Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Tuesday, 5 November 2013

Chinese Herbs - Ling Zhi (Ganodermae lucidi)

Ling Zhi is also known as Lucid Ganoderma. The sweet and netral herb has been used in TCM to treat cough, asthma, tinnitus, deafness and lassitude of the loins and knees, palpitation, insomnia and amnesia, hepatitis B, etc. as it nourishes Yin and Blood, strengthens the Spleen tonifies Qi and Body Fluids, calms the Mind, strengthens the Stomach, etc., by enhancing the functions of Lung, Kidney, Liver, Heart, Spleen and Stomach channels.

Ingredients1. Ganodermic acid G
2. Lucidone A
3. Fungal lysozyme
4. Pachymic acid C
5. Stellasterol
6. OPolyporenic acid
7. Pterocarpin
8. Trifolirhizin
9. Kuraridin
10. Kuraridinol
11. Oxalic acid
12. Etc.

Health Benefits
1. Oral anticoagulants
In the examination of the consumption of herbal medicines is increasing steadily throughout the world, although to our knowledge there are neither studies on their effectiveness nor controls over the quality and safety of these preparations, indicated that Ganoderma Japonicum, Papaw, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginseng, Devil’s claw, Garlic, Quinine, Ginkgo, Ginger, Red Clover and Horse-Chestnut reinforce warfarin action by heterogeneous mechanisms. They should thus not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy. They should thus not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy(1)
2. Thrombosis
In the evaluation of the effects of Ganoderma japonicum(Fr.) Lloyd mixture on thrombosis and its mechanism, showed that Ganoderma japonicum(Fr.) Lloyd mixture inhibited thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo, the thrombus weight and length formed in the rabbit common carotid artery and external jugular vein were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the control (P < 0.01). The results suggest that Ganoderma japonicum(Fr.) Lloyed mixture has anti-thrombotic effect, blood coagulation and platelet activation were inhibited, and the ability of vascular endothelial cells against the process of thrombosis was enhanced(2)
3. Free Radical scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity
In the investigation of the free radical scavenging and antihepatotoxic activity from Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma formosanum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum, found that treatment with the water extract of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma formosanum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum caused a marked decrease in the CCl4-induced toxicity in rat liver, made evident by their effect on the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum(3)
4. Anti cancers
In the investigation of Antitumor effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, indicated that The popular edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been used mainly against cancer and linked to lower rates of mortality. Various signaling pathways responsible for aberrant characteristics of cancer cells were modulated by Ganoderma lucidum, resulting in cell-cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of growth, and suppression of metastatic behavior.
Ganoderma lucidum also inhibits constitutively active transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, which were suggested as potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment(4)
5. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Do not use the herb in patient with weaken kiday, kidney diseases or kidney stone
2. 2. Do not use the Huang Bai in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or
breast feeding with out approval first with the related field specialist3.
Etc.

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Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10920504
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9868019
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7564419
(4) http://www.profdromercolak.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/gano-ve-kanser.pdf

Chinese Herbs – Liu Ji Nu or hua Shi Dan (Herba Artemisiae Anomalae)

Liu Ji Nu is also known as artemesia. The bitter nad warm herb has been used in TCM to treat blockage of menses, post partum pain due to blood stasis, injuries from impacts, etc., as its promotes circulation of Blood, enefits menstruation, eliminates Blood statsis, calms pain, etc., by enhancing the functions of hreat and spleen channels.

