Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Wednesday, 6 November 2013

Chinese Herbs – Qing Xiang Zi (Semen Celosiae Argenteae)

Qing Xiang Zi is also known as celosia seed. The sweet and cool herb has been use in TCM to stops hemorrhoids bleeding, Menopausal bleeding, treat yeast infections with red or white discharge, etc., as it cools Blood, stops bleeding, clear wind heat, liver fire, etc., by enhancing the function of liver channels.
Ingredients
1. β-sitosterol
2. Cholesterylpalmitatie
3. 3,4-dihydroxylbenzaldehyde
4. p-hydroxylbenzoic acid
5. n-butyl-β-D-frucose glycoside
6. Celosiaol
7. Niacin
8. Potassium nitrate
9. Etc.
Health Benefits
1. Anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities
In the investigation of three new triterpenoid saponins, named celosin E (1), celosin F (2) and celosin G (3), together with a known compound cristatain (4), were isolated from the seeds of Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae), to test for their antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, according to “Triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Celosia argentea and their anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities” by Wu Q, Wang Y, Guo M.(1)
2. Anti-diabetic activity
In the investigation of evaluate the effect of an alcoholic extract of Celosia argentea seeds (ACAS) on blood glucose and body weight in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, found that ACAS reduce the increase of blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (27.8% at 250 mg/kg and 38.8% at 500 mg/kg body weight). Chronic administration of ACAS significantly (p<0.01) reduced the blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats for two weeks. Also the extract prevented a decrease in body weight in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that the ACAS possesses anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, according to “Anti-diabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Celosia argentea Linn. seeds in rats” Vetrichelvan T, Jegadeesan M, Devi BA.(2)
3. Etc.
Side effects
1. Do not use in case of kidney or liver deficiency
2. Do not use the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without consulting first with the related field specialist
3. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532208
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11995938

Chinese Herbs – Ku Lian Zi (Fructus Meliae Toosendan)

Ku Lian Zi or Ku Lain Pi or Chuan Lian Zi also known as Melia. The bitter, cold and slightly toxic herb has been used in TCM to relieve pain, treat fungal infection, get rid of worms, etc., as its expels worms and parasites, promotes qi flow, clears dampness-heat and liver fire, etc., by enhancing the functions of bladder, liver, small intestine and stomach channels.

Ingredients
1. Tridecane
2. Toosendanin
3. Neoazedarachin A, B, D
4. Toosendansterol A, B (in leaves)
5. Toosendanin
6. Neoazedarachin A, B, D
7. Toosendansterol A, B (in leaves)
8. Loliolide
9. Toosendanoside
10. Kulinone (melianone)
11. Kulactone
12. Kulolactone
13.Meliantriol
14. β-Sitosterol
15. Isotoosendanin
16. 21-O-methyltoosendapentol
17. Lipomelianol Lipomelianyl 3-O-stearate
18. Laurate
19. 21-Oacetyltoodendantriol
20. Etc.

Health Benefits
1. Anti-inflammatory and antalgic action
In the ecaluation of samples were extracted from Fructus Meliae Toosendan using petroleum ether (I), ethyl acetate (II), 80% alcohol (III) or water (IV) for its medical effects, found that the sample II 40 g/kg significantly decreased the writhing response induced by acetic acid and relieved mice foot pain induced by formaldehyde, inhibited the swelling of mice ear induced by dimethylbenzene, but also has serious acute toxicity.(1)
2. Anti-neuraminidase activity
In the investigation of the anti-NA activity of the TCMs and the anti-influenza A virus effects of the NA inhibitory TCMs in vitro and in vivo, found that Five TCMs, Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke [Fragaria indica Andr.], Liquidambar formosana Hance., Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc., Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc., and Prunella vulgaris L., exerted potent inhibitory activity towards NA. These TCMs in the range of 25-250 μg/mL had the ability to reduce virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and the virus yield in MDCK cells. Melia toosendan significantly reduced death rate and prolonged mean day to death (MDD) of the viral infected mice, according to “Evaluation of the anti-neuraminidase activity of the traditional Chinese medicines and determination of the anti-influenza A virus effects of the neuraminidase inhibitory TCMs in vitro and in vivo.(2)
3. Anti cancers
In the determination of Toosendanin, a triterpenoid derivative isolated from Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc., for its effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines [SMMC-7721(p53+) and Hep3B (p53-)] , results from the immunohistochemistry for Bcl-2, Bax, as well as for Fas showed that the anticancer effects of toosendanin were induced via apoptosis in a mitochondria-dependent manner, which confirmed the findings in the in vitro experiment, according to “Toosendanin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis”by He Y, Wang J, Liu X, Zhang L, Yi G, Li C, He X, Wang P, Jiang H. (3)
4. Antioxidant and anticancer activities
In the observation of a novel water-soluble polysaccharide pMTPS-3, obtained from Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc fruit by hot-water extraction and ethanol precipitation for its antioxidant and nati cancer activities, showed that The purified pMTPS-3 was revealed to have notable scavenging activity against DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner and present a moderate inhibition of superoxide radicals with an IC(50) (5.6mg/ml), and potent inhibiting power for hydroxyl radical compared with crude polysaccharide. Further, it exhibited strong inhibition effect in vitro on the growth of human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, according to “Physico-chemical characterization, antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro of a novel polysaccharide from Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc fruit.He L, Ji P, Gong X, Li W, Cheng J, Qian H, Song X.(4)
5. Etc.
Side Effects
1. Since the herb is slightly toxic, overdoses can cause liver toxicity(a)
2. Do not use the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval first with the related field specialist
3. Etc

