed cytotoxic effects at concentrations below 30 microg/mL, according to "Cytotoxic phenolic compounds from Chionanthus retusus" by Kwak JH, Kang MW, Roh JH, Choi SU, Zee OP.(6)
7. Anti inflammatory effects
In the assessment of the anti inflammatory effect of 3 lots of hierba santa: Cestrum auriculatum (herb 1 and herb 2) and C. hediundinum (herb 3), found that herbs 1-3 showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in the in vivo writhing inhibition test in mouse and inhibited prostaglandin E(1)-, E(2)-, or ACh-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum in the Magnus method. Activity-based separation of each extract yielded cestrumines A and B, cestrusides A and B, a mixture of (+)- and (-)-pinoresinol glucosides, nicotiflorin, rutin, sinapoyl glucose, ursolic acid, beta-sitosteryl glucoside, and 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl-beta-D: -glucopyranoside, according to "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic components from "hierba santa," a traditional medicine in Peru" by Kawano M, Otsuka M, Umeyama K, Yamazaki M, Shiota T, Satake M, Okuyama E.(7)
8. Antimalarial activity
In the evaluation of selected phytochemicals intake and breast cancer (BC) risk in Mexican women, found that among postmenopausal women, high dietary intake of flavonols and flavones was associated with a significant reduction of BC risk (high v. low tertile: OR = 0.21, 95 % CI 0.07, 0.60, P for trend = 0.004 and OR = 0.29, 95 % CI 0.10, 0.82, P for trend = 0.025, respectively); consumption of lignans (lariciresinol and pinoresinol) showed a similar effect, but only among premenopausal women (high v. low tertile: OR = 0.32, 95 % CI 0.10, 0.99, P for trend = 0.051 and OR = 0.19, 95 % CI 0.06, 0.62, P for trend = 0.006, respectively), according to "Dietary consumption of phytochemicals and breast cancer risk in Mexican women" by Torres-Sanchez L, Galvan-Portillo M, Wolff MS, Lopez-Carrillo L.(8)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093790
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999988
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214253
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157579
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657496
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162394
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067116
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647433
Health Benefits
1. Hepatoprotective effect
In the investigation of the hepatoprotective effects of pinoresinol, a lignan isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with vehicle or pinoresinol (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) 30 min before and 2 h after CCl4 (20 microl/kg) injection, found that pinoresinol ameliorates CCl4)-induced acute liver injury, and this protection is likely due to anti-oxidative activity and down-regulation of inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1, according to"Hepatoprotective effect of pinoresinol on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice" by Kim HY, Kim JK, Choi JH, Jung JY, Oh WY, Kim DC, Lee HS, Kim YS, Kang SS, Lee SH, Lee SM.(1)
2. Colon cancer
In the assessment of the anticancer properties of EVOO phenolic extracts using in vitro models,
found that pinoresinol-rich EVOO extracts have potent chemopreventive properties and specifically upregulate the ATM-p53 cascade. This result was achieved at substantially lower concentrations in EVOO than with purified pinoresinol, indicating a possible synergic effect between the various polyphenols in olive oil, according to "Chemopreventive properties of pinoresinol-rich olive oil involve a selective activation of the ATM-p53 cascade in colon cancer cell lines" by Fini L, Hotchkiss E, Fogliano V, Graziani G, Romano M, De Vol EB, Qin H, Selgrad M, Boland CR, Ricciardiello L.(2)
3. Hypertension
In a controlled clinical trial conducted to evaluate an aqueous bark extract of Eucommia standardized to eight percent pinoresinol di-beta-D-glucoside (PG) for BP reduction in humans, found that the standardized Eucommia extract reduced BP and has beta-adrenergic blocking activity. Eucommia may be an appropriate nutraceutical intervention for prehypertension, according to "A clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of a standardized Eucommia ulmoides oliver bark extract to treat hypertension" by
Greenway F, Liu Z, Yu Y, Gupta A.(3)
4. Antioxidants
In the isolation of the antioxidant components from cassava stems produced in Hainan. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed greater DPPH˙and ABTS·+ scavenging activities than other fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield ten phenolic compounds: Coniferaldehyde (1), isovanillin (2), 6-deoxyjacareubin (3), scopoletin (4), syringaldehyde (5), pinoresinol (6), p-coumaric acid (7), ficusol (8), balanophonin (9) and ethamivan (10), which possess significant antioxidant activities, found that The relative order of DPPH· scavenging capacity for these compounds was ascorbic acid (reference) > 6 > 1 > 8 > 10 > 9 > 3 > 4 > 7 > 5 > 2, and that of ABTS·+ scavenging capacity was 5 > 7 > 1 > 10 > 4 > 6 > 8 > 2 > Trolox (reference compound) > 3 > 9. The results showed that these phenolic compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of cassava, according to "Antioxidant phenolic compounds of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from Hainan" by Yi B, Hu L, Mei W, Zhou K, Wang H, Luo Y, Wei X, Dai H.(4)
5. Antifungal effect
In the investigation of the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of (+)-pinoresinol, a biphenolic compound isolated from the herb Sambucus williamsii,used in traditional medicine.