Ingredients

1. Saponin

2. Flavonoids

3. Coumarin

4. Sesquiterpenoids

5. Camphor

6. Etc.

Health Benefits

1. Antioxidant activities

In the investigation of antioxidant activities of 45 Chinese herbs that regulate blood circulation using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, reported for the first time antioxidant properties of many Chinese herbs. High antioxidant herbs were identified as Spatholobus suberectus vine (1990 micromol TE/g), Sanguisorba officinalis root (1940 micromol TE/g), Agrimonia pilosa herb (1440 micromol TE/g), Artemisia anomala herb (1400 micromol TE/g), Salvia miltiorrhiza root (1320 micromol TE/g) and Nelembo nucifera leaf (1300 micromol TE/g). Antioxidant capacity appears to correlate with the flavors of herbs identified within the formal TCM classification system and may be a useful guide in describing their utility and biochemical mechanism of action(1)

2. Anti herpes simplex virus

In the evaluating the antiviral effect of 472 traditional medicinal herbs (comprising raw material 10 mg/ml), through both initial (qualitative) and repeated (quantitative) screens, on type 1 herpes simplex virus, showed that through repeated screens, 10 highly effective herbs were Aristolochia debilis, Artemisia anomala, Lindera strychnifolia, Patrinia villosa, Pinus massoniana, Prunella vulgaris, Pyrrosia lingua, Rhus chinensis, Sargussum fusiforme and Taraxacum mongolicum. Clinically, among the 78 cases of herpetic keratitis due to HSV1 treated by Pyrrosia lingua and Prunella vulgaris eye drops, a cure was effected in 38 and an improvement in 37, with 3 being of no benefit(2)

3. Anti-HSV-II

In the investigating the anti-HSV-II action of 500 herbs by determinations of the virus inhibition logarithm (VIL), among these effective herbs, 10 were aqueous extracts of Artemisia anomala, Centella asiatica, Epimedium Sagittatum, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hosta plantaginea, Hypericum japonicum, Inula japonica, Mosla punctata, Rhododendron simsii, and Rhus chinenses, while 3 were alcohol extracts of Epimedium Sagittatum, Hypericum japonicum, and Mosla punctata(3)

4. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Do not use the in case of diarrhea caused by spleen deficiency

2. 2. Do not use the the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or
breast feeding with out approval first with the related field specialist

3. Do not use the herb in case of blood and qi deficiency

4. Etc.

Sources

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955214

(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2161714

(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2550706

Chinese Herbs – Long Dan Cao (Radix Gentianae longdancao)

Long Dan Cao is also known as Gentiana. The bitter, cold and non toxic herb has been used in TCM to treat high fever and seizures, red swollen sore throat and eyes, swollen and painful ears or sudden loss of hearing, boils in mouth and tongue, hepatitis, jaundice, vaginal discharge, etc. as it clears Heat, dries Dampness, disperses Liver-Fire, etc., by enhancing the functions of
gallbladder, liver and stomach channels

Ingredients

1. Gentiopicrin
2. Gentianose
3. Swertiamarin
4. Gentisin
5. Gentiobiose
6. Gentisic acid

7. Etc.

Health Benefits

1. Gentisides C-K

Nine new alkyl 2,3-dihydroxybenzoates, gentisides C-K, were isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Gentiana rigescens Franch., these metabolites are additional members of the gentisides which belong to a novel class of neuritogenic compounds. They are structurally different from one another because they possess varying alkyl chain lengths, with or without an isobutyl or isopropyl group at the end of the alkyl chain. These compounds are potent inducers of neurite outgrowth on PC12 cells(1)

2. Antiplatelet and vasorelaxing

In the futher isolated from the whole plant of Gentiana arisanensis Hayata, a new flavone C-glycoside, isovitexin 6″-O-glucoside (1), and three known flavonoids, quercetin, isovitexin, and luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, have been identified. Of the compounds tested, 6 showed potent antiplatelet effects on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation (IC50 = 43.5 microM). Compound luteolin (6), depressed markedly the contraction induced by Ca2+ (1.9 mM) in high-K+ (80 mM) medium, with an IC50 of about 156 microM and also inhibited noradrenaline (3 microM)-induced phasic and tonic contractions, with an IC50 of about 68 and 72 microM, respectively(2)

3. Etc.

Side Effects

1. Do not use the herb in case of diarrhea caused by spleen deficiency

2. 2. Do not use the Huang Bai in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or
breast feeding with out approval first with the related field specialist