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17014576
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18300503
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699971
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20157879
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664924

#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Pears (Pyrus)

Pears

Pear is Genus Pyrus containg over 30 difference species, belongs to the family Rosaceae and native to western Europe and north Africa east right across Asia. Today, it is cultivation in the cool temperated weather regions all over the world for commercial purposes.

Nutritional Supplements

1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars3
3. Fiber
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Vitamin C
7. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
8. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
9. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
10. Pantothenic acid (B5)
11. Vitamin B6
12. Folate (Vitamin B9)
13. Vitamin C

14. Vitamin K
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron
18. Magnesium
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. health benefits according to studies
1. AntioxidantsIn the classification of betalains in juices prepared from Moroccan yellow cactus pears and its antioxidant effect found that the pigments tested act as mixed inhibitors. The inhibitive action of the extracts is discussed in term of adsorption and that such adsorption follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated values of the free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous, according to "Betalain: a particular class of antioxidant pigment" by El Gharras H.(a)

2. Glycemic index
In the assessment of the six kinds of fruits tested were grapes, Asian pears, guavas, golden kiwifruit, lychees and bananas and their glycemic benefits found that the glycemic index values of grapes, Asian pears, guavas, golden kiwifruit, lychees and bananas were 49.0 ± 4.5, 25.9 ± 2.9, 32.8 ± 5.2, 47.0 ± 6.5, 60.0 ± 8.0 and 41.3 ± 3.5. In healthy subjects, the glycemic index values were 49.1 ± 7.3, 18.0 ± 5.4, 31.1 ± 5.1, 47.3 ± 12.1, 47.9 ± 6.8 and 35.1 ± 5.6. and concluded that glycemic index and peak incremental indices in healthy subjects can be approximately the same for Type 2 diabetes, according to "Glycemia and peak incremental indices of six popular fruits in Taiwan: healthy and Type 2 diabetes subjects compared" by Chen YY, Wu PC, Weng SF, Liu JF.(b)

3. Pancreatic cancer
In the observation of Proanthocyanidins with three or more mers and their inversely related to pancreatic cancer risk found that dietary proanthocyanidins-mostly present in apples, pears and pulses-may convey some protection against pancreatic cancer risk, according to "Proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids in relation to pancreatic cancer: a case-control study in Italy" by Rossi M, Lugo A, Lagiou P, Zucchetto A, Polesel J, Serraino D, Negri E, Trichopoulos D, La Vecchia C.(c)

4. Stroke
In the assessment of pigmented bioactive compounds, (eg, carotenoids, anthocyanidins, and flavonoids) and theirs effect on stroke found that Higher intake of white fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with incident stroke (Q4, >171 g/d, versus Q1, ≤78 g/d; HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.77). Each 25-g/d increase in white fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a 9% lower risk of stroke (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97). Apples and pears were the most commonly consumed white fruit and vegetables (55%), according to "Colors of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of stroke" by Oude Griep LM, Verschuren WM, Kromhout D, Ocké MC, Geleijnse JM.(d)

5. Antioxidant and Antiinflammation Capacities
in the research of total phenolics and flavonoids contents of commercial pears and theirs antioxidant and antiinflammation capacities found that gallic acid ranged from 5.23 to 10.72 μg/g, catechin from 0.41 to 28.83 μg/g, chlorogenic acid from 485.11 to 837.03 μg/g, caffeic acid from 0 to 1.16 μg/g, epicatechin from 6.73 to 131.49 μg/g, and rutin from 0.92 to 104.64 μg/g, according to "Antioxidant and Antiinflammation Capacities of Some Pear Cultivars" by Li X, Gao WY, Huang LJ, Zhang JY, Guo XH(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Dietary fiberDaily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(I)

