Pterostilbene is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in grapes, blueberries, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the identification of the chemopreventive potential of pterostilbene with colonic tumor formation as an end point and further to evaluate the mechanistic action of pterostilbene during colon carcinogenesis, found that Colon tumors from pterostilbene-fed
animals showed reduced expression of inflammatory markers as well as
nuclear staining for phospho-p65, a key molecule in the nuclear
factor-kappaB pathway. In HT-29 cells, pterostilbene
reduced the protein levels of beta-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-MYC,
altered the cellular localization of beta-catenin and inhibited the
phosphorylation of p65, according to "Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the beta-catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats' by Paul S, DeCastro AJ, Lee HJ, Smolarek AK, So JY, Simi B, Wang CX, Zhou R, Rimando AM, Suh N.(1)
2. Antioxidant effect
In the study of the antioxidant activities of trans-resveratrol, pterostilbene
and quercetin, and the effect of their combination were investigated
in human erythrocytes in vitro, found that Resveratrol was
significantly less effective. However, the three compounds protected
the erythocytes against hemolysis and GSH (reduced glutathione)
depletion to the same extent. Combinations consisting of two compounds
(molar ratio 1:1) influenced lipid peroxidation in a
concentration-dependent manner. At lower concentrations, resveratrol
with quercetin or pterostilbene
inhibited synergistically the oxidative injury of membrane lipids At
higher concentrations, an additive effect was observed, according to "Antioxidant effect of trans-resveratrol, pterostilbene, quercetin and their combinations in human erythrocytes in vitro" by Mikstacka R, Rimando AM, Ignatowicz E.(2)
3. Breast cancer
In
the study of receptor pathways- estrogen receptor (ER) and tyrosine
kinase receptors, especially the epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) family and theirs effects on cell-proliferation and in the
development of both primary and recurrent breast cancer,
indicated
that there is strong evidence to show that several phytochemicals
present in berries such as cyanidin, delphinidin, quercetin,
kaempferol, ellagic acid, resveratrol and pterostilbene, interact with and alter the effects of these pathways, according to " Influence of Berry-Polyphenols on Receptor Signaling and Cell-Death Pathways: Implications for Breast Cancer Prevention" by Aiyer H, Warri AM, Woode DR, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R.(3)
4. Anti-adipogenic effects
In the assessment of the effects of garcinol and pterostilbene on cell proliferation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, found that garcinol and pterostilbene caused an inhibition of lipid accumulation in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation phase. Garcinol and pterostilbene
also significantly up-regulated the gene expression of adiponectin as
well as down-regulated the gene expressions of leptin, resistin, and
fatty acid synthase (FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. In 3T3-L1
adipocytes, garcinol significantly down-regulated the protein
expressions of PPARγ and FAS as well as up-regulated the protein
expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and adiponectin,
according to "Inhibitory effects of garcinol and pterostilbene on cell proliferation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells" by Hsu CL, Lin YJ, Ho CT, Yen GC.(4)
5. Aging and Alzheimer's disease
In the investigation of resveratrol and pterostilbene,
a resveratrol derivative, in the protection against age-related
diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), found that two months of pterostilbene
diet but not resveratrol significantly improved radial arm water maze
function in SAMP8 compared with control-fed animals. Neither
resveratrol nor pterostilbene
increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression or downstream markers of
sirtuin 1 activation. Importantly, markers of cellular stress,
inflammation, and AD pathology were positively modulated by pterostilbene
but not resveratrol and were associated with upregulation of
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha expression,
according to "Low-dose pterostilbene,
but not resveratrol, is a potent neuromodulator in aging and
Alzheimer's disease" by Chang J, Rimando A, Pallas M, Camins A, Porquet
D, Reeves J, Shukitt-Hale B, Smith MA, Joseph JA, Casadesus G.(5)
6. Cholesterol
In the investigation of whether resveratrol and its three analogues (pterostilbene,
piceatannol, and resveratrol trimethyl ether) would activate the
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) isoform,
found that the maximal luciferase activity responses to pterostilbene
were higher than those obtained with the hypolipidemic drug,
ciprofibrate (33910 and 19460 relative luciferase units, respectively),
at 100 microM. Hypercholesterolemic hamsters fed with pterostilbene
at 25 ppm of the diet showed 29% lower plasma low density lipoprotein
(LDL) cholesterol, 7% higher plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, and 14% lower plasma glucose as compared to the control
group. The LDL/HDL ratio was also statistically significantly lower for pterostilbene, as compared to results for the control animals, at this diet concentration, according to "Pterostilbene,
a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
alpha-isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in
hypercholesterolemic hamsters" by Rimando AM, Nagmani R, Feller DR, Yokoyama W.(6)
7. Atherosclerosis
In
the determination of the effect of Pterostilbene (PT) on Vascular
endothelial cell (VEC) apoptosis, the main event occurring during the
development of atherosclerosis, found that Cotreatment with PT and siRNA
of LOX-1 synergistically reduced oxLDL-induced apoptosis in HUVECs.
Overexpression of LOX-1 attenuated the protection by PT and suppressed
the effects of PT on oxLDL-induced oxidative stress. PT may protect
HUVECs against oxLDL-induced apoptosis by downregulating LOX-1-mediated
activation through a pathway involving oxidative stress, p53,
mitochondria, cytochrome c and caspase protease. PT might be a
potential natural anti-apoptotic agent for the treatment of
atherosclerosis, according to "Pterostilbene protects vascular endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo" by Zhang L, Zhou G, Song W, Tan X, Guo Y, Zhou B, Jing H, Zhao S, Chen L.(7)
8. Adjuvant arthritis
In the evaluation of the effects of pinosylvin (PIN) and pterostilbene
(PTE), natural substances from the stilbenoid group, on the development
of adjuvant arthritis in rats, found that the effect of PTE on CL was
only partial. PIN, on the other hand, had a beneficial
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on oxidative stress induced
biochemical changes occurring in AA, as determined by all three
functional parameters, according to "In vivo effect of pinosylvin and pterostilbene in the animal model of adjuvant arthritis" by Macickova T, Drabikova K, Nosal R, Bauerova K, Mihalova D, Harmatha J, Pecivova J.(8)
9. Bladder cancer
In the study of Pterostilbene
(PT), a naturally occurring phytoalexin, and its effects in a variety
of pharmacologic activities, including antioxidant, cancer prevention
activity and cytotoxicity to many cancers, found that PT causes
autophagy in cancer cells and suggests that PT could serve as a new and
promising agent for the treatment of sensitive and chemoresistant
bladder cancer cells, according to "Pterostilbene induces autophagy and apoptosis in sensitive and chemoresistant human bladder cancer cells" by Chen RJ, Ho CT, Wang YJ.(9)
10. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the examination of the molecular mechanisms of the action of pterostilbene in colon cancer,
indicated
that A combination of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha,
IFN-gamma, and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide) induced
inflammation-related genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and
cyclooxygenase-2, which was significantly suppressed by treatment with pterostilbene. We further identified upstream signaling pathways contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of pterostilbene
by investigating multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear
factor-kappaB, Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of
transcription, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, c-Jun
NH(2)-terminal kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, according to "Anti-inflammatory action of pterostilbene is mediated through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in colon cancer cells" by Paul S, Rimando AM, Lee HJ, Ji Y, Reddy BS, Suh N.(10)
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061362
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20108046
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300613
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22094440
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982274
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15853379
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21928089
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187826
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603834
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549798
Monday, 4 November 2013
Phytochemicals in Foods - 9 Health Benefits of Piceatannol
Piceatannol is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in grapes, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the determination of the apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin, naturally occurring polyphenols in red wine, alone or in combination, in two human cell lines: HL-60 (leukemia) and HepG2 (hepatoma), found that on the signaling pathways responsible for induction of HO-1 expression.found that piceatannol or myricetin alone induced apoptotic cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manners in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, in combined treatment the percentage of apoptotic HL-60 cells was significantly higher. Nevertheless, the percentage of TUNEL positive HepG2 cells only was significant after piceatannol treatment and in combined treatment was even lower than in cells treated with piceatannol alone, according to "Selective apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin in human cancer cells" by Morales P, Haza AI.(1)
2. Breast cancer
found that PIC inhibited migration and anchorage-independent growth of human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) treated with the prototypic tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-aceate (TPA). PIC treatment suppressed the TPA-induced activation of NF-kappaB and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in MCF-10A cells. We speculate that an electrophilic quinone formed as a consequence of oxidation of PIC bearing the catechol moiety may directly interact with critical cysteine thiols of IKKbeta, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity "Piceatannol, a catechol-type polyphenol, inhibits phorbol ester-induced NF-{kappa}B activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast epithelial cells: cysteine 179 of IKK{beta} as a potential target" by Son PS, Park SA, Na HK, Jue DM, Kim S, Surh YJ.(2)
3. Anti-inflammatory activities and cardioprotective effect
In the investigation of the modulation of inflammation by resveratrol and its metabolites by determining the expression and release of chemokine, eotaxin-1, in cultured human pulmonary artery endothelial cells, found that piceatannol showed potency similar to resveratrol. We propose that control of eotaxin-1 expression and release by proinflammatory cytokines in HPAEC may be considered as an in vitro model for screening and discovering polyphenols with anti-inflammatory activities and cardioprotective potentials, according to "Control of eotaxin-1 expression and release by resveratrol and its metabolites in culture human pulmonary artery endothelial cells" by Yang CJ, Lin CY, Hsieh TC, Olson SC, Wu JM.(3)
4. Alzheimer's disease
In the demonstration of the presence of autoantibodies to ecto-F1-ATPase (ASabs) in sera and cerebrospinal fluids from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), found that ASabs, unlike irrelevant antibodies, can increase cellular uptake of HDL, a risk factor for the development of AD, via a mechanism involving the prototypical function of ecto-F1-ATPase: the generation of ADP due to the hydrolysis of ATP. Piceatannol, a specific inhibitor ecto-F1-ATPase, completely hindered these effects. We hypothesize that ASabs could exert a pathogenetic role in AD, according to "Anti-ATP synthase autoantibodies from patients with Alzheimer's disease reduce extracellular HDL level" by Vacirca D, Barbati C, Scazzocchio B, Masella R, Rosano G, Malorni W, Ortona E.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In the determination of whether piceatannol inhibits the lung metastasis of prostate cancer cells, MAT-Ly-Lu (MLL) rat prostate cancer cells expressing luciferase were injected into the tail veins of male nude mice, found that Piceatannol increased the protein levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Additionally, piceatannol inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. Furthermore, piceatannol effected reductions in both basal and EGF-induced interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. An IL-6 neutralizing antibody inhibited EGF-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and EGF-stimulated migration of DU145 cells. Interleukin-6 treatment was also shown to enhance the secretion of uPA and VEGF, STAT3 phosphorylation and the migration of DU145 cells; these increases were suppressed by piceatannol. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling may constitute a mechanism by which piceatannol regulates the expression of proteins involved in regulating the migration and invasion of DU145 cells, according to "Piceatannol inhibits migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells: possible mediation by decreased interleukin-6 signaling" by Kwon GT, Jung JI, Song HR, Woo EY, Jun JG, Kim JK, Her S, Park JH.(5)