found that the antifungal mechanism of (+)-pinoresinol, we conducted fluorescence experiments on the human pathogen Candida albicans indicated that the (+)-pinoresinol caused damage to the fungal plasma membrane, according to "Antifungal effect of (+)-pinoresinol isolated from Sambucus williamsii" by Hwang B, Lee J, Liu QH, Woo ER, Lee DG.(5)
6. Anti-proliferative effect
Cytotoxicity-guided fractionation and purification of MeOH extract from Chionanthus retusus Lindl. et Paxton resulted in the isolation of compounds, including phillygenin (1), scopoletin (2), pinoresinol (3), kaempferol (4), aromadendrin (5), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (6), 3,3',5,5',7-pentahydroxyflavanone (7), luteolin (8), quercetin (9), apigenin (10), chrysoeriol (11), phillyrin (12), oleuropein (13), (7R,8R)-guaiacylglycerol (14). All compounds except for 12 and 13 were isolated for the first time from this plant and genus Chionanthus, found that anti-proliferative effect of isolated compounds were evaluated by the sulforhodamin B assay against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15). Compounds 4 and 8-10 were significantly active with ED50 values of 1.84-6.35 microg/mL. Also, compounds 1, 3, 5 and 7 revealed cytotoxic effects at concentrations below 30 microg/mL, according to "Cytotoxic phenolic compounds from Chionanthus retusus" by Kwak JH, Kang MW, Roh JH, Choi SU, Zee OP.(6)
7. Anti inflammatory effects
In the assessment of the anti inflammatory effect of 3 lots of hierba santa: Cestrum auriculatum (herb 1 and herb 2) and C. hediundinum (herb 3), found that herbs 1-3 showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in the in vivo writhing inhibition test in mouse and inhibited prostaglandin E(1)-, E(2)-, or ACh-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum in the Magnus method. Activity-based separation of each extract yielded cestrumines A and B, cestrusides A and B, a mixture of (+)- and (-)-pinoresinol glucosides, nicotiflorin, rutin, sinapoyl glucose, ursolic acid, beta-sitosteryl glucoside, and 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl-beta-D: -glucopyranoside, according to "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic components from "hierba santa," a traditional medicine in Peru" by Kawano M, Otsuka M, Umeyama K, Yamazaki M, Shiota T, Satake M, Okuyama E.(7)
8. Antimalarial activity
In the evaluation of selected phytochemicals intake and breast cancer (BC) risk in Mexican women, found that among postmenopausal women, high dietary intake of flavonols and flavones was associated with a significant reduction of BC risk (high v. low tertile: OR = 0.21, 95 % CI 0.07, 0.60, P for trend = 0.004 and OR = 0.29, 95 % CI 0.10, 0.82, P for trend = 0.025, respectively); consumption of lignans (lariciresinol and pinoresinol) showed a similar effect, but only among premenopausal women (high v. low tertile: OR = 0.32, 95 % CI 0.10, 0.99, P for trend = 0.051 and OR = 0.19, 95 % CI 0.06, 0.62, P for trend = 0.006, respectively), according to "Dietary consumption of phytochemicals and breast cancer risk in Mexican women" by Torres-Sanchez L, Galvan-Portillo M, Wolff MS, Lopez-Carrillo L.(8)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093790
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999988
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214253
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157579
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657496
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162394
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067116
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647433
Phytochemicals in Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Oleocanthal
Oleocanthal is the phytochemical in the Tyrosol esters, belonging to The class of Flavonoids found a abundantly in olive oil.
Health benefits
1. Antiinflammatory activity
In the investigation of the anti inflammatory effect of Oleocantha of olive oil against chronic inflammation, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disease states including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, degenerative joint diseases and neurodegenerative diseases., found that This pharmacological similarity has provoked interest in oleocanthal and the few studies conducted thus far have verified its anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic actions. A review of the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet and anti-inflammatory properties of virgin olive oil is presented with the additional emphasis on the pharmacological and anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic compound oleocanthal, according to "Molecular mechanisms of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory benefits of virgin olive oil and the phenolic compound oleocanthal" by Lucas L, Russell A, Keast R."(1)
2. Breast and prostate cancers
In the investigation of the effect of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), containing a variety of minor phenolic compounds with beneficial properties. (-)-Oleocanthal (1) against metastatic breast and prostate cancers, found that Oleocanthal inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of the epithelial human breast and prostate cancer cell lines MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and PC-3, respectively, with an IC (50) range of 10-20 µM, and demonstrated anti-angiogenic activity via downregulating the expression of the microvessel density marker CD31 in endothelial colony forming cells with an IC (50) of 4.4 µM, according to "(-)-Oleocanthal as a c-Met inhibitor for the control of metastatic breast and prostate cancers" by Elnagar AY, Sylvester PW, El Sayed KA.(2)
3. Colon Cancer
In the evaluation of the effect of p-HPEA-EDA, a phenolic compound of virgin olive oil against cancers, found that dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone (p-HPEA-EDA), a phenolic compound of virgin olive oil, inhibits tumor promoter-induced cell transformation in JB6 Cl41 cells and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumorigenicity by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in HT-29 cells. p-HPEA-EDA inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p90RSK in JB6 Cl41 cells, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, activator protein-1 transactivation and cell transformation promoted by TPA. Moreover, p-HPEA-EDA strongly inhibited the cell viability and COX-2 expression by activation of AMPK activity in HT-29 cells, according to "p-HPEA-EDA, a phenolic compound of virgin olive oil, activates AMP-activated protein kinase to inhibit carcinogenesis" by