3. Etc.

Sources

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813533

(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Gentiana%20arisanensis%20Hayata%20

Chinese Herbs – Long Yan (Arillus Euphoriae Longanae)

Long Yan is also known as longan. The slightly sweet and neutral herb (fruit) or slightly bitter and neutral (leaf, root or seed) has been used in TCM
1. (Long Yan Gen) Roots to treat Chyluria , leucorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
2. (Long Yan Ye) Leaves to prevent epidemic influenza, epidemic meningitis, influenza, enteritis, eczema of the scrotum
3. (Long Yan Rou) Edible part of the fruit
As tonic after illnesses, neurasthenia, forgetfulness, palpitation, insomnia, etc.
4. (Long Yan Zi) Seeds to stomachache, scalding, bleeding from cut, etc.
as they tonify Heart and Spleen, benefits Qi and Blood, etc.by enhancing the functions of heart and spleen channels
Ingredients(a)
A. In Fruits
1. vitamin A, B1, B2 , P, C
2. glucose
3. tartaric acid
4. Etc.
B. Seeds
1. Saponin
2. Pigments
3. Animo acid
4. 2-amino-4-hydroxymet-hylhex-5-ynoic acid
5. 2-am-ino-4-hydroxyhept-6-ynoic acid
6. Fat
7. Tannin
8. Etc.
C. Leaves
1. Quercetin
2. Quercitrin
3. Friedelin
4. 16-hentriacontanol
5. Epifriedelinol
6. β-sitosterol
7. Sigmateryl-D-glucoside
8. Etc.
Health Benefits
1. Anxiolytic-like effect
In the investigation of the extract of Longan Arillus was tested for its anxiolytic-like effect by application of the Vogel-type anti-conflict method in mice. he extract indicated significant activity at a dose of 2 g/kg, s.c., and results of the bioassay-oriented isolation revealed adenosine to be the active principle. Adenosine produced the anti-conflict effect significantly at a dose of 30 mg/kg, s.c. Adenine, uridine, and 5-methyluridine did not exhibit the effect, although these compounds were isolated from the extract. Some other related compounds such as AMP and c-AMP showed no effect, except for inosine. Adenosine also contributed to the analgesic effect which was observed in the extract by the writhing method(1)
2. Antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects
In the study of Eight male rats per group were assigned randomly to one of the following dietary groups: (1) normal-caloric diet and pure water (NCD + NDW); (2) hypercaloric diet and pure water (HCD + NDW); (3) HCD and 1.25% (w/v) LFWE (HCD + 1.25% LFWE); (4) HCD and 2.5% (w/v) LFWE (HCD + 2.5% LFWE) for 9 weeks. Body weight, size of epididymal fat, serum triglyceride level and atherogenic index, and hepatic lipids were decreased (p < 0.05) in HCD rats by drinking 2.5% LFWE which may result from downregulated (p < 0.05) pancreatic lipase activity, and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expressions, as well as upregulated (p < 0.05) LDL receptor (LDLR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) gene expressions, and also increased (p < 0.05) fecal triglyceride excretions. (2)
3. Metabolic syndrome
In the study to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of longan flower water extract (LFWE), which showed powerful antioxidative activity in vitro, on markers of metabolic syndrome in a fructose-fed rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: group C, fed with standard Purina chow; group F, fed with high-fructose diet (HF) alone; group L, fed with HF plus LFWE 125 mg/kg bw per day by gavage; and group H, fed HF plus LFWE 250 mg/kg bw per day by gavage. The dietary manipulation lasted for 14 weeks, showed that rats fed with HF resulted in oxidative stress and affected the antioxidant status including plasma thiobarbituric acid and liver antioxidant enzyme activity. Treatment with LFWE significantly augmented the antioxidant system. HF was able to cause insulin resistance and elevation of the blood pressure. The supplementation of LFWE ameliorated insulin resistance by enhancing the expression of insulin signaling pathway related proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter 4. LFWE supplementation was also found to decrease systolic blood pressure(3)
4. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
in the investigation of the antioxidative effects of water extract and ethanolic extract of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) flowers were evaluated by radical scavenging activity and compared to those of gallic acid, myricetin, and epigallocatechin gallate, suggest that longan flower crude extracts, especially ethanolic extract, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and the probable mechanism involves inhibition of inflammation by proanthocyanidins. Preliminary observations suggest that longan flower extract, especially alcoholic extract, could be another potential source of natural dietary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent(4)
5. Antioxidative activity
In the evaluation of three different solvent extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour.) flowers were assayed with three different antioxidant capacity methods, namely, the DPPH free radical scavenging effect, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the inhibition of Cu(2+)-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL), showed that methanol extract has the best antioxidative activity, followed by ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts(5)
6. Focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
In this study to observe the effects of polysaccharides of the Euphoria Longan (Lour.) Steud on [Formula: see text] and ?OH in?vitro, found that Compared with the I/R group, polysaccharides of the Euphoria Longan (Lour.) Steud could obviously reduce the neurological score, the infract volume, the brain water content, MDA content, MPO activity, TNF-? and IL-1? level, expression of Bax, and increase SOD, GSH, GSH-Px activity and expression of Bcl-2.(6)
7. Memory-enhancing effects
In the investigation of the effects of aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit (ELE) on learning and memory and their underlying mechanisms, suggest that subchronic administration of aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit enhances learning and memory, and that its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, by BDNF expression and immature neuronal survival.(7)
Side effects
1. Do not use the herb in case of insomnia as a result of heart, spleen and blood deficiency
2. Do not use the herb in cases of phlegm-fire in the middle burner
3. Etc.