6. Antiallergic and radical scavenging activities
In the assessment of the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Cyperus longus originating in Egypt and its antiallergic effect on ear passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in mice,
found that Among the isolates, longusol B (IC(50)=96 µM), luteolin (3.0 µM), resveratrol (17 µM), piceatannol (24 µM), and cassigarols E (84 µM) and G (84 µM) were found to inhibit the release of β-hexosaminidase, as a marker of antigen-induced degranulations, in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, accoridng to "Structures of novel norstilbene dimer, longusone A, and three new stilbene dimers, longusols A, B, and C, with antiallergic and radical scavenging activities from Egyptian natural medicine Cyperus longus" by Morikawa T, Xu F, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M.(6)
7. Anti aging
In the review of the cellular senescence, characterized by cellular hypertrophy: cell growth in the absence of cell division, indicated that the genes that regulate this process can be activated or inactivated by numerous plant polyphenols such as resveratrol, quercetin, butein, fistein, piceatannol, curcumin. Many of these substances have been shown to lengthen the lifespan of invertebrates. Many of these compounds have other potential beneficial effects on lifespan as antiatherogenic or antineoplastic agents, according to "The potential influence of plant polyphenols on the aging process" by Cherniack EP.(7)
8. Melanogenesis and collagen synthesis
In the evaluation of The effect of passion fruit, the fruit of Passiflora edulis , on melanin inhibition and collagen synthesis, using cultured human melanoma and fibroblast cells, found that treatment of melanoma cells with PF-S led to inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, the production of total soluble collagen was elevated in dermal fibroblast cells cultured in the presence of PF-S. PF-R and PF-P did not yield these effects. Furthermore, the removal of polyphenols from PF-S led to the abolishment of the effects described above. We discovered that piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene) is present in passion fruit seeds in large amounts and that this compound is the major component responsible for the PF-S effects observed on melanogenesis and collagen synthesis, according to "Extract of Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis ) Seed Containing High Amounts of Piceatannol Inhibits Melanogenesis and Promotes Collagen Synthesis" by Matsui Y, Sugiyama K, Kamei M, Takahashi T, Suzuki T, Katagata Y, Ito T.(8)
9. Colitis
In the investigation of the possible protective effects of resveratrol and piceatannol against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation in mouse colonic mucosa, found that oral administration of resveratrol or piceatannol (10 mg/kg body weight each) for 7 constitutive days attenuated the DSS-induced inflammatory injury, upregulation of iNOS expression, and activation of NF-kappaB, STAT3, and ERK, according to "Resveratrol and piceatannol inhibit iNOS expression and NF-kappaB activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis" by Youn J, Lee JS, Na HK, Kundu JK, Surh YJ.(9)
10. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21935971
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584749
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254182
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677380
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497499
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930408
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829595
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822151
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20155626
Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the determination of the apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin, naturally occurring polyphenols in red wine, alone or in combination, in two human cell lines: HL-60 (leukemia) and HepG2 (hepatoma), found that on the signaling pathways responsible for induction of HO-1 expression.found that piceatannol or myricetin alone induced apoptotic cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manners in HL-60 cells. Furthermore, in combined treatment the percentage of apoptotic HL-60 cells was significantly higher. Nevertheless, the percentage of TUNEL positive HepG2 cells only was significant after piceatannol treatment and in combined treatment was even lower than in cells treated with piceatannol alone, according to "Selective apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin in human cancer cells" by Morales P, Haza AI.(1)
2. Breast cancer
found that PIC inhibited migration and anchorage-independent growth of human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) treated with the prototypic tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-aceate (TPA). PIC treatment suppressed the TPA-induced activation of NF-kappaB and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in MCF-10A cells. We speculate that an electrophilic quinone formed as a consequence of oxidation of PIC bearing the catechol moiety may directly interact with critical cysteine thiols of IKKbeta, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity "Piceatannol, a catechol-type polyphenol, inhibits phorbol ester-induced NF-{kappa}B activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast epithelial cells: cysteine 179 of IKK{beta} as a potential target" by Son PS, Park SA, Na HK, Jue DM, Kim S, Surh YJ.(2)
3. Anti-inflammatory activities and cardioprotective effect
In the investigation of the modulation of inflammation by resveratrol and its metabolites by determining the expression and release of chemokine, eotaxin-1, in cultured human pulmonary artery endothelial cells, found that piceatannol showed potency similar to resveratrol. We propose that control of eotaxin-1 expression and release by proinflammatory cytokines in HPAEC may be considered as an in vitro model for screening and discovering polyphenols with anti-inflammatory activities and cardioprotective potentials, according to "Control of eotaxin-1 expression and release by resveratrol and its metabolites in culture human pulmonary artery endothelial cells" by Yang CJ, Lin CY, Hsieh TC, Olson SC, Wu JM.(3)
4. Alzheimer's disease
In the demonstration of the presence of autoantibodies to ecto-F1-ATPase (ASabs) in sera and cerebrospinal fluids from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), found that ASabs, unlike irrelevant antibodies, can increase cellular uptake of HDL, a risk factor for the development of AD, via a mechanism involving the prototypical function of ecto-F1-ATPase: the generation of ADP due to the hydrolysis of ATP. Piceatannol, a specific inhibitor ecto-F1-ATPase, completely hindered these effects. We hypothesize that ASabs could exert a pathogenetic role in AD, according to "Anti-ATP synthase autoantibodies from patients with Alzheimer's disease reduce extracellular HDL level" by Vacirca D, Barbati C, Scazzocchio B, Masella R, Rosano G, Malorni W, Ortona E.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In the determination of whether piceatannol inhibits the lung metastasis of prostate cancer cells, MAT-Ly-Lu (MLL) rat prostate cancer cells expressing luciferase were injected into the tail veins of male nude mice, found that Piceatannol increased the protein levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Additionally, piceatannol inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. Furthermore, piceatannol effected reductions in both basal and EGF-induced interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. An IL-6 neutralizing antibody inhibited EGF-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and EGF-stimulated migration of DU145 cells. Interleukin-6 treatment was also shown to enhance the secretion of uPA and VEGF, STAT3 phosphorylation and the migration of DU145 cells; these increases were suppressed by piceatannol. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling may constitute a mechanism by which piceatannol regulates the expression of proteins involved in regulating the migration and invasion of DU145 cells, according to "Piceatannol inhibits migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells: possible mediation by decreased interleukin-6 signaling" by Kwon GT, Jung JI, Song HR, Woo EY, Jun JG, Kim JK, Her S, Park JH.(5)
6. Antiallergic and radical scavenging activities
In the assessment of the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Cyperus longus originating in Egypt and its antiallergic effect on ear passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in mice,
found that Among the isolates, longusol B (IC(50)=96 µM), luteolin (3.0 µM), resveratrol (17 µM), piceatannol (24 µM), and cassigarols E (84 µM) and G (84 µM) were found to inhibit the release of β-hexosaminidase, as a marker of antigen-induced degranulations, in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, accoridng to "Structures of novel norstilbene dimer, longusone A, and three new stilbene dimers, longusols A, B, and C, with antiallergic and radical scavenging activities from Egyptian natural medicine Cyperus longus" by Morikawa T, Xu F, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M.(6)
7. Anti aging
In the review of the cellular senescence, characterized by cellular hypertrophy: cell growth in the absence of cell division, indicated that the genes that regulate this process can be activated or inactivated by numerous plant polyphenols such as resveratrol, quercetin, butein, fistein, piceatannol, curcumin. Many of these substances have been shown to lengthen the lifespan of invertebrates. Many of these compounds have other potential beneficial effects on lifespan as antiatherogenic or antineoplastic agents, according to "The potential influence of plant polyphenols on the aging process" by Cherniack EP.(7)
8. Melanogenesis and collagen synthesis
In the evaluation of The effect of passion fruit, the fruit of Passiflora edulis , on melanin inhibition and collagen synthesis, using cultured human melanoma and fibroblast cells, found that treatment of melanoma cells with PF-S led to inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, the production of total soluble collagen was elevated in dermal fibroblast cells cultured in the presence of PF-S. PF-R and PF-P did not yield these effects. Furthermore, the removal of polyphenols from PF-S led to the abolishment of the effects described above. We discovered that piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene) is present in passion fruit seeds in large amounts and that this compound is the major component responsible for the PF-S effects observed on melanogenesis and collagen synthesis, according to "Extract of Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis ) Seed Containing High Amounts of Piceatannol Inhibits Melanogenesis and Promotes Collagen Synthesis" by Matsui Y, Sugiyama K, Kamei M, Takahashi T, Suzuki T, Katagata Y, Ito T.(8)
9. Colitis
In the investigation of the possible protective effects of resveratrol and piceatannol against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation in mouse colonic mucosa, found that oral administration of resveratrol or piceatannol (10 mg/kg body weight each) for 7 constitutive days attenuated the DSS-induced inflammatory injury, upregulation of iNOS expression, and activation of NF-kappaB, STAT3, and ERK, according to "Resveratrol and piceatannol inhibit iNOS expression and NF-kappaB activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis" by Youn J, Lee JS, Na HK, Kundu JK, Surh YJ.(9)
10. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21935971
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584749
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254182
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677380
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497499
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930408
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829595
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822151
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20155626
Phytochemicals in Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Punicalagins
Punicalagins are phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in pomegranates, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Prostate cancer
In the investigation of the relationship between pomegranate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and the IGF/IGFBP system, found that treatment of LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with 10microg/ml POMx, a highly potent pomegranate extract prepared from skin and arils minus seeds and standardized to ellagitannin content (37% punicalagins by HPLC), resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis, co-treatment with POMx and IGFBP-3 revealed synergistic stimulation of apoptosis and additive inhibition of cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with POMx or POMx/IGFBP-3 combination resulted in increased JNK phosphorylation, and decreased Akt and mTOR activation, consistent with a growth inhibitory, pro-apoptotic function, according to "Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis"by Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P.(1)