2. Vitamin Ca. Asthma
Vitamin C is one of the key antioxidant vitamins which is abundant in the extracellular fluid lining the lung and low vitamin C intake has been associated with pulmonary dysfunction, such as asthma, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(II)
b. DNA Damage
Ascorbic acid (AA), known as vitamin C, has important antioxidant vitamin has exerted the activity in preventing (imazalil)IMA-induced cause of DNA damage, according to the stuyd of "The protective role of ascorbic acid on imazalil-induced genetic damage assessed by the cytogenetic tests' by Türkez H, Aydin E.(III)

2. Vitamin Ka) Bone density

A study by done by Vermeer, M H Knapen, and L J Schurger stated "it (vitamin K) was shown that administration of 1-10 mg of Vitamin K is paralleled by a moderate increase in the serum markers for bone formation (osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase), or by a slight decrease in the urinary hydroxyproline exceretion ( a marker for bone resorption), and by a reduction of urinary calcium loss. Most prominent effects were obtained in fast losers of calcium."

b) Antiging
By protecting the under layer of skin membranes and stopping skin bleeding, according to the study of "Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors deficiency" by Brenner B, Kuperman AA, Watzka M, Oldenburg J.(IV)

4. PotassiumPotassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of "Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia" by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma potassium concentration decreases.

5. CalciumIt also contains a variety of important nutrients, including calcium for the hair, teeth, nails, muscles and bones, according to the article of "Minerals" posted in VeganPeace(V)

6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits

1. Immune system

Since it contains high amount of vitamin C it enhances the immune system in fighting against the forming of irregular cell growth due to oxidation, thus decreasing the risk of free radical cause of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Vitamin C: the nontoxic, nonrate-limited, antioxidant free radical scavenger"by Cathcart RF 3rd., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Fibers

Fiber in pear reduces the risk of bad cholesterol accumulation, thus decreasing the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk" by Bazzano LA., posted in PubMed(2), but also reduces the development of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer, according to the study of "Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern" by Rose DJ, DeMeo MT, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR., posted in PubMed(3)

3. Capillaries

Vitamin C is important for enhancing the immune system in fighting against the invasion of virus and bacteria causes of infection and inflammation, according to the study of "Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions" by Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH., posted in PubMed(4), it also improves the flexibility of small veins from breaking off, according to the study of "Effects of benfluorex-vitamin C supplementation on cutaneous capillaries of diabetic rats" by Sari Kiliçaslan SM, Ozer C., posted in PubMed(5)

4. Vision health

Vitamin A protects against muscular degeneration caused by free radical, promotes good vision, especially in low light and maintain normal skin health by switching on genes and differentiating (immature skin cells) into mature epidermal cells, according to the study of "The intake of carotenoids in an older Australian population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study" by Manzi F, Flood V, Webb K, Mitchell P., posted in PubMed(6)

5. Neurodegeneration

Since pear contains iron, the mineral which is vital for production of red blood cells and formation hemoglobin, that help to enhance the absorption of oxygen into the blood in nourishing the needs of body cells. It is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintains various physiological functions, over dose of iron may increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases associated with iron dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction, according to the study of "Iron-dependent functions of mitochondria--relation to neurodegeneration" by Gille G, Reichmann H., posted in PubMed(7)

6. Etc.

Side Effects

1. Over consuming pear juice may reduce the absorption of nutrients for infants and increase the risk of obesity for children.
2. It may cause allergic effect for some allergy sufferers.
3. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Pineapple ( Ananas comos)

Pineapple
Pineapple is a species of Ananas Comos. belong to the family Bromeliaceae and native to southern Brazil and Paraguay. Today it is widely cultivated for commercial and its rich of vitamins and mineral and digesting enzyme bromelin which seems to help digestion at the end of a high protein meal. It is second only to banana as America's most favourite tropical fruit

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Protein
5. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
6. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
7. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
8. Pantothenic acid (B5)
9. Vitamin B6
10. Folate (Vitamin B9)
11. Vitamin C
12. Calcium
13. Copper
14. Iron
15. Magnesium
16. Manganese
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Zinc
20. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Inflammation bowel disease.
In the investigation of Bromelain, a mixture of proteolytic enzymes typically derived from pineapple stem and its effect on Colitis, found that that long-term dietary supplementation with fresh or unpasteurized frozen pineapple juice with proteolytically active bromelain enzymes is safe and decreases inflammation severity and the incidence and multiplicity of inflammation-associated colonic neoplasia in this commonly used murine model of inflammatory bowel disease, according to "Dietary supplementation with fresh pineapple juice decreases inflammation and colonic neoplasia in IL-10-deficient mice with colitis" by
Hale LP, Chichlowski M, Trinh CT, Greer PK.(a)