Sources
(a) http://alternativehealing.org/long_yan.htm

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193200
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Dimocarpus%20longans%20Lour
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973337
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18052097
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18662011
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21280975
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064595

#Healthy #Foods - Whole Grain - Whole wheat (Triticum)

Whole wheat
Wheat is a type of glass originally from the Middle East, but now cultivated worldwide for commercial purposes. In its natural unrefined state, it contains many important nutrients that can help nourish the healthy body and enhances fertility in men and women alike.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Protein
4. Vitamin B Complex
5. Tryptophan
6. Calcium
7. Iron
8. Magnesium
9. Manganese
10. Phosphorus
11. Potassium
12. Zinc
13. Etc.

Heath Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic effects
In the assessment to the effects of 6-week consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread in comparison to white bread on fasting serum lipids in normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic (NGI; n = 14) and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic (HGI; n = 14) adults, found that add to limited literature comparing wheat whole grains to wheat refined grains on CVD risk and highlight the need to consider genetic variation in relation to lipoprotein lipid content and CVD risk, according to "The effect of whole grain wheat sourdough bread consumption on serum lipids in healthy normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic adults depends on presence of the APOE E3/E3 genotype: a randomized controlled trial" by Tucker AJ, Mackay KA, Robinson LE, Graham TE, Bakovic M, Duncan AM.(a)

2. Prostate cancer progression
In the investigation of rye whole grain and bran products (RP) or refined wheat products with added cellulose (WP) and theirs effect on pregression of prostate cancer found that Daily excretion of 5 lignans was higher after the RP treatment than after the WP treatment (P < 0.001). We conclude that whole grain and bran from rye resulted in significantly lower plasma PSA compared with a cellulose-supplemented refined wheat diet in patients with prostate cancer. The effect may be related to inhibition of prostate cancer progression caused by decreased exposure to insulin, as indicated by plasma insulin and urinary C-peptide excretion, according to "Rye whole grain and bran intake compared with refined wheat decreases urinary C-peptide, plasma insulin, and prostate specific antigen in men with prostate cancer" by Landberg R, Andersson SO, Zhang JX, Johansson JE, Stenman UH, Adlercreutz H, Kamal-Eldin A, Aman P, Hallmans G.(b)