2. Anti cancers, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the determination of the phenolic and tannin content of C. ladanifer and C. populifolius leaves aqueous extracts and its the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects from roots and aerial parts of Cistaceae used since ancient times in the Mediterranean cultures for its medicinal properties, found that cytotoxicity on a panel of human cancer cells was also determined. C. populifolius extract was stronger antioxidant than C. ladanifer extract in electron transfer reaction based assays but C. ladanifer extract was more effective to inhibit peroxyl radicals. The major compounds in both extracts were ellagitannins, especially punicalagins derivatives, showing C. populifolius a higher content. C. ladanifer showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas C. populifolius was effective against Escherichia coli, with MICs values of 154 and 123 microg/mL, according to "Cistaceae aqueous extracts containing ellagitannins show antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity, and cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells"by Barrajón-Catalán E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Saura D, Guillén E, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A, Micol V.(2)
3. Antiplasmodial activity
In the study (i) to assess in vitro the antiplasmodial activity of the methanolic extract, of a tannin enriched fraction and of compounds/metabolites of the antimalarial plant, (ii) to estimate the curative efficacy of the Pg extracts and (iii) to explore the mechanism of action of the antiplasmodial compounds, found that the Pg methanolic extract (Pg-MeOH) inhibited parasite growth in vitro with a IC(50) of 4.5 and 2.8 microg/ml, for D10 and W2 strain, respectively. The activity was found to be associated to the fraction enriched with tannins (Pg-FET, IC(50) 2.9 and 1.5 microg/ml) in which punicalagins (29.1%), punicalins, ellagic acid (13.4%) and its glycoside could be identified, according to "Antiplasmodial activity of Punica granatum L. fruit rind" by Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Corbett Y, Taramelli D, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A, Maschi O, Caruso D, Giavarini F, Romeo S, Bhattacharya D, Bosisio E.(3)
4. Skinprotective effects
In the investigation of the potential protective effects of a pomegranate fruit extract standardized to punicalagins against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in SKU-1064 human skin fibroblast cells, found that pomegranate extract (PE), in a range from 5 to 60 mg/L, was effective at protecting human skin fibroblasts from cell death following UV exposure, likely related to a reduced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB, a downregulation of proapoptotic caspase-3, and an increased G0/G1 phase, associated with DNA repair, according to "Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts"by Pacheco-Palencia LA, Noratto G, Hingorani L, Talcott ST, Mertens-Talcott SU.(4)
5. Gut health
In the investigation of the effect of pomegranate tannin constituents on the growth of various species of human gut bacteria, found that the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis was slightly inhibited by punicalagins, punicalins, and ellagic acid. POMx supplementation significantly enhanced the growth of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium infantis, according to "The effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) byproducts and ellagitannins on the growth of human gut bacteria"by Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Schrader KK, Ferreira D.(5)
6. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19853487
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510328
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19577622
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717570
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705832
Health Benefits
1. Prostate cancer
In the investigation of the relationship between pomegranate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and the IGF/IGFBP system, found that treatment of LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with 10microg/ml POMx, a highly potent pomegranate extract prepared from skin and arils minus seeds and standardized to ellagitannin content (37% punicalagins by HPLC), resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis, co-treatment with POMx and IGFBP-3 revealed synergistic stimulation of apoptosis and additive inhibition of cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with POMx or POMx/IGFBP-3 combination resulted in increased JNK phosphorylation, and decreased Akt and mTOR activation, consistent with a growth inhibitory, pro-apoptotic function, according to "Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis"by Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P.(1)
2. Anti cancers, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects
In the determination of the phenolic and tannin content of C. ladanifer and C. populifolius leaves aqueous extracts and its the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects from roots and aerial parts of Cistaceae used since ancient times in the Mediterranean cultures for its medicinal properties, found that cytotoxicity on a panel of human cancer cells was also determined. C. populifolius extract was stronger antioxidant than C. ladanifer extract in electron transfer reaction based assays but C. ladanifer extract was more effective to inhibit peroxyl radicals. The major compounds in both extracts were ellagitannins, especially punicalagins derivatives, showing C. populifolius a higher content. C. ladanifer showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas C. populifolius was effective against Escherichia coli, with MICs values of 154 and 123 microg/mL, according to "Cistaceae aqueous extracts containing ellagitannins show antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity, and cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells"by Barrajón-Catalán E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Saura D, Guillén E, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A, Micol V.(2)
3. Antiplasmodial activity
In the study (i) to assess in vitro the antiplasmodial activity of the methanolic extract, of a tannin enriched fraction and of compounds/metabolites of the antimalarial plant, (ii) to estimate the curative efficacy of the Pg extracts and (iii) to explore the mechanism of action of the antiplasmodial compounds, found that the Pg methanolic extract (Pg-MeOH) inhibited parasite growth in vitro with a IC(50) of 4.5 and 2.8 microg/ml, for D10 and W2 strain, respectively. The activity was found to be associated to the fraction enriched with tannins (Pg-FET, IC(50) 2.9 and 1.5 microg/ml) in which punicalagins (29.1%), punicalins, ellagic acid (13.4%) and its glycoside could be identified, according to "Antiplasmodial activity of Punica granatum L. fruit rind" by Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Corbett Y, Taramelli D, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A, Maschi O, Caruso D, Giavarini F, Romeo S, Bhattacharya D, Bosisio E.(3)
4. Skinprotective effects
In the investigation of the potential protective effects of a pomegranate fruit extract standardized to punicalagins against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in SKU-1064 human skin fibroblast cells, found that pomegranate extract (PE), in a range from 5 to 60 mg/L, was effective at protecting human skin fibroblasts from cell death following UV exposure, likely related to a reduced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB, a downregulation of proapoptotic caspase-3, and an increased G0/G1 phase, associated with DNA repair, according to "Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts"by Pacheco-Palencia LA, Noratto G, Hingorani L, Talcott ST, Mertens-Talcott SU.(4)
5. Gut health
In the investigation of the effect of pomegranate tannin constituents on the growth of various species of human gut bacteria, found that the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis was slightly inhibited by punicalagins, punicalins, and ellagic acid. POMx supplementation significantly enhanced the growth of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium infantis, according to "The effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) byproducts and ellagitannins on the growth of human gut bacteria"by Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Schrader KK, Ferreira D.(5)
6. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19853487
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510328
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19577622
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717570
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705832
Phytochemicals in Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Alkylresorcinols
Alkylresorcinols is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in whole grain wheat, rye, barley, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In the review of Antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro, antioxidant assays (Folin-Ciocalteu, TEAC, and leucomethylene blue assays) used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.), found that Alkylresorcinols were among the most active antioxidants extractable with 80% ethanol in the TEAC assay. However, this may be due to a color change instead of a bleaching of the ABTS radical, according to "Antioxidant Activity-Guided Fractionation of Blue Wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.)"by Tyl CE, Bunzel M.(1)
2. Anticarcinogenic effects
found that the fibre through its effect on fermentation increases esterification of bile acids reducing toxicity of the free bile acids and is involved in the production of butyrate with potential anticancer effects including BC. The fibre reduces the enterohepatic circulation of the oestrogens leading to lower plasma oestrogen concentrations. The fibre complex contains bioactive compounds such as lignans and alkylresorcinols that are antioxidative and potentially anticarcinogenic, according to "Can rye intake decrease risk of human breast cancer?"by Adlercreutz H.(2)
3. Alkylresorcinols and human health
In the review of at present, evidence from studies in human subjects does not warrant the conclusion that rye, whole grains orphyto-oestrogens protect against cancer. Some studies, however, have pointed in that direction,especially in relation to cancers of the upper digestive tract. a number of prospective epidemiological studies have clearly shown a protective effect of wholegrain cereals against myocardial infarctions. A corresponding protective effect against diabetes and ischaemic stroke(brain infarct) has also been demonstrated. It seems reasonable to assume that these protective effects are associated with one or more factors in the dietary fibre complex, according to "Rye, lignans and human health"by Hallmans G, Zhang JX, Lundin E, Stattin P, Johansson A, Johansson I, Hultén K, Winkvist A, Aman P, Lenner P, Adlercreutz H.(3)
4. Antioxidant activity and antigenotoxicity
In the incubation with 5-n-alkylresorcinols (chain lengths C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C21:0, and C23:0) its increased self-protection capacity of HT29 human colon cancer cells against DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and genotoxic fecal water samples using comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis assay), found that the alkylresorcinols did not exert potent antioxidant activity in the FRAP (ferric reduction ability of plasma) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical assays. However they were able to significantly inhibit copper-mediated oxidation of human LDL (low-density lipoprotein) in vitro, and pentadecylresorcinol at 25 micromol/L increased lag time by 65 min. The results show that alkylresorcinols have antigenotoxic and antioxidant activity under in vitro conditions, according to "In vitro antioxidant activity and antigenotoxicity of 5-n-alkylresorcinols"by Parikka K, Rowland IR, Welch RW, Wähälä K.(4)
5. Tocopherol metabolism and liver cholesterol
In the investigation of whether AR could have increased gamma-tocopherol levels via inhibition of tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase, HepG2 cells, found that AR significantly inhibited the conversion of gamma-tocopherol to its water-soluble hydroxychroman metabolite in vitro, indicating that AR may increase gamma-tocopherol levels via inhibition of tocopherol metabolism in vivo. The 4 g AR/kg diet decreased liver cholesterol (P < 0.001), but did not affect plasma lipids., according to "Cereal alkylresorcinols elevate gamma-tocopherol levels in rats and inhibit gamma-tocopherol metabolism in vitro"by Ross AB, Chen Y, Frank J, Swanson JE, Parker RS, Kozubek A, Lundh T, Vessby B, Aman P, Kamal-Eldin A.(5)
6. Fat accumulation
In the investigation of whether 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols, natural phenolic components of high fiber human diets, may be considered as natural regulators of excessive fat accumulation.