2. Gastrointestinal tract
In the classification of bromelain is a mixture of proteinases derived from pineapple stem and its effect in gastrointestinal tract, found that bromelain enzymes can remain intact and proteolytically active within the murine gastrointestinal tract. They provide further support for the hypothesis that oral bromelain may potentially modify inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract via local proteolytic activity within the colonic microenvironment, according to "Proteolytic activity and immunogenicity of oral bromelain within the gastrointestinal tract of mice" by Hale LP.(b)

3. Anti cancer
In the assessment of Bromelain, from pineapple and its potent anticancer effects found that bromelain-induced autophagy was positively regulated by p38 and JNK but negatively regulated by ERK½. Autophagy-inducing property of bromelain can be further exploited in breast cancer therapy, according to "Pineapple bromelain induces autophagy, facilitating apoptotic response in mammary carcinoma cells" by Bhui K, Tyagi S, Prakash B, Shukla Y.(c)

4. Type 2 Diabetes
In the study of Fifty-gram portions of five fruits containing 50 g carbohydrate, including pineapple and theirs efect on type II diabetes, found that the mean ± SEM PPPG in mmol/L were: banana, 9.0± 1.6; orange, 8.1± 0.8; pineapple, 9.2±1.1; mango, 8.0 ± 1.1; and pawpaw, 7.8±0.9. The mean ±SEM IAUGC in mmol.min/L were: banana, 131.7±53.4; orange, 108.7±29.8; pineapple, 115.3±33.2; mango, 101.6 ± 28.7; and pawpaw, 124.1± 46.1. However, mango showed the least MIPG (1.8 ± 0.5 mmol/l) followed by orange and pawpaw, according to "Glycaemic Response to some Commonly Eaten Fruits in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" by Edo AE, Eregie A, Adediran OS, Ohwovoriole AE.(d)

5. Wound healing
In the identification of the role of aqueous extract of pineapple fruit parts and its wound healing effect found that the anti-oxidant constituents of the pineapple plant are concentrated in the flesh while the bark and flesh extracts have the potential to promote healing by stimulating tenoblast proliferation, according to "The role of aqueous extract of pineapple fruit parts on the healing of acute crush tendon injury" by Aiyegbusi AI, Duru FI, Awelimobor D, Noronha CC, Okanlawon AO.(e)

6. Phospholipids and lipid peroxidation
In evaluation of the ability of the methanolic extract of pineapple peel and its effect on brain tissues found that pineapple peel extract protects against alcohol-induced changes in total phospholipids and lipid peroxidation in brain tissues according to "Effect of pineapple peel extract on total phospholipids and lipid peroxidation in brain tissues of rats" by Erukainure OL, Ajiboye JA, Adejobi RO, Okafor OY, Kosoko SB, Owolabi FO.(f)

7. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(I)

2. Manganese
Manganese beside is a mineral essential for energy production and metabolism of foods, it also helps to improve immune-system functioning that reduces the risk of inflammation, according to the study of "The effects of 3, 4 or 5 amino salicylic acids on manganese-induced neuronal death: ER stress and mitochondrial complexes" by Yoon H, Lee GH, Kim DS, Kim KW, Kim HR, Chae HJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477646 researchers indicated that the salicylate analogues and the antioxidants did not mediate ER stress in this model. The salicylate analogues reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reversed the deficient mitochondrial membrane potential that was induced by Mn. Taken together, the 3, 4, 5 ASA worked in a similar way, regulating the Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and protecting cells.

3. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prevent and treat diabetes, as increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(II)

4. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Aiding in digestion
Since it contains high amount of proteolytic enzyme bromelain, pineapple not only helps to break down protein and aids digestion according to the study of "The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders" by Roxas M., psoted in PubMed(1), but also reductes the risk of inflammation and colonic neoplasia, according to the study of "Dietary supplementation with fresh pineapple juice decreases inflammation and colonic neoplasia in IL-10-deficient mice with colitis" by Hale LP, Chichlowski M, Trinh CT, Greer PK., posted PubMed(2> For more information of health effects of bromelain, please visit

2. Small blood vessel wall protectionThe high amount of vitamin C also increase the flexibility of small vessel, thus decreasing the risk of internal bleeding, heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Effects of benfluorex-vitamin C supplementation on cutaneous capillaries of diabetic rats" by Sari Kiliçaslan SM, Ozer C., posted in PubMed(3)

3. Immune function
Bromelain also increases the immune function in fighting the invasion of foreign substances such as bacteria and virus, thus decreasing the risk of inflammation and infection according to the study of "Bromelain treatment reduces CD25 expression on activated CD4+ T cells in vitro" by Secor ER Jr, Singh A, Guernsey LA, McNamara JT, Zhan L, Maulik N, Thrall RS., posted in PubMed(4)

4. Thiamin
Since it contains high amount of Thiamin (Vitamin B1), pineapple increases the energy production as well as enhancing the function of antioxidants, according to the study of "Thiamine protects against paraquat-induced damage: scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species" by Jung IL, Kim IG, posted in PubMed(5)

5. Herbal medicine
In folk medicine, it believes that pineapple can help to relieve pain as well as inducing child birth if overdue.