3. Antioxidants
In the classification of Anthocyanins of whole purple wheat, unpolished red rice, and partially polished red rice before and after processing to produce infant cereals and it antioxidant efect found that purple wheat infant cereals had higher cellular antioxidant activity than unpolished red rice ones (p < 0.05). Whole purple wheat infant cereals showed higher antioxidant activity than the commercial infant cereal, suggesting a possibility of improving infant antioxidant status by incorporating this grain in their diet, according to "Comparative Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Infant Cereals Produced from Purple Wheat and Red Rice Grains and LC-MS Analysis of Their Anthocyanins" by Hirawan R, Diehl-Jones W, Beta T.(c)

4. Glucose and Lipid metabolism
In the observation of Whole grain products, fish and bilberries and theirs effect on Glucose and Lipid metabolism found that the diet rich in whole grain and low insulin response grain products, bilberries, and fatty fish improve glucose metabolism and alter the lipidomic profile. Therefore, such a diet may have a beneficial effect in the efforts to prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk persons, according to "Whole grain products, fish and bilberries alter glucose and lipid metabolism in a randomized, controlled trial: the Sysdimet study" by Lankinen M, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Paananen J, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, Seppänen-Laakso T, Gylling H, Uusitupa M, Orešič M.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteroposis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(4)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(I)

2. Dietary fiber
Since it contains high levels of fiber, it reduces the risk of type II diabetes and insulin sensitive, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F., posted in PubMed(II)

3. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(III)

4. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(6) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(IV)

5. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Weight control and body organs
Since whole wheat in its natural state, it contains high amount of fiber that can reduce the fluctuation of insulin and the risk of depress of pancreas that can increase appetite and weigh gain., according to the study of "The effect of using whole wheat grain in the diet of game pheasants on their body weight, dimensions and development of some internal organs" by Kokoszyński D, Bernacki Z, Cisowska A., posted in PubMed(1).

2. Diabetes
Since fiber also reduces the risk of insulin sensitive by releasing sugar slowly in to blood stream, thus decreasing the risk of type II diabetes, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F., posted pubMed(2).

3. High blood pressure, heart disease and stroke
As we mention in the previous article, high levels of magnesium reduces the risk of blood clot by dilating blood vessels, according to the study of "Magnesium causes nitric oxide independent coronary artery vasodilation in humans" by Teragawa H, Kato M, Yamagata T, Matsuura H, Kajiyama G., posted in PubMed(3), thus decreasing the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.

4. Cholesterol Levels
Whole wheat contains plant sterols and stanols which are proven to be effective in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis by reserving atherosclerosis naturally caused by cholesterol builds up the plaques inside the arteries, leading arteries clogged, resulting in cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism" by Calpe-Berdiel L, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F., posted in PubMed(4).

5. Breast cancer
High levels of lignan in whole wheat acts as antioxidant that improves the immune function in fighting against irregular cell growth, thus reducing the risk of cancer, according to the study of " Avemar, a nontoxic fermented wheat germ extract, attenuates the growth of sensitive and 5-FdUrd/Ara-C cross-resistant H9 human lymphoma cells through induction of apoptosis"byAgarwal RP, Grusch M, Hidvégi M, Jaeger W, Krupitza G, Lackner A, Madlener S, Ozsvar-Kozma M, Saiko P, Szekeres T, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Graser G posted in Journal: Oncology Reports Release date: 2009 (5), researchers found that Avemar exerts a number of beneficial effects which could support conventional chemotherapy of human malignancies.

6. Etc.

Side effects
1. Gliadin in whole wheat can weaken the immune system, leading to inflammation.
2. Wheat allergy.
3. Oxalates

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#Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Salmon

Salmon
Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae. They are anadromous, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within to five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die.