found that 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols isolated from wheat and rye bran inhibit glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes, specifically and effectively. Further in vitro studies showed that these compounds also prevent triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of natural phenolic lipids upon NAD-dependent dehydrogenases and on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells in culture"by Rejman J, Kozubek A.(6)
7. Antimutagenic activity
In the analyzing the antimutagenic activity of fluphenazine, todralazine, anthocyanins and alkylresorcinols, established in a battery of short-term cytogenetic tests, found that the enhancement of apoptosis by fluphenazine and by alkylresorcinols can explain a major part of their antimutagenic activity, whereas in the case of anthocyanins and of todralazine other mechanisms of antimutagenic action should be sought for, according to "Impact of four antimutagens on apoptosis in genotoxically damaged lymphocytes in vitro"by
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22225003
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311613
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12749346
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506814
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988438
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14733503
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598640
Health Benefits
1. Antioxidants
In the review of Antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro, antioxidant assays (Folin-Ciocalteu, TEAC, and leucomethylene blue assays) used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.), found that Alkylresorcinols were among the most active antioxidants extractable with 80% ethanol in the TEAC assay. However, this may be due to a color change instead of a bleaching of the ABTS radical, according to "Antioxidant Activity-Guided Fractionation of Blue Wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.)"by Tyl CE, Bunzel M.(1)
2. Anticarcinogenic effects
found that the fibre through its effect on fermentation increases esterification of bile acids reducing toxicity of the free bile acids and is involved in the production of butyrate with potential anticancer effects including BC. The fibre reduces the enterohepatic circulation of the oestrogens leading to lower plasma oestrogen concentrations. The fibre complex contains bioactive compounds such as lignans and alkylresorcinols that are antioxidative and potentially anticarcinogenic, according to "Can rye intake decrease risk of human breast cancer?"by Adlercreutz H.(2)
3. Alkylresorcinols and human health
In the review of at present, evidence from studies in human subjects does not warrant the conclusion that rye, whole grains orphyto-oestrogens protect against cancer. Some studies, however, have pointed in that direction,especially in relation to cancers of the upper digestive tract. a number of prospective epidemiological studies have clearly shown a protective effect of wholegrain cereals against myocardial infarctions. A corresponding protective effect against diabetes and ischaemic stroke(brain infarct) has also been demonstrated. It seems reasonable to assume that these protective effects are associated with one or more factors in the dietary fibre complex, according to "Rye, lignans and human health"by Hallmans G, Zhang JX, Lundin E, Stattin P, Johansson A, Johansson I, Hultén K, Winkvist A, Aman P, Lenner P, Adlercreutz H.(3)
4. Antioxidant activity and antigenotoxicity
In the incubation with 5-n-alkylresorcinols (chain lengths C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C21:0, and C23:0) its increased self-protection capacity of HT29 human colon cancer cells against DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and genotoxic fecal water samples using comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis assay), found that the alkylresorcinols did not exert potent antioxidant activity in the FRAP (ferric reduction ability of plasma) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical assays. However they were able to significantly inhibit copper-mediated oxidation of human LDL (low-density lipoprotein) in vitro, and pentadecylresorcinol at 25 micromol/L increased lag time by 65 min. The results show that alkylresorcinols have antigenotoxic and antioxidant activity under in vitro conditions, according to "In vitro antioxidant activity and antigenotoxicity of 5-n-alkylresorcinols"by Parikka K, Rowland IR, Welch RW, Wähälä K.(4)
5. Tocopherol metabolism and liver cholesterol
In the investigation of whether AR could have increased gamma-tocopherol levels via inhibition of tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase, HepG2 cells, found that AR significantly inhibited the conversion of gamma-tocopherol to its water-soluble hydroxychroman metabolite in vitro, indicating that AR may increase gamma-tocopherol levels via inhibition of tocopherol metabolism in vivo. The 4 g AR/kg diet decreased liver cholesterol (P < 0.001), but did not affect plasma lipids., according to "Cereal alkylresorcinols elevate gamma-tocopherol levels in rats and inhibit gamma-tocopherol metabolism in vitro"by Ross AB, Chen Y, Frank J, Swanson JE, Parker RS, Kozubek A, Lundh T, Vessby B, Aman P, Kamal-Eldin A.(5)
6. Fat accumulation
In the investigation of whether 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols, natural phenolic components of high fiber human diets, may be considered as natural regulators of excessive fat accumulation.
found that 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols isolated from wheat and rye bran inhibit glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes, specifically and effectively. Further in vitro studies showed that these compounds also prevent triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of natural phenolic lipids upon NAD-dependent dehydrogenases and on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells in culture"by Rejman J, Kozubek A.(6)
7. Antimutagenic activity
In the analyzing the antimutagenic activity of fluphenazine, todralazine, anthocyanins and alkylresorcinols, established in a battery of short-term cytogenetic tests, found that the enhancement of apoptosis by fluphenazine and by alkylresorcinols can explain a major part of their antimutagenic activity, whereas in the case of anthocyanins and of todralazine other mechanisms of antimutagenic action should be sought for, according to "Impact of four antimutagens on apoptosis in genotoxically damaged lymphocytes in vitro"by
Gasiorowski K, Brokos B, Kulma A, Ogorzałek A, Skórkowska K.(7)
8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
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8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22225003
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311613
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12749346
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16506814
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988438
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14733503
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598640
Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of α-Carotene
α-Carotene is a phytochemincal
in the class of Carotenes, belonging to the group of Carotenoids
(tetraterpenoids), found abundantly in carrots, pumpkins, maize,
tangerine, orange, etc.
Health Benefits
1. head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
In the comparison of plasma carotenoids (i.e., biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake) and tocopherols in 29 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients
found that a significant positive association between postradiotherapy plasma carotenoids (lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene) and progression-free survival in these patients. This study indicates that increasing postradiotherapy plasma carotenoid concentration may reduce risk of premature death or recurrence of tumor in HNSCC patients, according to "Postradiotherapy plasma lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene are positively associated with survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma" by Sakhi AK, Bøhn SK, Smeland S, Thoresen M, Smedshaug GB, Tausjø J, Svilaas A, Karlsen A, Russnes KM, Svilaas T, Blomhoff R.(1)
2. Alzheimer's disease
In the determination of an association between vascular comorbidities/vascular risk factors and plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients in patients with AD.Patients. A neuropsychological assessment (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Clock drawing test; DemTect) and the measurement of plasma levels of lipophilic micronutrients including retinol (vitamin A), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene by HPLC found that the depletion of circulating antioxidant micronutrients observed in AD patients is associated with vascular comorbidities and risk factors. The vascular comorbidities of patients with AD should also be identified in light of the presence and degree of depletion of the antioxidant defense system of the organism. This might lead to a better lifestyle-related counselling of patients with AD and their caregivers, with possible positive preventive effects on worsening in the long run, according to "[Influence of vascular comorbidities on the antioxidant defense system in Alzheimer's disease].[Article in German]" by Polidori MC, Stahl W, De Spirt S, Pientka L.(2)
3. Age-related macular degeneration
In the investigation of the association between serum concentrations of carotenoids and the presence of AMD was evaluated in a case-control sample of elderly Chinese subjects, found that Serum levels of carotenoids and retinol were significantly lower in the cases with exudative AMD than in the controls. Median levels of lutein and zeaxanthin were 0.538 and 0.101 μM, respectively, in the control subjects, and 0.488 and 0.076 μM, respectively, in cases with exudative AMD. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI), a significant inverse association was observed for exudative AMD with serum zeaxanthin (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0-0.35), lycopene (RRR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.1-0.48), and α-carotene (RRR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.51). Early AMD was inversely associated only with lycopene (RRR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.86) but was positively associated with α-carotene (RRR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.37-3.58). No significant associations were observed between serum lutein and cases with early or exudative AMD, according to "Serum carotenoids and risk of age-related macular degeneration in a chinese population sample" by Zhou H, Zhao X, Johnson EJ, Lim A, Sun E, Yu J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Snellingen T, Shang F, Liu N.(3)
4. Mortality risk
In the investigation of to whether serum carotenoid concentrations predict mortality among US adults. The study consisted of adults aged ≥20 years enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, with measured serum carotenoids and mortality follow-up through 2006 (N = 13,293), indicated that in a random survival forest analysis, very low lycopene was the carotenoid most strongly predictive of all-cause mortality, followed by very low total carotenoids. α-Carotene/β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene/lutein+zeaxanthin and lycopene/lutein+zeaxanthin interactions were significantly related to all-cause mortality (P < .05). Low α-carotene was the only carotenoid associated with cardiovascular disease mortality (P = .002). No carotenoids were significantly associated with cancer mortality, according to "Low-serum carotenoid concentrations and carotenoid interactions predict mortality in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" by Shardell MD, Alley DE, Hicks GE, El-Kamary SS, Miller RR, Semba RD, Ferrucci L.(4)
5. Metabolic syndrome
In the examination of the association between serum antioxidant status and MetS. NHANES 2001-2006 cross-sectional data among adults aged 20-85 y were analyzed (n = 3008-9099). MetS was defined with the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and also by elevated homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and hyperuricemia, found that Serum antioxidants included retinol, retinyl esters, carotenoids [α-carotene, β-carotene (cis+trans), β-cryptoxanthin, lutein+zeaxanthin, total lycopene], vitamin E, and vitamin C. MetS (NCEP ATP III) prevalence in U.S. adults was 32.0% among men and 29.5% among women. Adults with MetS had consistently lower serum carotenoid concentrations compared with those without MetS, even after controlling for total cholesterol and TG among other potential confounders, according to "Serum antioxidant status is associated with metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults in recent national surveys" by Beydoun MA, Shroff MR, Chen X, Beydoun HA, Wang Y, Zonderman AB.(5)
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
In the assessment of the role of vitamins, as assessed either by food frequency questionnaires or measured in serum levels, have been reported to improve pulmonary function, reduce exacerbations and improve symptoms, found that various vitamins (vitamin C, D, E, A, beta and alpha carotene) are associated with improvement in features of COPD such as symptoms, exacerbations and pulmonary function. High vitamin intake would probably reduce the annual decline of FEV1, according to "A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD" by Tsiligianni IG, van der Molen T.(6)
7. Antiproliferation effect
In the evaluation of a preparative column chromatographic method for isolation of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a traditional Chinese herb for their antiproliferative effects on the hepatoma cell Hep3B, found that both carotenoid (all-trans- and cis-isomers of lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene as well as epoxy-containing carotenoids) and chlorophyll fractions as well as lutein and chlorophyll a standards at 50-100 μg/mL were effective against Hep3B cells with a dose-dependent response with the following order: carotenoid fraction > chlorophyll fraction > lutein > chlorophyll a. For all treatments, the cell cycle was arrested in the G₀/G₁ phase, with Hep3B cells undergoing necrosis or apoptosis, according to "Preparation of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and their antiproliferation effect on hepatoma cell" by Tsai YC, Wu WB, Chen BH.(7)
8. Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL)
In the assessment of a nested case-control study of 265 HPV-positive women (93 SIL cases and 172 cytologically normal controls) in the Ludwig-McGill Cohort Study, São Paulo, Brazil, found that higher reported consumption of papaya was inversely associated with risk of SIL (p trend=0.01) and strongest for >or=1 time/week (adjusted odds ratios (AORs)=0.19; 95%CI, 0.08-0.49). Risk of SIL was reduced among women reporting consumption of oranges >or=1 time/week (AOR=0.32; 95%CI, 0.12-0.87; p-trend=0.02). Nutrient intakes of ss-cryptoxanthin and alpha-carotene were marginally protective against SIL, according to "Dietary consumption of antioxidant nutrients and risk of incident cervical intraepithelial neoplasia" by Siegel EM, Salemi JL, Villa LL, Ferenczy A, Franco EL, Giuliano AR.(8)
9. Gastric cancer
In the consideration of several micronutrients and minerals in an Italian case-control study conducted between 1997 and 2007, including 230 patients with incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 547 matched controls, admitted with acute conditions,
found that decreased ORs for the highest versus lowest quartile of vitamin E (OR=0.50), alpha-carotene (OR=0.52) and beta-carotene (OR=0.42) intake. Gastric cancer was directly associated with sodium, with ORs of 2.22 for the second, 2.56 for the third and 2.46 for the fourth quartile of intake. No significant relation emerged with iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin D, retinol, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk: an Italian case-control study" by Pelucchi C, Tramacere I, Bertuccio P, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C.(9)
10. Pancreatic carcinogenesis
In the consideration of the role of 15 selected vitamins and carotenoids and 6 minerals on pancreatic cancer risk in an Italian case-control study, found that comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of intake, the OR were 0.60 (95% CI 0.36-0.98) for vitamin E, 0.44 (95% CI 0.27-0.73) for vitamin C, 0.56 (95% CI 0.34-0.93) for folate, and 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.92) for potassium. No significant inverse associations were observed for α-carotene (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.43-1.12), β-carotene (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.39-1.06), and β-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.39-1.09). No relation was found for other micronutrients considered. Our findings support a favorable role of vitamins E and C, selected carotenoids, and folate on pancreatic carcinogenesis, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer: an Italian case-control study" by Bravi F, Polesel J, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Negri E, Dal Maso L, Serraino D, La Vecchia C.(10)
11. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In the analyzing the relationship between surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and intake of selected micronutrients, found that the risk of BPH significantly decreased with increasing intake of carotene (OR=0.80 for an increment equal to the difference between the 80th and 20th percentile of intake), alpha-carotene (OR=0.83), beta-carotene (OR=0.82), and cis beta-carotene (OR=0.82) and tended to decrease with the intake of vitamin C (OR=0.89) and iron (OR=0.79), according to "Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy" by Tavani A, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(11)
12. Prostate cancer
In the consideration of the association between retinol and various carotenoids using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2002, found that the risk of prostate cancer tended to decrease with increasing intake of retinol (OR=0.79 for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake), carotene (OR=0.70), alpha-carotene (OR=0.85) and beta-carotene (OR=0.72), although the estimates were significant for carotene and beta-carotene only. No meaningful associations emerged for nonprovitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene (OR=0.94) and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0.91), according to "Retinol, carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study from Italy" by Bosetti C, Talamini R, Montella M, Negri E, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(12)
13. Breast cancer
In the assessment of Carotenoids antioxidant and antiproliferative properties in reducing the risk of breast cancer, found that dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were inversely associated with the risk of ER-PR-breast cancer among ever smokers. Among ever smokers, the multivariable relative risks of ER-PR-breast cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of intake were 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.94; P(trend)=0.01) for alpha-carotene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.12-0.99; P(trend)=0.03) for beta-carotene. The risk of breast cancer also decreased with increasing intakes of alpha-carotene (P(trend) = 0.02) and beta-carotene (P(trend)=0.01) among women who did not use dietary supplements, according to "Dietary carotenoids and risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective cohort of Swedish women" by Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A.(13)
14. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358469
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318842
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508112
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481711
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451127
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134250
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946022
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20691333
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669867
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530201
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442205
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382052
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116235
Health Benefits
1. head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
In the comparison of plasma carotenoids (i.e., biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake) and tocopherols in 29 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients
found that a significant positive association between postradiotherapy plasma carotenoids (lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene) and progression-free survival in these patients. This study indicates that increasing postradiotherapy plasma carotenoid concentration may reduce risk of premature death or recurrence of tumor in HNSCC patients, according to "Postradiotherapy plasma lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene are positively associated with survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma" by Sakhi AK, Bøhn SK, Smeland S, Thoresen M, Smedshaug GB, Tausjø J, Svilaas A, Karlsen A, Russnes KM, Svilaas T, Blomhoff R.(1)
2. Alzheimer's disease
In the determination of an association between vascular comorbidities/vascular risk factors and plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients in patients with AD.Patients. A neuropsychological assessment (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Clock drawing test; DemTect) and the measurement of plasma levels of lipophilic micronutrients including retinol (vitamin A), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene by HPLC found that the depletion of circulating antioxidant micronutrients observed in AD patients is associated with vascular comorbidities and risk factors. The vascular comorbidities of patients with AD should also be identified in light of the presence and degree of depletion of the antioxidant defense system of the organism. This might lead to a better lifestyle-related counselling of patients with AD and their caregivers, with possible positive preventive effects on worsening in the long run, according to "[Influence of vascular comorbidities on the antioxidant defense system in Alzheimer's disease].[Article in German]" by Polidori MC, Stahl W, De Spirt S, Pientka L.(2)
3. Age-related macular degeneration
In the investigation of the association between serum concentrations of carotenoids and the presence of AMD was evaluated in a case-control sample of elderly Chinese subjects, found that Serum levels of carotenoids and retinol were significantly lower in the cases with exudative AMD than in the controls. Median levels of lutein and zeaxanthin were 0.538 and 0.101 μM, respectively, in the control subjects, and 0.488 and 0.076 μM, respectively, in cases with exudative AMD. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI), a significant inverse association was observed for exudative AMD with serum zeaxanthin (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0-0.35), lycopene (RRR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.1-0.48), and α-carotene (RRR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.51). Early AMD was inversely associated only with lycopene (RRR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.86) but was positively associated with α-carotene (RRR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.37-3.58). No significant associations were observed between serum lutein and cases with early or exudative AMD, according to "Serum carotenoids and risk of age-related macular degeneration in a chinese population sample" by Zhou H, Zhao X, Johnson EJ, Lim A, Sun E, Yu J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Snellingen T, Shang F, Liu N.(3)
4. Mortality risk
In the investigation of to whether serum carotenoid concentrations predict mortality among US adults. The study consisted of adults aged ≥20 years enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, with measured serum carotenoids and mortality follow-up through 2006 (N = 13,293), indicated that in a random survival forest analysis, very low lycopene was the carotenoid most strongly predictive of all-cause mortality, followed by very low total carotenoids. α-Carotene/β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene/lutein+zeaxanthin and lycopene/lutein+zeaxanthin interactions were significantly related to all-cause mortality (P < .05). Low α-carotene was the only carotenoid associated with cardiovascular disease mortality (P = .002). No carotenoids were significantly associated with cancer mortality, according to "Low-serum carotenoid concentrations and carotenoid interactions predict mortality in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" by Shardell MD, Alley DE, Hicks GE, El-Kamary SS, Miller RR, Semba RD, Ferrucci L.(4)
5. Metabolic syndrome
In the examination of the association between serum antioxidant status and MetS. NHANES 2001-2006 cross-sectional data among adults aged 20-85 y were analyzed (n = 3008-9099). MetS was defined with the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and also by elevated homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and hyperuricemia, found that Serum antioxidants included retinol, retinyl esters, carotenoids [α-carotene, β-carotene (cis+trans), β-cryptoxanthin, lutein+zeaxanthin, total lycopene], vitamin E, and vitamin C. MetS (NCEP ATP III) prevalence in U.S. adults was 32.0% among men and 29.5% among women. Adults with MetS had consistently lower serum carotenoid concentrations compared with those without MetS, even after controlling for total cholesterol and TG among other potential confounders, according to "Serum antioxidant status is associated with metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults in recent national surveys" by Beydoun MA, Shroff MR, Chen X, Beydoun HA, Wang Y, Zonderman AB.(5)
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
In the assessment of the role of vitamins, as assessed either by food frequency questionnaires or measured in serum levels, have been reported to improve pulmonary function, reduce exacerbations and improve symptoms, found that various vitamins (vitamin C, D, E, A, beta and alpha carotene) are associated with improvement in features of COPD such as symptoms, exacerbations and pulmonary function. High vitamin intake would probably reduce the annual decline of FEV1, according to "A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD" by Tsiligianni IG, van der Molen T.(6)
7. Antiproliferation effect
In the evaluation of a preparative column chromatographic method for isolation of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a traditional Chinese herb for their antiproliferative effects on the hepatoma cell Hep3B, found that both carotenoid (all-trans- and cis-isomers of lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene as well as epoxy-containing carotenoids) and chlorophyll fractions as well as lutein and chlorophyll a standards at 50-100 μg/mL were effective against Hep3B cells with a dose-dependent response with the following order: carotenoid fraction > chlorophyll fraction > lutein > chlorophyll a. For all treatments, the cell cycle was arrested in the G₀/G₁ phase, with Hep3B cells undergoing necrosis or apoptosis, according to "Preparation of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and their antiproliferation effect on hepatoma cell" by Tsai YC, Wu WB, Chen BH.(7)
8. Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL)
In the assessment of a nested case-control study of 265 HPV-positive women (93 SIL cases and 172 cytologically normal controls) in the Ludwig-McGill Cohort Study, São Paulo, Brazil, found that higher reported consumption of papaya was inversely associated with risk of SIL (p trend=0.01) and strongest for >or=1 time/week (adjusted odds ratios (AORs)=0.19; 95%CI, 0.08-0.49). Risk of SIL was reduced among women reporting consumption of oranges >or=1 time/week (AOR=0.32; 95%CI, 0.12-0.87; p-trend=0.02). Nutrient intakes of ss-cryptoxanthin and alpha-carotene were marginally protective against SIL, according to "Dietary consumption of antioxidant nutrients and risk of incident cervical intraepithelial neoplasia" by Siegel EM, Salemi JL, Villa LL, Ferenczy A, Franco EL, Giuliano AR.(8)
9. Gastric cancer
In the consideration of several micronutrients and minerals in an Italian case-control study conducted between 1997 and 2007, including 230 patients with incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 547 matched controls, admitted with acute conditions,
found that decreased ORs for the highest versus lowest quartile of vitamin E (OR=0.50), alpha-carotene (OR=0.52) and beta-carotene (OR=0.42) intake. Gastric cancer was directly associated with sodium, with ORs of 2.22 for the second, 2.56 for the third and 2.46 for the fourth quartile of intake. No significant relation emerged with iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin D, retinol, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk: an Italian case-control study" by Pelucchi C, Tramacere I, Bertuccio P, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C.(9)
10. Pancreatic carcinogenesis
In the consideration of the role of 15 selected vitamins and carotenoids and 6 minerals on pancreatic cancer risk in an Italian case-control study, found that comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of intake, the OR were 0.60 (95% CI 0.36-0.98) for vitamin E, 0.44 (95% CI 0.27-0.73) for vitamin C, 0.56 (95% CI 0.34-0.93) for folate, and 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.92) for potassium. No significant inverse associations were observed for α-carotene (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.43-1.12), β-carotene (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.39-1.06), and β-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.39-1.09). No relation was found for other micronutrients considered. Our findings support a favorable role of vitamins E and C, selected carotenoids, and folate on pancreatic carcinogenesis, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer: an Italian case-control study" by Bravi F, Polesel J, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Negri E, Dal Maso L, Serraino D, La Vecchia C.(10)
11. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In the analyzing the relationship between surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and intake of selected micronutrients, found that the risk of BPH significantly decreased with increasing intake of carotene (OR=0.80 for an increment equal to the difference between the 80th and 20th percentile of intake), alpha-carotene (OR=0.83), beta-carotene (OR=0.82), and cis beta-carotene (OR=0.82) and tended to decrease with the intake of vitamin C (OR=0.89) and iron (OR=0.79), according to "Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy" by Tavani A, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(11)
12. Prostate cancer
In the consideration of the association between retinol and various carotenoids using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2002, found that the risk of prostate cancer tended to decrease with increasing intake of retinol (OR=0.79 for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake), carotene (OR=0.70), alpha-carotene (OR=0.85) and beta-carotene (OR=0.72), although the estimates were significant for carotene and beta-carotene only. No meaningful associations emerged for nonprovitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene (OR=0.94) and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0.91), according to "Retinol, carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study from Italy" by Bosetti C, Talamini R, Montella M, Negri E, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(12)
13. Breast cancer
In the assessment of Carotenoids antioxidant and antiproliferative properties in reducing the risk of breast cancer, found that dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were inversely associated with the risk of ER-PR-breast cancer among ever smokers. Among ever smokers, the multivariable relative risks of ER-PR-breast cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of intake were 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.94; P(trend)=0.01) for alpha-carotene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.12-0.99; P(trend)=0.03) for beta-carotene. The risk of breast cancer also decreased with increasing intakes of alpha-carotene (P(trend) = 0.02) and beta-carotene (P(trend)=0.01) among women who did not use dietary supplements, according to "Dietary carotenoids and risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective cohort of Swedish women" by Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A.(13)
14. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358469
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318842
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508112
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481711
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451127
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134250
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946022
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20691333
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669867
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530201
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442205
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382052
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116235
Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of β-Carotene
β-Carotene is a phytochemincal
in the class of Carotenes, belonging to the group of Carotenoids
(tetraterpenoids), found abundantly in in dark, leafy greens and red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetable.