6. Chronic rhinosinusitis
bromelain helps in maintaining open drainage and decreasing inflammation while improving tissue integrity and limiting causative factors, according to the study of "Natural treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis" by Helms S, Miller A., posted in PubMed(6)

7. Etc.

Side Effects
1. In some folk medicine, pineapple should not be consumed by people with Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, or kidney or liver disease
2. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Green beans (Phaseolus Sensu Stricto)

Green beans

Green bean is a genus of Phaseolus Sensu Stricto, containing 55 difference species, belong to the family Fabaceae and native to the New World tropics and grown in Europe for its attractive flowers and fleshy immature pods. It can be classified into two major groups, bush beans and pole beans.

Nutritional Supplements

1. Carbohydrates

2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 Fatty Acid
4. Protein

5. Vitamin A

6. Vitamin B1

7. Vitamin B2

8. Vitamin B3

9. Folate
10. Vitamin C

11. Vitamin K
12. Magnesium

13. Tryptophan
14. Phosphorus
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron

18. Potassium

19. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Antioxidants
in the comparison in their ability to retain vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidative activity (DPPH and FRAP) in industrially blanched/frozen tip-cut green beans and swede rods found that by conventional cooking, 13.5-42.8% of the nutrients leaked into the cooking water; by sous vide about 10% leaked to the exuded liquid, while no leakage occurred by boil-in-bag cooking. Warm-holding beans after cooking reduced recoveries in all components. Recoveries in swede rods were comparable but overall slightly lower, according to "Vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidative activity in tip-cut green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and swede rods (Brassica napus var. napobrassica) processed by methods used in catering" by Baardseth P, Bjerke F, Martinsen BK, Skrede G.(a)

2. Antiplatelet aggregation
In the investigation of the extracts from selected fruits and vegetables and their Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic activity found that Extracts of green beans and tomatoes inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP and arachidonic acid, in a concentration-dependent manner. The methanolic extracts of grapes prolonged the PT and dPT., according to "Antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic activity in vitro of extracts from selected fruits and vegetables" by Torres-Urrutia C, Guzmán L, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Moore-Carrasco R, Alarcón M, Astudillo L, Gutierrez M, Carrasco G, Yuri JA, Aranda E, Palomo I.(b)

3. Hyperglycemia and hypertension management
In the observation of traditional corn, beans, and pumpkin and their effects on hyperglycemia and hypertension management found that further protective non-nutrient phenolic phytochemicals against NIDDM and hypertension are potentially high in these foods but less understood. In this study antidiabetic- and antihypertension-relevant potentials of phenolic phytochemicals were confirmed in select important traditional plant foods of indigenous communities such as pumpkin, beans, and maize using in vitro enzyme assays for -glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities, according to "Health benefits of traditional corn, beans, and pumpkin: in vitro studies for hyperglycemia and hypertension management" by Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Kim YC, Shetty K.(c)

4. Anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects
In the investigation of Water-soluble extracts of soybean optimized for phenolic content via sprouting or bioprocessing by dietary fungus (Rhizopus oligosporus, Lentinus edodes) and its effect inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA), yeast alpha-glucosidase, and rabbit lung ACE found that all of the soybean extracts possessed marked anti-amylase activity, with extracts of R. oligosporus-bioprocessed soybean having the strongest inhibitory activity, but only slight anti-glucosidase activity, according to "Anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive potential of sprouted and solid-state bioprocessed soybean" by McCue P, Kwon YI, Shetty K.(d)

5. Cardiovascular diseases
In the researches of phyto-oestrogens, isoflavones, lignans, genistein, daidzein, enterolactone, enterodiol and theirs effect on cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease risk factors found that Phyto-oestrogens are considered to act as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERM), exerting both oestrogen agonist and antagonist action. Supplementation with isolated soy protein containing the isoflavones genistein and daidzein reduces serum total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in animals and in humans. Vascular reactivity might be improved by supplementation with isolated soy protein or isoflavones isolated from red clover, according to "Phyto-oestrogens and cardiovascular disease risk" by van der Schouw YT, de Kleijn MJ, Peeters PH, Grobbee DE.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin Ca. Asthma
Vitamin C is one of the key antioxidant vitamins which is abundant in the extracellular fluid lining the lung and low vitamin C intake has been associated with pulmonary dysfunction, such as asthma, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(I)
b. DNA Damage
Ascorbic acid (AA), known as vitamin C, has important antioxidant vitamin has exerted the activity in preventing (imazalil)IMA-induced cause of DNA damage, according to the stuyd of "The protective role of ascorbic acid on imazalil-induced genetic damage assessed by the cytogenetic tests' by Türkez H, Aydin E.(II)