Nutritional supplements
1. Protein
2. Omega-3 fatty acids
3. B vitamins
4. Vitamin D
5. Astaxanthin
is a potent antioxidant that stimulates the development of healthy fish nervous systems and enhances the fish's fertility and growth rate.
6. Selenium
7. Tryptophan
8. Magnesium
9. Phosphorus
10. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Triacylglycerols
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to "Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects" by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(a)

2. Weight loss
In the investigation of supplementation with n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA) and its effect in body weight, found that At the end of the 1-month period, 16 children lost weight and 27 children gained weight. Multiple analysis demonstrated that supplementation with n3-LCPUFA decreased HOMA-IR by 15% after adjusting for puberty, treatment adherence, changes in adipokines, and weight loss. Interaction between supplementation and weight loss was significant (p = 0.007), according to "Supplementation of n3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synergistically Decreases Insulin Resistance with Weight Loss of Obese Prepubertal and Pubertal Children" by López-Alarcón M, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J.(b)

3. Cholesterol
In the assessment of an increasing drive to replace fish oil (FO) in finfish aquaculture diets with vegetable oils (VO), driven by the short supply of FO derived from wild fish stocks,
found that these effects are most likely mediated by SREBP2, which responds to reductions in dietary cholesterol. These changes are sufficient to maintain whole body cholesterol levels but not HUFA levels, according to "Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" by Leaver MJ, Villeneuve LA, Obach A, Jensen L, Bron JE, Tocher DR, Taggart JB.(c)

d. Coronary heart disease
In determination of Omega-3-fatty acids play a protective role in the prevention of CHD,
found that The treatment with salmon oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. Following the increase of malondialdehyde as measure of the lipid peroxidation a substitution of antioxidants, like vitamin E and vitamin C, seems to be useful. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fish-oil capsules, not least to avoid side-effects, according to "[Changes in parameters of lipid metabolism and anti-oxidative potentials in elderly hyperlipoproteinemic patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids].[Article in German]" by Reuter W, Vorberg B, Sauer I, Krumpolt C.(d)

5. Antioxidants
In the research of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E after ingestion of salmon found that that megadoses of vitamin E, far from having pro-oxidative activity, actually increase the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver, especially after ingestion of salmon oil, according to "Effects of megadoses of dietary vitamin E on the antioxidant status of rats fed lard or salmon oil" by Flader D, Brandsch C, Hirche F, Eder K.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin D
Vitamin D not only is important to the heart health with calcium supplementation, according to "Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular event` by Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD.(Ia) but also plays an vital role in epidemiological associations between vitamin D status and a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, according to "Vitamin D and inflammation" by Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC.(I)

2. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

3. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "The tryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(IV) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (II)

4. Selenium
Salmon contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

5. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(III)

6. Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids is necessary to maintain the ratio of good and bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of cholesterol inflammation according to the study of "In vitro fatty acid enrichment of macrophages alters inflammatory response and net cholesterol accumulation" by Wang S, Wu D, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, Honda KL, Lichtenstein AH., posted in PubMed (IV) and forming of free radical in the heart cells, leading to heart diseases. It also reduces the risk of plaque forming in the arterial wall, thus also decreasing the risk of stoke, according to the study of "N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: effects on the arterial wall" by Sudheendran S, Chang CC, Deckelbaum RJ., posted in PubMed (V).

7. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cardiovascular disease
It contains high levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids that helps to reduce the levels of bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of hardening of arteries and veins and damaging the functions of amino acids in repairing the cardiovascular tissues according to the study of "Fish oil for the treatment of cardiovascular disease" by Weitz D, Weintraub H, Fisher E, Schwartzbard AZ, posted in PubMed(1)

2. High blood pressure
Since Omega 3 fatty acids lower cholesterol level, it also reduces the risk hypertension, leading to prevent hardening of walls of arteries and veins, causing heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Long-chain omega-3 Fatty acids and blood pressure" by Liu JC, Conklin SM, Manuck SB, Yao JK, Muldoon MF., posted in PubMed(2), researchers wrote that increasing DHA (Docosahexanenoic acid) consumption through diet modification rather than large dose supplementation represents a candidate strategy for future studies of hypertension prevention.American Journal of Hypertension (2011). doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.120.