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21443487
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328179
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216846
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20201078
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235961
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685574
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631677
Health benefits
1. Antiinflammatory activity
In the investigation of the anti inflammatory effect of Oleocantha of olive oil against chronic inflammation, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disease states including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, degenerative joint diseases and neurodegenerative diseases., found that This pharmacological similarity has provoked interest in oleocanthal and the few studies conducted thus far have verified its anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic actions. A review of the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet and anti-inflammatory properties of virgin olive oil is presented with the additional emphasis on the pharmacological and anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic compound oleocanthal, according to "Molecular mechanisms of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory benefits of virgin olive oil and the phenolic compound oleocanthal" by Lucas L, Russell A, Keast R."(1)
2. Breast and prostate cancers
In the investigation of the effect of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), containing a variety of minor phenolic compounds with beneficial properties. (-)-Oleocanthal (1) against metastatic breast and prostate cancers, found that Oleocanthal inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of the epithelial human breast and prostate cancer cell lines MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and PC-3, respectively, with an IC (50) range of 10-20 µM, and demonstrated anti-angiogenic activity via downregulating the expression of the microvessel density marker CD31 in endothelial colony forming cells with an IC (50) of 4.4 µM, according to "(-)-Oleocanthal as a c-Met inhibitor for the control of metastatic breast and prostate cancers" by Elnagar AY, Sylvester PW, El Sayed KA.(2)
3. Colon Cancer
In the evaluation of the effect of p-HPEA-EDA, a phenolic compound of virgin olive oil against cancers, found that dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone (p-HPEA-EDA), a phenolic compound of virgin olive oil, inhibits tumor promoter-induced cell transformation in JB6 Cl41 cells and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumorigenicity by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in HT-29 cells. p-HPEA-EDA inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p90RSK in JB6 Cl41 cells, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, activator protein-1 transactivation and cell transformation promoted by TPA. Moreover, p-HPEA-EDA strongly inhibited the cell viability and COX-2 expression by activation of AMPK activity in HT-29 cells, according to "p-HPEA-EDA, a phenolic compound of virgin olive oil, activates AMP-activated protein kinase to inhibit carcinogenesis" by
Khanal P, Oh WK, Yun HJ, Namgoong GM, Ahn SG, Kwon SM, Choi HK, Choi HS.(3)
4. Osteoarthritis (OA)
In the comparison of the effect on the therapeutic management of joint inflammatory diseases as of that of that of ibuprofen, a drug widely used in the therapeutic management of joint inflammatory diseases, found that Oleocanthal and its derivatives decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced NOS2 synthesis in chondrocytes without significantly affecting cell viability at lower concentrations. Among the derivatives we examined, derivative 231 was the most interesting, since its inhibitory effect on NOS2 was devoid of cytotoxicity even at higher concentrations, according to "Effect of oleocanthal and its derivatives on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in a murine chondrocyte cell line" by Iacono A, Gómez R, Sperry J, Conde J, Bianco G, Meli R, Gómez-Reino JJ, Smith AB 3rd, Gualillo O.(4)
5. Antioxidant activity
In the investigation of the effect of total syntheses and the assignment of absolute configurations of both the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of oleocanthal 1 (a.k.a. deacetoxy ligstroside aglycon)
found that the absolute and relative stereochemistry of the naturally occurring enantiomer (-)-1 proved to be 3S,4E. Both syntheses begin with d-(-)-ribose, proceed in 12 steps, and are achieved with an overall yield of 7%. Both enantiomers proved to be non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents, according to "Synthesis and assignment of absolute configuration of (-)-oleocanthal: a potent, naturally occurring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent derived from extra virgin olive oils" by Smith AB 3rd, Han Q, Breslin PA, Beauchamp GK.(5)
6. NSAID ibuprofen
In the assessment of Phenolic compounds extracted from extra virgin olive oil, One of the components, (-)-oleocanthal (1), an inhibitor of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, possesses similar potency as the NSAID ibuprofen, found that the first- and now second-generation syntheses of both enantiomers of the oleocanthals, as well as the first synthesis of the closely related (-)-deacetoxy-oleuropein aglycone and a series of related analogues for structure activity studies. To demonstrate the utility of the second-generation synthesis, multigram quantities of (-)-oleocanthal were prepared in 10 steps (14% overall yield) from commercially available D-lyxose, according to "Syntheses of (-)-oleocanthal, a natural NSAID found in extra virgin olive oil, the (-)-deacetoxy-oleuropein aglycone, and related analogues" by Smith AB 3rd, Sperry JB, Han Q.(6)
7. Immunoreactivity and synaptotoxicity
In the investigation of the effect of oleocanthal (OC), a naturally-occurring phenolic compound found in extra-virgin olive oil on the immunoreactivity of soluble Abeta species, found that oleocanthal is capable of altering the oligomerization state of ADDLs while protecting neurons from the synaptopathological effects of ADDLs and suggest OC as a lead compound for development in AD therapeutics, according to "Alzheimer's-associated Abeta oligomers show altered structure, immunoreactivity and synaptotoxicity with low doses of oleocanthal" by Pitt J, Roth W, Lacor P, Smith AB 3rd, Blankenship M, Velasco P, De Felice F, Breslin P, Klein WL.(7)