Health Benefits
1. Lung cancer in smokers
In the review of ATBC study, the CARET study, the Antioxidant Polyp Prevention trial, and the E3N study evidences which provide the adverse effects of beta-carotene supplementation with the smoking status of the study participants, concluded that human and animal studies have shown that specific circumstances, among them heavy smoking, seem to influence the effect of high beta-carotene intakes. In normal, healthy, nonsmoking populations, there is evidence of beneficial effects, according to "Beta-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: review of hypotheses and status of research" by Goralczyk R.(1)
2. Macular degeneration and vision loss
In the investigation of the effect of daily oral tablets containing: (1) antioxidants (vitamin C, 500 mg; vitamin E, 400 IU; and beta carotene, 15 mg); (2) zinc, 80 mg, as zinc oxide and copper, 2 mg, as cupric oxide; (3) antioxidants plus zinc; or (4) placebo for their effects on macular degeneration and vision loss, found that persons older than 55 years should have dilated eye examinations to determine their risk of developing advanced AMD. Those with extensive intermediate size drusen, at least 1 large druse, noncentral geographic atrophy in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye, and without contraindications such as smoking, should consider taking a supplement of antioxidants plus zinc such as that used in this study, according to "A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8" by Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.(2)
3. Alzheimer's disease
In the determination of an association between vascular comorbidities/vascular risk factors and plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients in patients with AD.Patients. A neuropsychological assessment (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Clock drawing test; DemTect) and the measurement of plasma levels of lipophilic micronutrients including retinol (vitamin A), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene by HPLC found that the depletion of circulating antioxidant micronutrients observed in AD patients is associated with vascular comorbidities and risk factors. The vascular comorbidities of patients with AD should also be identified in light of the presence and degree of depletion of the antioxidant defense system of the organism. This might lead to a better lifestyle-related counselling of patients with AD and their caregivers, with possible positive preventive effects on worsening in the long run, according to "[Influence of vascular comorbidities on the antioxidant defense system in Alzheimer's disease].[Article in German]" by Polidori MC, Stahl W, De Spirt S, Pientka L.(3)
4. Breast cancer
In the assessment of Carotenoids antioxidant and antiproliferative properties in reducing the risk of breast cancer, found that dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were inversely associated with the risk of ER-PR-breast cancer among ever smokers. Among ever smokers, the multivariable relative risks of ER-PR-breast cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of intake were 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.94; P(trend)=0.01) for alpha-carotene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.12-0.99; P(trend)=0.03) for beta-carotene. The risk of breast cancer also decreased with increasing intakes of alpha-carotene (P(trend) = 0.02) and beta-carotene (P(trend)=0.01) among women who did not use dietary supplements, according to "Dietary carotenoids and risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective cohort of Swedish women" by Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In the consideration of the association between retinol and various carotenoids using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2002, found that the risk of prostate cancer tended to decrease with increasing intake of retinol (OR=0.79 for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake), carotene (OR=0.70), alpha-carotene (OR=0.85) and beta-carotene (OR=0.72), although the estimates were significant for carotene and beta-carotene only. No meaningful associations emerged for nonprovitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene (OR=0.94) and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0.91), according to "Retinol, carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study from Italy" by Bosetti C, Talamini R, Montella M, Negri E, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(5)
6. Pancreatic carcinogenesis
In the consideration of the role of 15 selected vitamins and carotenoids and 6 minerals on pancreatic cancer risk in an Italian case-control study, found that comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of intake, the OR were 0.60 (95% CI 0.36-0.98) for vitamin E, 0.44 (95% CI 0.27-0.73) for vitamin C, 0.56 (95% CI 0.34-0.93) for folate, and 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.92) for potassium. No significant inverse associations were observed for α-carotene (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.43-1.12), β-carotene (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.39-1.06), and β-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.39-1.09). No relation was found for other micronutrients considered. Our findings support a favorable role of vitamins E and C, selected carotenoids, and folate on pancreatic carcinogenesis, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer: an Italian case-control study" by Bravi F, Polesel J, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Negri E, Dal Maso L, Serraino D, La Vecchia C.(6)
7. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In the analyzing the relationship between surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and intake of selected micronutrients, found that the risk of BPH significantly decreased with increasing intake of carotene (OR=0.80 for an increment equal to the difference between the 80th and 20th percentile of intake), alpha-carotene (OR=0.83), beta-carotene (OR=0.82), and cis beta-carotene (OR=0.82) and tended to decrease with the intake of vitamin C (OR=0.89) and iron (OR=0.79), according to "Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy" by Tavani A, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(7)
8. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
In the assessment of the role of vitamins, as assessed either by food frequency questionnaires or measured in serum levels, have been reported to improve pulmonary function, reduce exacerbations and improve symptoms, found that various vitamins (vitamin C, D, E, A, beta and alpha carotene) are associated with improvement in features of COPD such as symptoms, exacerbations and pulmonary function. High vitamin intake would probably reduce the annual decline of FEV1, according to "A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD" by Tsiligianni IG, van der Molen T.(8)
9. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties
In the evaluation fo Pteleopsis hylodendron (Combretaceae) is used in Cameroon and West Africa folk medicine for antibacterial and antioxidant Properties, found that the methanolic extract and some fractions exhibited antibacterial activities that varied between the bacterial species (ID = 0.00-25.00 mm; MIC = 781-12500 μg/mL and 0.24-1000 μg/mL). The activity of the crude extract is, however, very weak compared to the reference antibiotics (MIC = 0.125-128 μg/mL). Two fractions (F(E) and F(F)) showed significant activity (MIC = 0.97 μg/mL) while S. aureus ATCC 25922 was almost resistant to all the tested fractions, according to "Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of the Methanolic Extract of the Stem Bark of Pteleopsis hylodendron (Combretaceae)" by Mokale Kognou AL, Ngono Ngane RA, Kuiate JR, Koanga Mogtomo ML, Tchinda Tiabou A, Mouokeu RS, Biyiti L, Amvam Zollo PH(9)
10. Colorectal cancer (CRC)
In the evaluation of the dietary pattern and lifestyle characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Jordan of the case-control study included 220 recently diagnosed CRC cases and 220 age and gender matched healthy subjects as a control group, found that A sedentary lifestyle and a diet low in fruits and vegetables, and high in animal red meat and saturated fat, appeared associated with CRC among the studied Jordanian subjects. This is consistent with the reported CRC studies in developed nations indicating global causal effects for this tumour type, according to "Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer in Jordan: a Case-control Study" by Arafa MA, Waly MI, Jriesat S, Alkhafajei A, Sallam S.(10)
11. Metabolic syndrome
In the investigation of the effectiveness of a 10-week lifestyle intervention focusing on physical activity and high fiber intake for reducing indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight-obese individuals, found that both groups improved their dietary quality, but only G2 presented higher intake of fruit and vegetables (servings/day), higher plasma beta-carotene levels and a 24% reduction of MetS incidence. Additionally G2 showed greater reductions in body fat (4%), and waist circumference (7%), obesity class III (2%) and obesity class II (14%) rate. Lifestyle intervention, including a high dietary fiber intake, improved healthy eating index and decreased body fat composition and plasma lipid concentrations leading to MetS incidence reduction, according to "Ten-week lifestyle changing program reduces several indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight adults" by Mecca MS, Moreto F, Burini FH, Dalanesi RC, McLellan KC, Burini RC.(11)
12. Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
In the investigation of the associations of hypothesized prooxidative (Fe) and antioxidative (Zn, Mg, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E) micronutrients with incident MetS, T2D, and CVD in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, found that Dietary intakes of nonheme iron, Mg, vitamin C, and β-carotene were not associated with risk of MetS, T2D, or CVD. Data provided little support for the associations between specific micronutrients and MetS, T2D, or CVD. However, nutrients consumed in red meat, or red meat as a whole, may increase risk of MetS and CVD, according to "Dietary Intakes of Zinc and Heme Iron from Red Meat, but Not from Other Sources, Are Associated with Greater Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease" by de Oliveiraotto MC, Alonso A, Lee DH, Delclos GL, Bertoni AG, Jiang R, Lima JA, Symanski E, Jacobs DR Jr, Nettleton JA.(12)
13. Gastric cancer
In the consideration of several micronutrients and minerals in an Italian case-control study conducted between 1997 and 2007, including 230 patients with incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 547 matched controls, admitted with acute conditions,
found that decreased ORs for the highest versus lowest quartile of vitamin E (OR=0.50), alpha-carotene (OR=0.52) and beta-carotene (OR=0.42) intake. Gastric cancer was directly associated with sodium, with ORs of 2.22 for the second, 2.56 for the third and 2.46 for the fourth quartile of intake. No significant relation emerged with iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin D, retinol, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk: an Italian case-control study" by Pelucchi C, Tramacere I, Bertuccio P, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C.(13)
14. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20155614
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318842
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116235
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382052
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530201
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442205
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134250
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312549
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292627
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22260334
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22259193
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669867
Health Benefits
1. Lung cancer in smokers