3. Insulin sensitive
Researchers in the University of California and San Diego School of Medicine found that the omega-3 fatty acids trigger this macrophage receptor, which results in improved systemic insulin sensitivity, by identifying an important receptor on macrophages which is found plentifully in obese body fat.

4. Menstrual cycle
Imbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids can cause the over production of prostaglandin hormone, leading to over reaction of the abdominal muscle, causing menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea" by Moghadamnia AA, Mirhosseini N, Abadi MH, Omranirad A, Omidvar S., posted in PubMed(4), researchers wrote that the treatment groups reported a significant difference after 3 months of supplementation with fish oil (visual analogue scale score 20.9 compared with 61.8 for the placebo (P= 0.001).

5. Anti inflammationIt is said the Omega 3 fatty acids beside reduced the risk of inflammatory effects on our joints and improved blood flow, by regulating the migration of inflammatory cells that cause inflammation, but also autoimmune diseases as a result of the elevation of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids, according to the study of "Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases" by

Simopoulos AP., posted in PubMed(5)

6. Etc.Side effects
1. Research has revealed canthaxanthin may have negative effects on the human eye, accumulating in the retina, according to the study of "Canthaxanthin retinopathy: long-term observations" by Hueber A, Rosentreter A, Severin M., posted in PubMed(5)
2. Upset stomach and brief nausea, sometimes accompanied by flatulence.
3. Parasites if it is eaten raw
4. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Seafoods - Shrimp

Shrimp
Unlike their close relative, lobsters and crayfish, shrimp are swimming decapod crustaceans classified in the family of Animalia, lived in both fresh and salt water, are found in any continent around the world. They were one of the species once considered elevating bad cholesterol, but in the later study found that they help to drop the triglyceride levels due to rich of Omega 3 fatty acid.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Omega-3 fatty acids
2. Selenium
3. Vitamin D
4. Vitamin B12
5. Niacin
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Iron
9. Zinc
10. Copper
11.Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Anti bacteria and virus
In the assesment of two C-type lectins from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as LvLectin-1 and LvLectin-2) and theirs effect in anti cmicrobal activity, found that the two C-type lectins might be involved in immune response toward pathogen infection, and they might perform different recognition specificity toward bacteria or virus, according to "Two C-type lectins from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei that might be involved in immune response against bacteria and virus" by Wei X, Liu X, Yang J, Fang J, Qiao H, Zhang Y, Yang J.(a)

2. Antihypertensive peptides
In the investigation of the izumi shrimp caught off the southern coast of Tokushima Prefecture and its effect in blood pressure found that angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides isolated from the izumi shrimp hydrolysate had an anti-hypertensive effect on rats. according to" Determination of antihypertensive peptides from an izumi shrimp hydrolysate" by Nii Y, Fukuta K, Yoshimoto R, Sakai K, Ogawa T(b)

3. Cardiovascular excitatory effect
In the determination of the cardioexcitatory substance (CES) isolated from the eyestalk of the shrimp and theirs effect on the cardiovascular system found that cardioexcitatory substance (CES) isolated from the shrimp eyesta lk produces hypertension and tachycardia mediated by adrenergic receptors in association to calcium channels activation. according to "Cardiovascular excitatory effect on rats of a fraction isolated from the eyestalk of shrimp: Peneaus vanameii" by Rosa F, Cedeño J, León L, Estrada O, Romero-Vecchione E, Vásquez J, Antequera R.(c)