8. Etc.
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Sources4. Osteoarthritis (OA)
In the comparison of the effect on the therapeutic management of joint inflammatory diseases as of that of that of ibuprofen, a drug widely used in the therapeutic management of joint inflammatory diseases, found that Oleocanthal and its derivatives decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced NOS2 synthesis in chondrocytes without significantly affecting cell viability at lower concentrations. Among the derivatives we examined, derivative 231 was the most interesting, since its inhibitory effect on NOS2 was devoid of cytotoxicity even at higher concentrations, according to "Effect of oleocanthal and its derivatives on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in a murine chondrocyte cell line" by Iacono A, Gómez R, Sperry J, Conde J, Bianco G, Meli R, Gómez-Reino JJ, Smith AB 3rd, Gualillo O.(4)
5. Antioxidant activity
In the investigation of the effect of total syntheses and the assignment of absolute configurations of both the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of oleocanthal 1 (a.k.a. deacetoxy ligstroside aglycon)
found that the absolute and relative stereochemistry of the naturally occurring enantiomer (-)-1 proved to be 3S,4E. Both syntheses begin with d-(-)-ribose, proceed in 12 steps, and are achieved with an overall yield of 7%. Both enantiomers proved to be non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents, according to "Synthesis and assignment of absolute configuration of (-)-oleocanthal: a potent, naturally occurring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent derived from extra virgin olive oils" by Smith AB 3rd, Han Q, Breslin PA, Beauchamp GK.(5)
6. NSAID ibuprofen
In the assessment of Phenolic compounds extracted from extra virgin olive oil, One of the components, (-)-oleocanthal (1), an inhibitor of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, possesses similar potency as the NSAID ibuprofen, found that the first- and now second-generation syntheses of both enantiomers of the oleocanthals, as well as the first synthesis of the closely related (-)-deacetoxy-oleuropein aglycone and a series of related analogues for structure activity studies. To demonstrate the utility of the second-generation synthesis, multigram quantities of (-)-oleocanthal were prepared in 10 steps (14% overall yield) from commercially available D-lyxose, according to "Syntheses of (-)-oleocanthal, a natural NSAID found in extra virgin olive oil, the (-)-deacetoxy-oleuropein aglycone, and related analogues" by Smith AB 3rd, Sperry JB, Han Q.(6)
7. Immunoreactivity and synaptotoxicity
In the investigation of the effect of oleocanthal (OC), a naturally-occurring phenolic compound found in extra-virgin olive oil on the immunoreactivity of soluble Abeta species, found that oleocanthal is capable of altering the oligomerization state of ADDLs while protecting neurons from the synaptopathological effects of ADDLs and suggest OC as a lead compound for development in AD therapeutics, according to "Alzheimer's-associated Abeta oligomers show altered structure, immunoreactivity and synaptotoxicity with low doses of oleocanthal" by Pitt J, Roth W, Lacor P, Smith AB 3rd, Blankenship M, Velasco P, De Felice F, Breslin P, Klein WL.(7)
8. Etc.
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Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21443487
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328179
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216846
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20201078
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235961
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17685574
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631677
#Healthy #Foods - Nuts & Seeds - Walnuts (Juglans)
Walnut tree is one of the Genus plant belong to the family Juglandaceae about 30–130 ft). It is cultivated for its nut and kernel and for commercial purpose all over the world.
Nutrients
1. Vitamin C
2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
3. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
4. Niacin
5. Pantothenic Acid
6. Vitamin B6
7. Folate
8. Vitamin A
9. Potassium
10. Phosphorus
11. Calcium
12. Magnesium
13. Iron
14. Sodium
15. Manganese
16. Tryptophan
17. Zinc 18. Copper
19. Selenium
20. Omega 3 fatty acid
21. l-arginine
22. Etc.
Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Anti cancer
In the investigation of (pH, SCFA, bile acids, tocopherol, antioxidant capacity) fermentation supernatant (fs) fractions of nuts (almonds, macadamias, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts) concluded that this is the first study which presents the chemopreventive effects (reduction of tumour-promoting desoxycholic acid, rise in chemopreventive SCFA, protection against oxidative stress) of different nuts after in vitro digestion and fermentation, and shows the potential importance of nuts in the prevention of colon cancer, according to "In vitro fermented nuts exhibit chemopreventive effects in HT29 colon cancer cells" by Lux S, Scharlau D, Schlörmann W, Birringer M, Glei M.(a)
2. Antioxidant effects
In the compaeison of Compared with other common plant foods, walnuts (Juglans regia) and theirs antioxidant effects found that walnut consumption did not significantly change the plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy, well-nourished older adults in this pilot study. However, improvements in linoleic acid and pyridoxal phosphate were observed with chronic consumption, while total plasma thiols were enhanced acutely. Future studies investigating the antioxidant effects of walnuts in humans are warranted, but should include either a larger sample size or a controlled feeding intervention, according to "Chronic and acute effects of walnuts on antioxidant capacity and nutritional status in humans: a randomized, cross-over pilot study" by McKay DL, Chen CY, Yeum KJ, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH, Blumberg JB.(b)
3. Cognitive effects
In the study of consuming a diet containing high amounts of fruits and vegetables exhibit fewer age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, found that that blueberry or Concord grape juice supplementation in humans with mild cognitive impairment increased verbal memory performance, thus translating our animal findings to humans. Taken together, these results suggest that a greater intake of high-antioxidant foods such as berries, Concord grapes, and walnuts may increase "health span" and enhance cognitive and motor function in aging, according to "Grape juice, berries, and walnuts affect brain aging and behavior" by Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Willis LM(c)
4. Hyperlipidemic effect
In the evaluation of walnuts (plant n-3 fatty acid) and fatty fish (marine n-3 fatty acid) and theirs effects on serum lipid markers at intakes recommended for primary prevention of CHD found that Serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations in adults who followed the walnut diet (4.87 +/- 0.18 and 2.77 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively) were lower than in those who followed the control diet (5.14 +/- 0.18 and 3.06 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively) and those who followed the fish diet (5.33 +/- 0.18 and 3.2 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.0001), according to "Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study" by Rajaram S, Haddad EH, Mejia A, Sabaté J.(d)
5. Learning and Memory Functions
In the classification of walnut and its preventive and therapeutic effects found that walnut treated rats also exhibited a significant decrease in food intake while the change in growth rate (in terms of percentage) remained comparable between the two groups. Analysis of brain monoamines exhibited enhanced serotonergic levels in rat brain following oral intake of walnuts. The findings suggest that walnut may exert its hypophagic and nootropic actions via an enhancement of brain 5-HT metabolism, according to "Effects of Walnuts (Juglans regia) on Learning and Memory Functions" by Haider S, Batool Z, Tabassum S, Perveen T, Saleem S, Naqvi F, Javed H, Haleem DJ.(e)