In the review of ATBC study, the CARET study, the Antioxidant Polyp Prevention trial, and the E3N study evidences which provide the adverse effects of beta-carotene supplementation with the smoking status of the study participants, concluded that human and animal studies have shown that specific circumstances, among them heavy smoking, seem to influence the effect of high beta-carotene intakes. In normal, healthy, nonsmoking populations, there is evidence of beneficial effects, according to "Beta-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: review of hypotheses and status of research" by Goralczyk R.(1)
2. Macular degeneration and vision loss
In the investigation of the effect of daily oral tablets containing: (1) antioxidants (vitamin C, 500 mg; vitamin E, 400 IU; and beta carotene, 15 mg); (2) zinc, 80 mg, as zinc oxide and copper, 2 mg, as cupric oxide; (3) antioxidants plus zinc; or (4) placebo for their effects on macular degeneration and vision loss, found that persons older than 55 years should have dilated eye examinations to determine their risk of developing advanced AMD. Those with extensive intermediate size drusen, at least 1 large druse, noncentral geographic atrophy in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye, and without contraindications such as smoking, should consider taking a supplement of antioxidants plus zinc such as that used in this study, according to "A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8" by Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.(2)
3. Alzheimer's disease
In the determination of an association between vascular comorbidities/vascular risk factors and plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients in patients with AD.Patients. A neuropsychological assessment (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Clock drawing test; DemTect) and the measurement of plasma levels of lipophilic micronutrients including retinol (vitamin A), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene by HPLC found that the depletion of circulating antioxidant micronutrients observed in AD patients is associated with vascular comorbidities and risk factors. The vascular comorbidities of patients with AD should also be identified in light of the presence and degree of depletion of the antioxidant defense system of the organism. This might lead to a better lifestyle-related counselling of patients with AD and their caregivers, with possible positive preventive effects on worsening in the long run, according to "[Influence of vascular comorbidities on the antioxidant defense system in Alzheimer's disease].[Article in German]" by Polidori MC, Stahl W, De Spirt S, Pientka L.(3)
4. Breast cancer
In the assessment of Carotenoids antioxidant and antiproliferative properties in reducing the risk of breast cancer, found that dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were inversely associated with the risk of ER-PR-breast cancer among ever smokers. Among ever smokers, the multivariable relative risks of ER-PR-breast cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of intake were 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.94; P(trend)=0.01) for alpha-carotene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.12-0.99; P(trend)=0.03) for beta-carotene. The risk of breast cancer also decreased with increasing intakes of alpha-carotene (P(trend) = 0.02) and beta-carotene (P(trend)=0.01) among women who did not use dietary supplements, according to "Dietary carotenoids and risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective cohort of Swedish women" by Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A.(4)
5. Prostate cancer
In the consideration of the association between retinol and various carotenoids using data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2002, found that the risk of prostate cancer tended to decrease with increasing intake of retinol (OR=0.79 for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake), carotene (OR=0.70), alpha-carotene (OR=0.85) and beta-carotene (OR=0.72), although the estimates were significant for carotene and beta-carotene only. No meaningful associations emerged for nonprovitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene (OR=0.94) and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR=0.91), according to "Retinol, carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study from Italy" by Bosetti C, Talamini R, Montella M, Negri E, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(5)
6. Pancreatic carcinogenesis
In the consideration of the role of 15 selected vitamins and carotenoids and 6 minerals on pancreatic cancer risk in an Italian case-control study, found that comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of intake, the OR were 0.60 (95% CI 0.36-0.98) for vitamin E, 0.44 (95% CI 0.27-0.73) for vitamin C, 0.56 (95% CI 0.34-0.93) for folate, and 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.92) for potassium. No significant inverse associations were observed for α-carotene (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.43-1.12), β-carotene (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.39-1.06), and β-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.39-1.09). No relation was found for other micronutrients considered. Our findings support a favorable role of vitamins E and C, selected carotenoids, and folate on pancreatic carcinogenesis, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer: an Italian case-control study" by Bravi F, Polesel J, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Negri E, Dal Maso L, Serraino D, La Vecchia C.(6)
7. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In the analyzing the relationship between surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and intake of selected micronutrients, found that the risk of BPH significantly decreased with increasing intake of carotene (OR=0.80 for an increment equal to the difference between the 80th and 20th percentile of intake), alpha-carotene (OR=0.83), beta-carotene (OR=0.82), and cis beta-carotene (OR=0.82) and tended to decrease with the intake of vitamin C (OR=0.89) and iron (OR=0.79), according to "Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy" by Tavani A, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(7)
8. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
In the assessment of the role of vitamins, as assessed either by food frequency questionnaires or measured in serum levels, have been reported to improve pulmonary function, reduce exacerbations and improve symptoms, found that various vitamins (vitamin C, D, E, A, beta and alpha carotene) are associated with improvement in features of COPD such as symptoms, exacerbations and pulmonary function. High vitamin intake would probably reduce the annual decline of FEV1, according to "A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD" by Tsiligianni IG, van der Molen T.(8)
9. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties
In the evaluation fo Pteleopsis hylodendron (Combretaceae) is used in Cameroon and West Africa folk medicine for antibacterial and antioxidant Properties, found that the methanolic extract and some fractions exhibited antibacterial activities that varied between the bacterial species (ID = 0.00-25.00 mm; MIC = 781-12500 μg/mL and 0.24-1000 μg/mL). The activity of the crude extract is, however, very weak compared to the reference antibiotics (MIC = 0.125-128 μg/mL). Two fractions (F(E) and F(F)) showed significant activity (MIC = 0.97 μg/mL) while S. aureus ATCC 25922 was almost resistant to all the tested fractions, according to "Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of the Methanolic Extract of the Stem Bark of Pteleopsis hylodendron (Combretaceae)" by Mokale Kognou AL, Ngono Ngane RA, Kuiate JR, Koanga Mogtomo ML, Tchinda Tiabou A, Mouokeu RS, Biyiti L, Amvam Zollo PH(9)
10. Colorectal cancer (CRC)
In the evaluation of the dietary pattern and lifestyle characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Jordan of the case-control study included 220 recently diagnosed CRC cases and 220 age and gender matched healthy subjects as a control group, found that A sedentary lifestyle and a diet low in fruits and vegetables, and high in animal red meat and saturated fat, appeared associated with CRC among the studied Jordanian subjects. This is consistent with the reported CRC studies in developed nations indicating global causal effects for this tumour type, according to "Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer in Jordan: a Case-control Study" by Arafa MA, Waly MI, Jriesat S, Alkhafajei A, Sallam S.(10)
11. Metabolic syndrome
In the investigation of the effectiveness of a 10-week lifestyle intervention focusing on physical activity and high fiber intake for reducing indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight-obese individuals, found that both groups improved their dietary quality, but only G2 presented higher intake of fruit and vegetables (servings/day), higher plasma beta-carotene levels and a 24% reduction of MetS incidence. Additionally G2 showed greater reductions in body fat (4%), and waist circumference (7%), obesity class III (2%) and obesity class II (14%) rate. Lifestyle intervention, including a high dietary fiber intake, improved healthy eating index and decreased body fat composition and plasma lipid concentrations leading to MetS incidence reduction, according to "Ten-week lifestyle changing program reduces several indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight adults" by Mecca MS, Moreto F, Burini FH, Dalanesi RC, McLellan KC, Burini RC.(11)
12. Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
In the investigation of the associations of hypothesized prooxidative (Fe) and antioxidative (Zn, Mg, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E) micronutrients with incident MetS, T2D, and CVD in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, found that Dietary intakes of nonheme iron, Mg, vitamin C, and β-carotene were not associated with risk of MetS, T2D, or CVD. Data provided little support for the associations between specific micronutrients and MetS, T2D, or CVD. However, nutrients consumed in red meat, or red meat as a whole, may increase risk of MetS and CVD, according to "Dietary Intakes of Zinc and Heme Iron from Red Meat, but Not from Other Sources, Are Associated with Greater Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease" by de Oliveiraotto MC, Alonso A, Lee DH, Delclos GL, Bertoni AG, Jiang R, Lima JA, Symanski E, Jacobs DR Jr, Nettleton JA.(12)
13. Gastric cancer
In the consideration of several micronutrients and minerals in an Italian case-control study conducted between 1997 and 2007, including 230 patients with incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 547 matched controls, admitted with acute conditions,
found that decreased ORs for the highest versus lowest quartile of vitamin E (OR=0.50), alpha-carotene (OR=0.52) and beta-carotene (OR=0.42) intake. Gastric cancer was directly associated with sodium, with ORs of 2.22 for the second, 2.56 for the third and 2.46 for the fourth quartile of intake. No significant relation emerged with iron, calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin D, retinol, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin, according to "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk: an Italian case-control study" by Pelucchi C, Tramacere I, Bertuccio P, Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C.(13)
14. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20155614
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11594942
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318842
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116235
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382052
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530201
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442205
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134250
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312549
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22292627
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22260334
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22259193
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669867
Phytochemicals in Foods - 8 Health Benefits of Phytofluene
Phytofluene is a phytochemincal
of orange pigments in the class of Carotenes, belonging to the group
of Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids), found abundantly in star fruit,
sweet potato, orange, etc.