4. Fibrinolytic enzyme
In the research of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme, purified from fermented shrimp paste, a popular seasoning used in Asian countries and its effect on cardiovascular diseases found that the novel fibrinolytic enzyme derived from traditional Asian foods is useful for thrombolytic therapy. In addition, this enzyme has a significant potential for food fortification and nutraceutical applications, such that its use could effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases, according to "Novel fibrinolytic enzyme in fermented shrimp paste, a traditional asian fermented seasoning" by Wong AH, Mine Y.(d)

5.Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
Tryptophan in dried bean is not only essential for normal growth and balanced out nitrogen in the body, it is also an antioxidant that helps to enhances the immune system in fighting against the forming of free radical and foreign invasion, thus reducing the risk of inflammation and infection. By enhancing the immune system, trytophan also inhiblts the cancer cells growth, in a study of "Uveal melanoma expression of indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase: establishment of an immune privileged environment by tryptophan depletion." by Chen PW, Mellon JK, Mayhew E, Wang S, He YG, Hogan N, Niederkorn JY., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that Addition of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl dl-tryptophan significantly diminished kynurenine levels in IFN-gamma treated uveal melanoma cell cultures...... IFN-gamma inducible IDO upregulation by primary and metastatic uveal melanoma may generate a local immune privileged microenvironment to promote escape from T cell-mediated immune surveillance.

2. Selenium
Lamp contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(I)

4. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

5. Iron
Iron is one of important mineral in forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin, according to the study of "Glutathionyl Hemoglobin Is Elevated in Iron Deficiency Anemia" by Shet AS, Pinto SM, Mitra G, Mandal AK., posted in PubMed(II), thus helping to carry oxygen to the muscles for energy and enhancing the brain performance, including memory and concentration.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cholesterol
Shrimp once were thought to contain high levels of bad cholesterol, causing clot up and harden the arterial wall and vein of blood vessel. Today new study found out that shrimp contain high levels of Omega 3 fatty acids, which not only help to balance the omega 6 fatty acids to reduce the production of prostaglandin hormone that causes menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea" by Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, Kowalski O, Duguet N, Dupuis S., posted in PubMed(1) but also promotes blood flow to the reproductive organ by reducing the LDL cholesterol in the blood stream according to the article of "Health Benefits of Omega 3 fatty acids" by Gloria Tsang, RD of HealthCastle.com posted in Jul 2005; Updated in Mar 2010(2)

2. Heart diseases and stroke
As the levels of bad cholesterol increasing, the walls arteries and vein hardening, it may cause break off small vein or blocked off large arteries and veins, causing stroke and heart disease, Omega 3 fatty acids eliminate the bad cholesterol, thus decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the study of 'The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): Rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease" by Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, Cook NR, Albert MA, Gordon D, Zaharris E, Macfadyen JG, Danielson E, Lin J, Zhang SM, Buring JE., posted in PubMed(3)

3. Hypertension
As the bad cholesterol clotted up the arteries and vein, it increases the function of heart in blood circulation by increasing the pressure. Omega 3 fatty acids eliminate the bad cholesterol, thus decreasing the risk of high blood pressure, according to the study of "Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans" by Mori TA., posted in PubMed(4)

4. Antioxidants
Shrimp contains high levels of selenium, it is one most powerful antioxidant that affects the DNA repairing and synthesis in damaged cells by inhibiting the spread and growth of cancer cells, according to the study of "Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)" by Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr., posted in PubMed(5).

5. Zinc
Zinc is one of the controlling nutrients for progesterone production in women, according to the study of "Copper/Zinc-Superoxide Dismutase Insufficiency Impairs Progesterone Secretion and Fertility in Female Mice" by Noda Y, Ota K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T., posted in PubMed(6) and important trace minerals in effecting the function of prostate gland to assist the production of normal sperm in men, according to the study of "The effect of zinc on the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone by the hyperplastic human prostate gland" by Leake A, Chisholm GD, Habib FK., posted in PubMed(6).

6. Etc.

Side effects
1. Allergic reactions
2. Purines
Excess intake of shrimp can cause the accumulation of purines in the body, leading to high levels of uric acid.
3. Etc.

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