6. Etc.
B. According to the the amount of concentration
1. Omega 3 fatty acid
a. Cardiovascular disease
Omega 3 fatty acid helps to enhance the ratio of cholesterol that reduces the risk of bad cholesterol forming plaques on the arterial wall, causing cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of `Fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease: do they really work?`by Kromhout D, Yasuda S, Geleijnse JM, Shimokawa H.(1)
b. Preterm pregnancy
Omega 3 fatty acid may be beneficial to prevent the altered maternal micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B(12)), increased homocysteine, and oxidative stress levels that cause epigenetic modifications may be one of the mechanisms that contribute to preterm birth and poor fetal outcome, increasing risk for behavioural disorders in children, according to the study of `Altered maternal micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin B(12)) and omega 3 fatty acids through oxidative stress may reduce neurotrophic factors in preterm pregnancy`by Dhobale M, Joshi S.(2)
2. Manganese
a. Antioxidant
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), an enzyme located in mitochondria, is the key enzyme that protects the energy-generating mitochondria from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, according to the study of `The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in inflammation defense`by Li C, Zhou HM.(3)
b. Diabetes risk
deficiency (too little) and efficiency (too much) of some essential trace metals may play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus, including manganese, according to the study of `Copper, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and zinc levels in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients`by Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, Kandhro GA.(4)
3. Copper
a. Myeloneuropathy and anemiaCopper deficiency, secondary to zinc overload associated with long-term use may be resulted of Myeloneuropathy and anemia, according to the study of `When metals compete: a case of copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy and anemia`by Spain RI, Leist TP, De Sousa EA.(5)
b. Osteroporosis
Copper found in walnut associated with right levels of zinc and intake of calcium supplement may reduce the risk of bone loss in the elderly, acccording to the study of `Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis?`by Lowe NM, Lowe NM, Fraser WD, Jackson MJ.(6)
C. Other health benefits1. L-arginine
L-arginine in walnut not only allows blood vessel to relax that helps to enhance the circulatory system in moving blood to provide oxygen, thus reducing the risk of erectile dysfunction in male, according to the study of `Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginine`by Stanislavov R, Nikolova V.(7), but also reduces the risk of obesity, accprding to the study of `Beneficial effects of L-arginine on reducing obesity: potential mechanisms and important implications for human health`by McKnight JR, Satterfield MC, Jobgen WS, Smith SB, Spencer TE, Meininger CJ, McNeal CJ, Wu G.)8)
2. Antioxidants
Walnut contains high amounts of selenium and vitamin A, C which help to enhance the immune system fighting against arthritis, according to the study of `The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials`by Canter PH, Wider B, Ernst E.(9)
3. Magnesium
Magnesium beside enhances the digestive system in absorbing calcium that promotes healthy bone density, it also improves sleeplessness, according to the study of `Magnesium involvement in sleep: genetic and nutritional models`by Chollet D, Franken P, Raffin Y, Henrotte JG, Widmer J, Malafosse A, Tafti M.(10)
4. Etc.
Side effects
1. As always, allergic reaction is a concern for some people
2. No Other known side effect?
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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22172380(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20462428
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640963
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339404
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21933782(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21609203
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977313
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193174
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194390
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133199
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851125
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20437186
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17522095
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777170
#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Celery (Apium graveolens)
Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Oxidative stress
in the investigation of flavonoid extracts from celery and its effect on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos (DIC) in male Wistar rats found that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) in the DIC-treated group declined significantly when compared with the flavonoid extracts group and the DIC + flavonoid extracts group, respectively. With regard to GPx activity and MDA content, significant increase were showed in the DIC-treated group in comparison to those in the flavonoid extracts group and the DIC + flavonoid extracts group, respectively. The observations presented lead us to conclude the harmful effects of DIC during the exposure and the protective role of flavonoids in minimizing these effects, according to "Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats" by Cao J, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X.(a)
2. Antiradical activity
examined the antiradical activity and chemical composition of essential oils of some plants grown in Mosul, Iraq, including celery seed oil found that the dominant constituent of celery seed oil was limonene (76.63%). Diallyl disulphide was identified as the major component in garlic oil (36.51%). Antiradical activity was higher in garlic oil (76.63%) and lower in myrtle oil (39.23%). The results may suggest that some essential oils from Iraq possess compounds with antiradical activity, and these oils can be used as natural antioxidants in food applications, according to "Essential oil composition and antiradical activity of the oil of Iraq plants" by Kiralan M, Bayrak A, Abdulaziz OF, Ozbucak T.(b)
3. Hepatoprotective effect
In the assessment of Celery, chicory leaves, and barley grains and theirs hepatoprotective effect in rats found that fhe histopathological lesions seen in the livers of hypercholesterolemic rats were ameliorated by feeding this plant mixture. This study recommends that dietary intake of plant mixture of celery; chicory, and barley at 15% (5% of each) concentration can be beneficial to patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia and liver diseases, according to "Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats" by Abd El-Mageed NM.(c)
4. Immunoreactivity
In the observation of the impact of thermal and high pressure (HP) processing on the immunoreactivity of the allergens Mal d 1, Mal d 3 and Api g 1 in apple and celeriac tissue, respectively, found that the combination of pressure and temperature significantly reduced its immunoreactivity. Pectin was found to protect Mal d 3 from thermal denaturation in solution and is a possible candidate for the protective effect of the fruit, according to "High-pressure treatment reduces the immunoreactivity of the major allergens in apple and celeriac" by Husband FA, Aldick T, Van der Plancken I, Grauwet T, Hendrickx M, Skypala I, Mackie AR.(d)
5. Antihyperlipidemic property
In the evaluation of the antihyperlipidemic property of aqueous celery extract in rats found that an ethereal extract of the aqueous extract of celery by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with two different solvent systems showed that the extract did not contain 3-n-butylphthalide (BuPh), a unique compound in celery that has previously been reported to have lipid-lowering action, according to "Effects of aqueous celery (Apium graveolens) extract on lipid parameters of rats fed a high fat diet" by Tsi D, Das NP, Tan BK.(e)
6. Etc.
B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.