Health Benefits
1. Erythema
In the investigation of the protective effect of Carotenoids and beta-carotene supplements used for against ultraviolet (UV) light-induced erythema, by comparing the photoprotective effects of synthetic lycopene, a tomato extract (Lyc-o-Mato) and a drink containing solubilized Lyc-o-Mato (Lyc-o-Guard-Drink), found that the protective effect was more pronounced in the Lyc-o-Mato (38%) and Lyc-o-Guard-Drink (48%) groups. In the two latter groups, phytofluene and phytoene may have contributed to protection. Both of these carotenoids exhibit absorption maxima at wavelengths of UV light. Absorption of UV light protects skin from photodamage and might explain the differences observed between groups, according to ' Supplementation with tomato-based products increases lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene levels in human serum and protects against UV-light-induced erythema" by Aust O, Stahl W, Sies H, Tronnier H, Heinrich U (1)
2. Prostate cancer
In the examination within the context of a whole food with Male Copenhagen rats fed diets containing 10% standard tomato powder, tomato enriched with lycopene or total carotenoids, standard broccoli floret, broccoli sprouts, or broccoli enriched with indole glucosinolates or selenium for 7 days, found that standard broccoli and lycopene-enriched tomato diets down-regulated prostatic glutathione S-transferase P1 mRNA expression. Different tomato diets resulted in altered hepatic accumulation of lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene. These results demonstrate that the bioactive content of vegetables affects both tissue content of bioactives and activity of detoxification enzymes. Enhancing bioactive content of tomatoes and broccoli may enhance efficacy in the prevention of prostate cancer, according to "Feeding tomato and broccoli powders enriched with bioactives improves bioactivity markers in rats" by Liu AG, Volker SE, Jeffery EH, Erdman JW Jr.(2)
3. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation
In the investigation of the effect of carotenoids, isolated from the alga Dunaliella bardawil, in a biological system and used the in vitro low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation method,
found that similar to beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, a carotenoid algal preparation containing phytoene and phytofluene inhibited LDL oxidation. These findings and the presence of phytoene and phytofluene in human tissues suggest that they can be part of the defense system against oxidative stress, according to "A carotenoid algal preparation containing phytoene and phytofluene inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro" by Shaish A, Harari A, Kamari Y, Soudant E, Harats D, Ben-Amotz A.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the investigation of the effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids (phytoene and phytofluene, or to combinations of these antioxidants) on the production of inflammatory mediators in human dermal fibroblasts treated with UV radiation (UVR) and the possible synergistic effects of these two antioxidants, found that CoQ10 is able to suppress the UVR- or IL-1-induced inflammatory response in dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, this compound can block the UVR induction of the matrix-eroding enzyme, MMP-1. Finally, the combination of carotenoids plus CoQ10 results in enhanced suppression of inflammation. The results suggest that the combination of carotenoids and CoQ10 in topical skin care products may provide enhanced protection from inflammation and premature aging caused by sun exposure, according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids" by Fuller B, Smith D, Howerton A, Kern D.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In the examination of whether carotenoids inhibit signaling of steroidal estrogen and phytoestrogen which could explain their cancer preventive activity, found that beach of the tested carotenoids (lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, and beta-carotene) inhibited cancer cell proliferation induced by either E(2) or genistein. The inhibition of cell growth by lycopene was accompanied by slow down of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Moreover, the carotenoids inhibited estrogen-induced transactivation of ERE that was mediated by both estrogen receptors (ERs) ERalpha and ERbeta. The possibility that this inhibition results from competition of carotenoid-activated transcription systems on a limited pool of shared coactivators with the ERE transcription system was tested. Although cotransfection of breast and endometrial cancer cells with four different coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3, and DRIP) strongly stimulated ERE reporter gene activity, it did not oppose the inhibitory effect of carotenoids, according to "Lycopene and other carotenoids inhibit estrogenic activity of 17beta-estradiol and genistein in cancer cells" by Hirsch K, Atzmon A, Danilenko M, Levy J, Sharoni Y.(5)
6. Inflammation, immunomodulation, and oxidative stress
In the investigation of 26 healthy young volunteers. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, Lyc-o-Mato (5.7 mg of lycopene, 3.7 mg of phytoene, 2.7 mg of phytofluene, 1 mg of beta-carotene, and 1.8 mg of alpha-tocopherol) or a placebo drink (same taste and flavor, but devoid of active compounds) were given for 26 days, separated by a wash-out period, found that TNF-alpha production by whole blood was 34.4% lower after 26 days of drink consumption, whereas the other parameters were not significantly modified by the treatment. In turn, modest effects of the regular intake of a tomato drink, providing small amounts of carotenoids, were found on the production of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha, in young healthy volunteers. Future intervention trials in subjects with low carotenoid status and/or compromised immune system will resolve the issue of whether carotenoids modulate immune parameters in humans, according to " Effect of a tomato-based drink on markers of inflammation, immunomodulation, and oxidative stress" by Riso P, Visioli F, Grande S, Guarnieri S, Gardana C, Simonetti P, Porrini M.(6)
7. Antioxidants
In the verification of verify whether the daily intake of a beverage prototype called Lyc-o-Mato((R)) containing a natural tomato extract (Lyc-o-Mato((R)) oleoresin 6 %) was able to modify plasma and lymphocyte carotenoid concentrations, particularly those of lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene and beta-carotene, and to evaluate whether this intake was sufficient to improve protection against DNA damage in lymphocytes, found that the intake of the tomato drink significantly reduced (by about 42 %) DNA damage (P<0.0001) in lymphocytes subjected to oxidative stress. In conclusion, the present study supports the fact that a low intake of carotenoids from tomato products improves cell antioxidant protection, according to "Daily intake of a formulated tomato drink affects carotenoid plasma and lymphocyte concentrations and improves cellular antioxidant protection" by Porrini M, Riso P, Brusamolino A, Berti C, Guarnieri S, Visioli F.(7)
8. Macular degeneration
In the investigation of the protective effect has been attributed to carotenoids, which are one of the major classes of phytochemicals ( lycopene, followed by phytoene, phytofluene, zeta-carotene, gamma-carotene, beta-carotene, neurosporene, and lutein) in tomato, found that the possible role of lycopene and other dietary carotenoids in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases is discussed, according to "Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health" by
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15830922
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650632
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443908
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17173569
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051425
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569044
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705230
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424324
Health Benefits
1. Erythema
In the investigation of the protective effect of Carotenoids and beta-carotene supplements used for against ultraviolet (UV) light-induced erythema, by comparing the photoprotective effects of synthetic lycopene, a tomato extract (Lyc-o-Mato) and a drink containing solubilized Lyc-o-Mato (Lyc-o-Guard-Drink), found that the protective effect was more pronounced in the Lyc-o-Mato (38%) and Lyc-o-Guard-Drink (48%) groups. In the two latter groups, phytofluene and phytoene may have contributed to protection. Both of these carotenoids exhibit absorption maxima at wavelengths of UV light. Absorption of UV light protects skin from photodamage and might explain the differences observed between groups, according to ' Supplementation with tomato-based products increases lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene levels in human serum and protects against UV-light-induced erythema" by Aust O, Stahl W, Sies H, Tronnier H, Heinrich U (1)
2. Prostate cancer
In the examination within the context of a whole food with Male Copenhagen rats fed diets containing 10% standard tomato powder, tomato enriched with lycopene or total carotenoids, standard broccoli floret, broccoli sprouts, or broccoli enriched with indole glucosinolates or selenium for 7 days, found that standard broccoli and lycopene-enriched tomato diets down-regulated prostatic glutathione S-transferase P1 mRNA expression. Different tomato diets resulted in altered hepatic accumulation of lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene. These results demonstrate that the bioactive content of vegetables affects both tissue content of bioactives and activity of detoxification enzymes. Enhancing bioactive content of tomatoes and broccoli may enhance efficacy in the prevention of prostate cancer, according to "Feeding tomato and broccoli powders enriched with bioactives improves bioactivity markers in rats" by Liu AG, Volker SE, Jeffery EH, Erdman JW Jr.(2)
3. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation
In the investigation of the effect of carotenoids, isolated from the alga Dunaliella bardawil, in a biological system and used the in vitro low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation method,
found that similar to beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, a carotenoid algal preparation containing phytoene and phytofluene inhibited LDL oxidation. These findings and the presence of phytoene and phytofluene in human tissues suggest that they can be part of the defense system against oxidative stress, according to "A carotenoid algal preparation containing phytoene and phytofluene inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro" by Shaish A, Harari A, Kamari Y, Soudant E, Harats D, Ben-Amotz A.(3)
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the investigation of the effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids (phytoene and phytofluene, or to combinations of these antioxidants) on the production of inflammatory mediators in human dermal fibroblasts treated with UV radiation (UVR) and the possible synergistic effects of these two antioxidants, found that CoQ10 is able to suppress the UVR- or IL-1-induced inflammatory response in dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, this compound can block the UVR induction of the matrix-eroding enzyme, MMP-1. Finally, the combination of carotenoids plus CoQ10 results in enhanced suppression of inflammation. The results suggest that the combination of carotenoids and CoQ10 in topical skin care products may provide enhanced protection from inflammation and premature aging caused by sun exposure, according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids" by Fuller B, Smith D, Howerton A, Kern D.(4)
5. Anti cancers
In the examination of whether carotenoids inhibit signaling of steroidal estrogen and phytoestrogen which could explain their cancer preventive activity, found that beach of the tested carotenoids (lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, and beta-carotene) inhibited cancer cell proliferation induced by either E(2) or genistein. The inhibition of cell growth by lycopene was accompanied by slow down of cell-cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Moreover, the carotenoids inhibited estrogen-induced transactivation of ERE that was mediated by both estrogen receptors (ERs) ERalpha and ERbeta. The possibility that this inhibition results from competition of carotenoid-activated transcription systems on a limited pool of shared coactivators with the ERE transcription system was tested. Although cotransfection of breast and endometrial cancer cells with four different coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3, and DRIP) strongly stimulated ERE reporter gene activity, it did not oppose the inhibitory effect of carotenoids, according to "Lycopene and other carotenoids inhibit estrogenic activity of 17beta-estradiol and genistein in cancer cells" by Hirsch K, Atzmon A, Danilenko M, Levy J, Sharoni Y.(5)
6. Inflammation, immunomodulation, and oxidative stress
In the investigation of 26 healthy young volunteers. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, Lyc-o-Mato (5.7 mg of lycopene, 3.7 mg of phytoene, 2.7 mg of phytofluene, 1 mg of beta-carotene, and 1.8 mg of alpha-tocopherol) or a placebo drink (same taste and flavor, but devoid of active compounds) were given for 26 days, separated by a wash-out period, found that TNF-alpha production by whole blood was 34.4% lower after 26 days of drink consumption, whereas the other parameters were not significantly modified by the treatment. In turn, modest effects of the regular intake of a tomato drink, providing small amounts of carotenoids, were found on the production of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha, in young healthy volunteers. Future intervention trials in subjects with low carotenoid status and/or compromised immune system will resolve the issue of whether carotenoids modulate immune parameters in humans, according to " Effect of a tomato-based drink on markers of inflammation, immunomodulation, and oxidative stress" by Riso P, Visioli F, Grande S, Guarnieri S, Gardana C, Simonetti P, Porrini M.(6)
7. Antioxidants
In the verification of verify whether the daily intake of a beverage prototype called Lyc-o-Mato((R)) containing a natural tomato extract (Lyc-o-Mato((R)) oleoresin 6 %) was able to modify plasma and lymphocyte carotenoid concentrations, particularly those of lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene and beta-carotene, and to evaluate whether this intake was sufficient to improve protection against DNA damage in lymphocytes, found that the intake of the tomato drink significantly reduced (by about 42 %) DNA damage (P<0.0001) in lymphocytes subjected to oxidative stress. In conclusion, the present study supports the fact that a low intake of carotenoids from tomato products improves cell antioxidant protection, according to "Daily intake of a formulated tomato drink affects carotenoid plasma and lymphocyte concentrations and improves cellular antioxidant protection" by Porrini M, Riso P, Brusamolino A, Berti C, Guarnieri S, Visioli F.(7)
8. Macular degeneration
In the investigation of the protective effect has been attributed to carotenoids, which are one of the major classes of phytochemicals ( lycopene, followed by phytoene, phytofluene, zeta-carotene, gamma-carotene, beta-carotene, neurosporene, and lutein) in tomato, found that the possible role of lycopene and other dietary carotenoids in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases is discussed, according to "Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health" by
Khachik F, Carvalho L, Bernstein PS, Muir GJ, Zhao DY, Katz NB.(8)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15830922
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650632
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443908
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17173569
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051425
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569044
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705230
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424324
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