2. Vitamin Ka) Bone density

A study by done by Vermeer, M H Knapen, and L J Schurger stated "it (vitamin K) was shown that administration of 1-10 mg of Vitamin K is paralleled by a moderate increase in the serum markers for bone formation (osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase), or by a slight decrease in the urinary hydroxyproline exceretion ( a marker for bone resorption), and by a reduction of urinary calcium loss. Most prominent effects were obtained in fast losers of calcium."

b) Antiging
By protecting the under layer of skin membranes and stopping skin bleeding, according to the study of "Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors deficiency" by Brenner B, Kuperman AA, Watzka M, Oldenburg J.(III)

3. Vitamin AVitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" by Takahashi N, Takasu S.(1) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(IV)

4. ManganeseIt is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(V)

5. Dietary fiberDaily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(VI)

6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits

1. Immune function

Since it contains high amount of antioxidants, it improves the immune function in fighting against the forming of radicals and foreign invasion thus decreasing the risk of irregular cell growth cause of cancer, according tothe study of "Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies" by Cho E, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Albanes D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Feskanich D, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB, Rohan TE, Sellers TA, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Smith-Warner SA.(1). Also the antioxidants vitamin C of green bean also prevents cholesterol oxidation, thus reducing the risk of heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Antioxidant vitamins and their use in preventing cardiovascular disease" by Farbstein D, Kozak-Blickstein A, Levy AP.(2)

3. Vitamin C

The high amounts of vitamin C, beside enhances the digestive system in absorbing vital nutrient and protects our body against acute inflammatory arthritis, according to the study of "Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study" by Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G.(3)

4. Constipation

Since it contains high amount of fiber, it promotes large intestine in waste secretion, thus reducing the risk of constipation and colon cancer, according to the study of "Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern" by Rose DJ, DeMeo MT, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR.(4)

5. Tryptophan

Tryptophan is an amino acid needed for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It functions as a biochemical precursor for melatonin which improves the monoaminergic neurotransmission , according to the study of "Chronic melatonin treatment and its precursor L-tryptophan improve the monoaminergic neurotransmission and related behavior in the aged rat brain" Esteban S, Garau C, Aparicio S, Moranta D, Barceló P, Fiol MA, Rial R(5)

6. Etc.

Side Effects

1. Since it contains high amount of axalates, it is advised that people with kidney and gallblader disease should consult with their doctor before consuming.
2. It may reduce the absorption of calcium for some people.

3. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Plums (Prunus)

Plums
Plum is a genus of Prunus, containing over 15 species, relatives of the peach, nectarine and almond, belongs to family Rosaceae and native to northern Asia, Europe, North America and Africa's northwest coast. Today it is cultivated all over the globe for commercial purpose as foods and alcoholic drink.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Protein
4. Vitamin A
5. Vitamin C
6. Vitamin B2
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Polyphenolic compounds
In the identification of the key role of dietary antioxidants in maintaining human health by preventing oxidative damage to cellular components found that a linear correlation between either total phenolic or flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacity, revealing that these compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity of plums, according to "The antioxidant effect of plums and polyphenolic compounds against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in mouse blood granulocytes" by Bouayed J, Rammal H, Dicko A, Younos C, Soulimani R.(a)

2. Melanoma
In the investigation of MK615, a Prunus mume Steb. Et Zucc ('Ume') Extract and its therapeutic target in patients with melanoma found that MK615 is a potential therapeutic agent for treating malignant melanoma, according to "MK615, a Prunus mume Steb. Et Zucc ('Ume') Extract, Attenuates the Growth of A375 Melanoma Cells by Inhibiting the ERK1/2-Id-1 Pathway" by Tada KI, Kawahara KI, Matsushita S, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Kanekura T.(b)

3. Oral disease
in the classification of MK615, a Prunus mume Steb. Et Zucc ('Ume') Extract and its effect major bacterial infectious diseases found that MK615 has potential as a therapeutic agent for treating and preventing oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis, according to "MK615: a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of oral disease" by Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Matsuo M, Komatsuzawa H, Kawahara K, Kikuchi K, Torii M, Tokuda M.(c)

4. Antimicrobial activity
In the study of antimicrobial properties of Prunus mume extract against oral pathogens found that Prunus mume extract may be a potential candidate for developing an oral antimicrobial agent to control or prevent dental diseases associated with oral pathogenic bacteria, according to "Prunus mume extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against pathogenic oral bacteria" by Seneviratne CJ, Wong RW, Hägg U, Chen Y, Herath TD, Samaranayake PL, Kao R.(d)