2. Folate
In the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect on anemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(1)
3. Vitamin A
As famous in improving eye sight, vitamin A also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause tissue, muscle and cellular damage and infection, according to the study of "Vitamin A, immunity, and infection" by Semba RD., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775644), researchers found that vitamin A and its metabolites are immune enhancers that have been shown to potentiate antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens, increase lymphocyte proliferation responses to antigens and mitogens, inhibit apoptosis, and restore the integrity and function of mucosal surfaces. Vitamin A and related retinoids may have potential applications in therapy for some infectious diseases.
4. Potassium
Beside is a important minerals for lymphatic function in regulating the body fluids, it is also essential in preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731), researchers wrote in conclusion that Oral potassium citrate is an effective preventive supplement against kidney stones in children who receive the KD, achieving its goal of urine alkalinization. Universal supplementation is warranted.
5. Molybdenum
Molybdenum cofactor is vital for human enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase, Deficiency may cause
a. Prenatal brain disruption, according to the study of "Prenatal brain disruption in molybdenum cofactor deficiency" by Carmi-Nawi N, Malinger G, Mandel H, Ichida K, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D.(II)
b. Uniparental isodisomy with microcephaly and developmental delay, according to the study of "Maternal uniparental isodisomy is responsible for serious molybdenum cofactor deficiency" by Gümüş H, Ghesquiere S, Per H, Kondolot M, Ichida K, Poyrazoğlu G, Kumandaş S, Engelen J, Dundar M, Cağlayan AO.(III)
6. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treat
a. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(IV)
b. Cholesterol and cardivascular diseases, as the soluble fiber content of legumes and vegetables has also been shown to decrease LDL-C. Current investigations continue to explore this area in depth and examine potential synergies between dietary fiber and other phytochemicals that may lower cholesterol, according to the study of "Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk" by Bazzano LA.(V)
7. Etc.
C. Other health benefits
1. PhthalidePhthalide, a unique compound of celery helps to relax and smooth muscles in the vessel walls that dilates and allows blood to flow more easily, by reducing the production of stress hormones called catecholamines that lessens the risk of hypertension, according to the article of "A Health Benefit of Celery isit`s ability to lower blood pressure"(1)
2. Weight loss
Celery contains high amount fiber which makes the stomach feeling fullness, thus reducing the urge of food craving, according to the study of "Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber control foods" by Maki KC, Beiseigel JM, Jonnalagadda SS, Gugger CK, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, Kaden VN, Rains TM.(2)
3. Menstrual disorder
Celery contains apiol which has been used, as essential oil to treat menstrual disorders cause of amenorrhea or absence of menstruation. Apiol is toxic in high doses, causing both liver and kidney damage, according to the article of "Apiol" by Wikipedia,(3)
4. Immune function
High amount of vitamin C in celery helps to increase the immune function infighting against the forming of free radicals, and irregular cell growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude--1,609 patients and 33 years later?" by Cabanillas F.(4)
5. Oxidative stress
High amount of flavonoid in celery helps to reduce the risk of oxidative stress as a result of its antioxidant activity, according to the study of "Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats" by Cao J, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X.(5)
6. Osteoporosis and arterial calcification
Celery contains high amount of vitamin K which may be effective for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and arterial calcification, according to the study of "Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification" by Adams J, Pepping J.(6)
7. Etc.
Side effects
1. It may cause allergic effect for some people
2. Since it is a powerful vegetable in lowering high blood pressure, people with low blood pressure should consult with their doctor before eating high amount of celery, according to traditional Chinese medicine.
3. No other side effect is known.
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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045891
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827329
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716923
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21520489
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7700983
(I) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03724.x/pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285035
(3) http://www.tripdatabase.com/doc/1048336-Maternal-uniparental-isodisomy-is-responsible-for-serious-molybdenum-cofactor-deficiency-#content
(IV) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332
(V) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937894
(1) http://www.highbloodpressureinfo.org/benefit-of-celery.html
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102847
(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiol
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20799507
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045891
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030366
#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Kiwifruit (A. chinensis)
Kiwifruit also best hnown as kiwi or Chinese gooseberry, is a species of A. chinensis belong to the family Actinidia, subgroup of the flavonoids and native to Southern China.
Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Lutein and Zeaxanthin
7. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
8. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
9. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12. Vitamin C
13. Vitamin E
14. Vitamin K
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron
18. Magnesium
19. Phosphorus
20.Potassium
21. Sodium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Burn wound healing
In the evaluation of kiwifruit in the treatment of second-degree burn wounds in rats found that the dramatic antibacterial, debridement, wound contracture, and angiogenic effect of kiwifruit induced a significant wound healing in burn ulcers and might be useful in treating chronic ulcers, such as bedsores, according to "The effect of dressing with fresh kiwifruit on burn wound healing" by Mohajeri G, Masoudpour H, Heidarpour M, Khademi EF, Ghafghazi S, Adibi S, Akbari M.(a)
2. Hydrogen peroxide
In the evaluation of the effects of the two main kiwifruit cultivars (gold kiwifruit (GOK) and green kiwifruit (GRK)) and their active phenolic compound, quercetin, on H2O2-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells, found that the chemopreventive effect of quercetin on H2O2-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2-Cx43 signalling and GJIC may be mediated through its free radical-scavenging activity. Since the carcinogenicity of reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 is attributable to the inhibition of GJIC, GOK, GRK and quercetin may have chemopreventive potential by preventing the inhibition of GJIC, according to "Quercetin, the active phenolic component in kiwifruit, prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication" by Lee DE, Shin BJ, Hur HJ, Kim JH, Kim J, Kang NJ, Kim DO, Lee CY, Lee KW, Lee HJ.(b)
3. Type 2 diabetes
In the investigation of six kinds of fruits tested were grapes, Asian pears, guavas, golden kiwifruit, lychees and bananas and their glycemic index found that there was no significant difference in glycemic index values between healthy and Type 2 diabetes subjects. There was also no significant difference in PII when comparing healthy subjects and subjects with Type 2 diabetes and concluded that glycemic index and peak incremental indices in healthy subjects can be approximately the same for Type 2 diabetes, according to "Glycemia and peak incremental indices of six popular fruits in Taiwan: healthy and Type 2 diabetes subjects compared" by Chen YY, Wu PC, Weng SF, Liu JF.(c)
4. Inflammatory bowel disease
In the observation of extracts from the fruits of yellow (Actinidia chinensis) or green-fleshed (A. deliciosa) kiwifruit and theirs effects on inflammatory bowel disease, found that the metabolism of these metabolites was affected by IL-10(-/-) -wild-type genotypic differences. Urinary metabolites previously associated with inflammation were not altered by the kiwifruit extracts. This study demonstrates the use of metabolomic analysis to study dietary effects and the influence of genotype on food metabolism, which may have implications on the development of functional foods for the treatment of IBD, according to "Metabolomic analysis reveals differences in urinary excretion of kiwifruit-derived metabolites in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease" by Lin HM, Edmunds SJ, Zhu S, Helsby NA, Ferguson LR, Rowan DD.(d)
5. Sleep disorders
In the classification of consuming 2 kiwifruits 1 hour before bedtime nightly for 4 weeks and its effect in the treatment of the sleep disorders found that kiwifruit consumption may improve sleep onset, duration, and efficiency in adults with self-reported sleep disturbances. Further investigation of the sleep-promoting properties of kiwifruit may be V, according to "Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems" by Lin HH, Tsai PS, Fang SC, Liu JF.(e)
6. Etc.
B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
Besides is essential in preventing the breaking off small vein cause of hardening of the vessel wall, vitamin C also improves the digestive system in maximum absorption of vital nutrients. Overdoses can cause diarrhea, It also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause muscle damage, according to the study of "Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage?" by McGinley C, Shafat A, Donnelly AE., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902983)
2. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(I)
3. Potassium
Beside is a important minerals for lymphatic function in regulating the body fluids, it is also essential in preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731), researchers wrote in conclusion that Oral potassium citrate is an effective preventive supplement against kidney stones in children who receive the KD, achieving its goal of urine alkalinization. Universal supplementation is warranted.
4. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(II)
5. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.
6. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(3) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(IV)
7. Etc.
C. Other health benefits
1. AntioxidantsSince kiwifruit contains high amount of Vitamin C, it helps to enhance the immune function in fighting against forming of free radicals, thus reducing the risk of irregular cell growth, such as tumor and cancer, according to the study of "High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer" by Ohno S, Ohno Y, Suzuki N, Soma G, Inoue M.(1)
2. Flavonoids
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecule, including quercetin which is known for its ability to reduce the risk of cadiovascular dsieases by inhiboting LDL. according to the study of "Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans" by Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hofman A, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Fuhrman B.(2)
3. Omega 3 fatty acid and fiber
While Omega 3 fatty acid helps to balance the ratio of bad cholesterol, according to the study of " Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils" by Asif M. (3), fiber binds the bad cholesterol and expel them through waste, according to the study of "Guar gum and similar soluble fibers in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism: current understandings and future research priorities"
Rideout TC, Harding SV, Jones PJ, Fan MZ.(4), thus reducing the risk of bad cholesterol blocking the blood flow in blood vessels that reduce the risk of heart diseases.
4. Laxative effects
Fiber dissolves easily in water and passes through the intestines almost unchanged that help prevent hard, dry stools which are difficult to pass, according to the study of "A dietary fiber mixture versus lactulose in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial" by Kokke FT, Scholtens PA, Alles MS, Decates TS, Fiselier TJ, Tolboom JJ, Kimpen JL, Benninga MA.(5)
5. Bleeding disorder
Vitamin K is important in reducing the risk of of abnormal bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) is a rare and potentially life-threatening bleeding disorder of early infancy, espcialy for breast feeding newborn, according to the study of "Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in early infancy" by Shearer MJ.(6)
6. Etc.
Side effects
1. Since kiwi contains high amount of oxalates, it may prevent our body from absorption of calcium
2. May cause allergic effect to some people 3. No other known side effects
3. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Healthy Foods Index http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/healthy-foods-index.html
Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20381106
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302682
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128219
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957058
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669584
(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009132
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139563
(III) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695768
(IV) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Altered%20ionized%20magnesium%20levels%20in%20mild-to-moderate%20Alzheimer%27s%20disease
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414313
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12224378
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909287
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183750
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18979582
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804903
#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Collard Greens (Brassica Oleracea)
Collard Green
Collard Green is Aspecies of Brassica Oleracea, belongs to the family Brassicaceae with unknown origin. Today, the plant is cultivated commercially for its its thick, slightly bitter edible leaves.
Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Omega 3 Fatty Acid
3. Protein
4. Vitamin A
5. Folate (Vitamin B9)
6. Vitamin C
7. Vitamin E
8. Vitamin K
9. Calcium
10. Manganese
11. Magnesium
12. Potassium
13. Iron
14. Zinc
15. Etc.
Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Phenolic components
In the investigation of the phenolic components of collard greens, kale, and Chinese broccoli, three Brassica green leafy vegetables found that kaempferol glycosides and acylgentiobiosides were the major phenolic compounds, quercetin glycosides were minor compounds, and most of the flavononol glycosides existed in their acylated forms. In addition, each of the materials contained caffeoyl-, p-coumaroyl-, and feruloylquinic acid monomers with a 3-position derivative as the dominant isomer, according to "Identification of the phenolic components of collard greens, kale, and Chinese broccoli" by Lin LZ, Harnly JM.(a)
2. Bile acid binding
In assessment of Steam cooking of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage and theirs effect on bile acid binding found that Steam cooking significantly improved the in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage compared with previously observed bile acid binding values for these vegetables raw (uncooked). Inclusion of steam-cooked collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage in our daily diet as health-promoting vegetables should be emphasized. These green/leafy vegetables, when consumed regularly after steam cooking, would lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, advance human nutrition research, and improve public health, according to "Steam cooking significantly improves in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage" by Kahlon TS, Chiu MC, Chapman MH.(b)
3. Antioxidant capacity
In the identification of Seeds of Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) by HPLC/UV-PAD/MSn-ESI and their antioxidants effect found that presence of sinapine, an analogue of acetylcholine, only in seed materials. A strong concentration-dependent antioxidant capacity against DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals was observed for kale seeds. according to "Metabolic and bioactivity insights into Brassica oleracea var. acephala" by
Ferreres F, Fernandes F, Sousa C, Valentão P, Pereira JA, Andrade PB.(c)
4. Coronary artery disease
In the evaluation of the effect of 3-month kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) juice supplementation on coronary artery disease risk factors among hypercholesterolemic men. found that regular meals supplementation with kale juice can favorably influence serum lipid profiles and antioxidant systems, and hence contribute to reduce the risks of coronary artery disease in male subjects with hyperlipidemia, according to "Kale juice improves coronary artery disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men" by Kim SY, Yoon S, Kwon SM, Park KS, Lee-Kim YC.(d)
5. Etc.
4. Coronary artery disease
In the evaluation of the effect of 3-month kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) juice supplementation on coronary artery disease risk factors among hypercholesterolemic men. found that regular meals supplementation with kale juice can favorably influence serum lipid profiles and antioxidant systems, and hence contribute to reduce the risks of coronary artery disease in male subjects with hyperlipidemia, according to "Kale juice improves coronary artery disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men" by Kim SY, Yoon S, Kwon SM, Park KS, Lee-Kim YC.(d)
5. Etc.
B. Health Benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin K
Vitamin K beside is best known for its function in aiding coagulation, it also assists the digestive system in absorption of calcium content from food, thus enhancing formation and maintenance of healthy bones, according to the study of "Ultrasound bone mass in patients undergoing chronic therapy with oral anticoagulants" by Rey-Sanchez P, Lavado-Garcia JM, Canal-Macias ML, Rodriguez-Dominguez MT, Bote-Mohedano JL, Pedrera-Zamorano JD., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234621)
2. Vitamin A
As famous in improving eye sight, vitamin A also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause tissue, muscle and cellular damage and infection, according to the study of "Vitamin A, immunity, and infection" by Semba RD., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775644), researchers found that vitamin A and its metabolites are immune enhancers that have been shown to potentiate antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens, increase lymphocyte proliferation responses to antigens and mitogens, inhibit apoptosis, and restore the integrity and function of mucosal surfaces. Vitamin A and related retinoids may have potential applications in therapy for some infectious diseases.
3. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(I)
4. Folate
In the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect on anemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(II)
5. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(III)
6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits
1. Antioxidants
Collard greens contains high amount of antioxidant not only help to improve immune system fighting against forming of free radicals and foreign invasion, but also protect oxidation of DNA damage and irregular cell growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Free radical scavengers can differentially modulate the genotoxicity of amsacrine in normal and cancer cells" by Blasiak J, Gloc E, Drzewoski J, Wozniak K, Zadrozny M, Skórski T, Pertynski T., posted in PubMed(1)
2. Phytonutrients
Since it is belong the group of cruciferous vegetables, its phytonutrient help to enhance the propduction of plant base estrogen that not only reduces the estrogen produced by the women body by occupying the estrogen receptor sites, according to the study of "Promoting health among perimenopausal women through diet and exercise" by Lange-Collett J., posted in PubMed(2), but also helps to fight against metabolic syndrome, according to the study of "Effect of fruit and vegetable concentrates on endothelial function in metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial" by Ali A, Yazaki Y, Njike VY, Ma Y, Katz DL., posted in PubMed(3)
3. OsteroporosisCollard Greens also promote strong bone due to enhancing the absorption calcium by maintaining the ratio of calcium and magesium, according to the study of "Nutritional status among postmenopausal osteoporotic women in North West of Iran" by Hejazi J, Mohtadinia J, Kolahi S, Ebrahimi-Mamaghani M., posted in PubMed(4)
4. Emphysema
Emphysema is a disease of the lung's air sacs called alveoli. Researcher found that cigarette smoking on the lungs of mice causes the develop of emphysema if they had vitamin A deficiency according to the study of "Vitamin A depletion induced by cigarette smoke is associated with the development of emphysema in rats" by Li T, Molteni A, Latkovich P, Castellani W, Baybutt RC. , posted PubMed(5)
5. Cardiovascular healthOmega 3 fatty acid helps to balance the ratio of cholesterol that reduces the risk of cholesterol building up cause of thickening of arterial wall, leading to heart diseases according to the study of "Fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease: do they really work?" by Kromhout D, Yasuda S, Geleijnse JM, Shimokawa H., posted in PubMed(6)
6. Etc.
Side Effects
1. Collard green may causes oxilative effect for people with kidney diseases and reduce our body in absorption of calcium
2. No other side effect is known
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Healthy Foods Index http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/healthy-foods-index.html
Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19627150
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083431
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19722523
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18548846
(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160185
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009132
(III) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072339
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12547280
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12001748
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714890
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329395
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12888649
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21933782
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