5. Antioxidant activity
In the assessment of the antiradical activity of seven varieties of plums and their protective effects against oxidative stress found that the major polyphenolics in plums, identified and quantified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, were tested to evaluate their protective effect on peripheral blood granulocytes from oxidative stress. The results suggest that individual polyphenolics contribute directly to the total protective effect of plums, according to "The antioxidant effect of plums and polyphenolic compounds against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in mouse blood granulocytes" by Bouayed J, Rammal H, Dicko A, Younos C, Soulimani R.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
Asthma
Vitamin C is one of the key antioxidant vitamins which is abundant in the extracellular fluid lining the lung and low vitamin C intake has been associated with pulmonary dysfunction, such as asthma, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(I)

b. DNA Damage
Ascorbic acid (AA), known as vitamin C, has important antioxidant vitamin has exerted the activity in preventing (imazalil)IMA-induced cause of DNA damage, according to the stuyd of "The protective role of ascorbic acid on imazalil-induced genetic damage assessed by the cytogenetic tests' by Türkez H, Aydin E.(II)

2. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.

3. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" by Takahashi N, Takasu S.(1) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(III)

4. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(IV)

5. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "The tryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(V) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (VI)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Antioxidants
Plum contains high amount of antioxidants, it enhances the immune system fighting against the forming of free radical, thereby,
a) Reducing the risk of cholesterol oxidation, according to the study of "Cholesterol oxidation: health hazard and the role of antioxidants in prevention' by Valenzuela A, Sanhueza J, Nieto S. posted in PubMed(1), thus lowering the risk of heart diseases and stroke.
b) Regulating cell growth, thus decreasing the risk of tumor and cancer, and aging related diseases, according to the study of "The role of polyphenolic antioxidants in health, disease, and aging" by Obrenovich ME, Nair NG, Beyaz A, Aliev G, Reddy VP., posted in PubMed(2)
c) Guarding our body against inflammation and infection. according to the study of "[Antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants].[Article in French]" by Turcotte P, Saheb SA., posted in PubMed(3)

2. Constipation
Prune is known for their laxative effect that helps to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool, most often taken to treat constipation due to high of fluid and fiber, according to the study of "Randomised clinical trial: dried plums (prunes) vs. psyllium for constipation" by Attaluri A, Donahoe R, Valestin J, Brown K, Rao SS., posted in PubMed(4)

3. Vision health
Retinal, the aldehyde form of the vitamin A, enhances the synthesis of rhodopsin, thus allowing the rod cells to perform its function to detect light in a low-light conditions and night vision, according to the "The intake of carotenoids in an older Australian population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study" by Manzi F, Flood V, Webb K, Mitchell P., posted in PubMed(5)

4. Osteoporosis
Phosphorus is a vital part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth. It works in association with calcium to provide strong bones, which can withstand normal wear and tear in human life, by curing and developing proper function in fractured bones, according to the study of "Dietary protein, phosphorus and potassium are beneficial to bone mineral density in adult men consuming adequate dietary calcium" by Whiting SJ, Boyle JL, Thompson A, Mirwald RL, Faulkner RA., posted in PubMed(6)

5. Potassium
Potassium is necessary mineral in balancing the ratio with sodium for lymphatic system in regulating the fluid in the body, and reducing the cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "Sodium and potassium intake and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: the Rotterdam Study" by Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Stijnen T, Kloos MW, Hofman A, Grobbee DE., posted in PubMed(7)

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Since it contain measurable amounts of oxalate, it reduces the absorption of calcium and people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases should consult with their doctor before consuming.
2. Its seeds contains amygdalin, large doses of these chemicals are hazardous to human health as it can cause cyanide poisoning.
3. Etc..

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#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Green Peas (Pisum Sativum)

Green Peas
Green Pea is a species of Pisum Sativum, belongs to the family Fabaceae and native to western Asia from the Mediterranean Sea to the Himalaya Mountains. It is a green, pod-shaped vegetable and a cool season crop grown in many parts of the world for commercial purposes.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fibre
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Vitamin A
7. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
8. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
9. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
10. Pantothenic acid (B5)
11. Vitamin B6
12. Folate (Vitamin B9)
13. Vitamin C
14. Vitamin K
15. Typtrophan
16. Calcium
17. Copper
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21. Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Hypocholesterolaemic effects
In the investigation of six to ten local legumes were studied as follows: cowpeas, mung beans, pole sitao, chickpeas, green peas, groundnuts, pigeon peas, kidney beans, lima beans and soyabeans and their health benefits found that mineral availability from legumes differs and may be attributed to their mineral content, mineral-mineral interaction and from their phytic and tannic acid content; legumes are considered low-GI foods and have shown potential hypocholesterolaemic effects, according to "The potential health benefits of legumes as a good source of dietary fibre" by Trinidad TP, Mallillin AC, Loyola AS, Sagum RS, Encabo RR.(a)

2. Antioxidant activity
In the evaluation of six different vegetable species were examined: carrots (Daucus carota L.), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), tomatoes (Solanumn lycopersicum L.), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), and yellow peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and theirs antioxidant activity consequent to 3 typical home cooking practices (steaming, boiling, and microwave cooking) in fresh and home frozen vegetables found that raw vegetables are nutritionally superior to their frozen and/or cooked forms. In the current study, we provide evidence that this is not always the case, according to "Effect of home freezing and Italian style of cooking on antioxidant activity of edible vegetables" by Danesi F, Bordoni A(b)

3. Color of beans
In the identification of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of U.S.-produced cool season legumes found that Colored common beans and black soybeans exhibited higher TPC, TFC, CTC, FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC values than those of yellow peas, green peas, and chickpeas. Antioxidant activities (FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC) were strongly correlated (r= 0.96, 0.94, and 0.89, respectively, P < 0.01) with TPC. TPC and ORAC were moderately correlated (P < 0.01) with either the seed hull surface color or the flour color, according to "Comparative analyses of phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, and color of cool season legumes and other selected food legumes" by Xu BJ, Yuan SH, Chang SK.(c)

4. Atherosclerosis
In observation of the statement that high intake of fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease found that a diet rich in green and yellow vegetables inhibits the development of atherosclerosis and may therefore lead to a reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease, according to "A diet rich in green and yellow vegetables inhibits atherosclerosis in mice" by Adams MR, Golden DL, Chen H, Register TC, Gugger ET.(d)

5. Tumors
In the evaluation of the effects of crude phytoestrogen extracts from rye (Secale cereale), green pea (Pisum sativum) and yellow pea seeds (Pisum sativum cv.) on cell proliferation and the production of progesterone in trophoblast tumor cells of the cell line Jeg3 found that green and yellow pea seeds contain measurable concentrations of isoflavones and rye seeds contain lignans which can be isolated and used for special human diet programs, according to "Effects of phytoestrogen extracts isolated from rye, green and yellow pea seeds on hormone production and proliferation of trophoblast tumor cells Jeg3" by Matscheski A, Richter DU, Hartmann AM, Effmert U, Jeschke U, Kupka MS, Abarzua S, Briese V, Ruth W, Kragl U, Piechulla B.(e)

6. Etc.

B. health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.

2. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(I)

3. Vitamin C
Vitamin C, one of the powerful antioxidant, prevents bad cholesterol (LDL) building up as plaque in the arteries causing heart attack or stroke, according to the study of "Coronary heart disease prevention: nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns" by Bhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL., posted in PubMed(II)

4. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prevent and treat Diabetes. As Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(III)

5. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" by Takahashi N, Takasu S.(1) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(IV)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Osteocalcin
Osteocalcin, secreted solely by osteoblasts found in green peas plays a important role in the body's metabolic regulation and bone-building, according to the study of "The relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and bone density, osteocalcin level and growth in adolescents" by Ozaydin E, Dayangac-Erden D, Erdem-Yurter H, Derman O, Coşkun T., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Antioxidant
Vitamin C, one of the powerful antioxidant, prevents bad cholesterol (LDL) building up as plaque in the arteries causing heart attack or stroke, according to the study of "Coronary heart disease prevention: nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns" by Bhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL., posted in PubMed(2)

3. OsteoporosisBy maintaining the proper ratio of magnesium and calcium, Green peas helps to build a strong bone, by enhancing the body in absorbing calcium due to the proper ratio of magnesium and calcium, according to the study of "Association of hip fracture incidence and intake of calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin K." by Yaegashi Y, Onoda T, Tanno K, Kuribayashi T, Sakata K, Orimo H., posted in PubMed(3)

4. Immune system
Since green peas contains many antioxidants, it enhances the immune system fighting against forming of free radicals, thus reducing the risk of radical forming of heart diseases irregular cells growth cause of tumors and cancers, according to the study of "Effects of antioxidants on immune system ageing" by De la Fuente M., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Folate
Folate plays a critical role in proper DNA synthesis and cell division, according to the study of "Folate stimulation of wound DNA synthesis" by Zhang XJ, Chinkes DL, Herndon DN., posted in PubMed(5), thus preventing low birth weight and developmental and long-term adverse health outcomes, according to the study of "Effects of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy on fetal, infant, and child development" by Molloy AM, Kirke PN, Brody LC, Scott JM, Mills JL.posted in PubMed(6)

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Since it contains measure amount of Purines, it may cause health problem for people with untreated kidney disease.
2. Etc.

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