Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Wednesday 18 April 2018

Kiwifruits Induce 16 Health Benefits and 4 Major Side Effects, According to PubMed

Kiwifruit also best known as kiwi or Chinese gooseberry, is a species of A. chinensis belongings to the family Actinidia, native to Southern China.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Lutein and Zeaxanthin
7. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
8. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
9. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12. Vitamin C
13. Vitamin E
14. Vitamin K
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron
18. Magnesium
19. Phosphorus
20.Potassium
21. Sodium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.

I. Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
[1]. Burn wound healing
In the evaluation of kiwifruit in the treatment of second-degree burn wounds in rats found that the dramatic antibacterial, debridement, wound contracture, and angiogenic effect of kiwifruit induced a significant wound healing in burn ulcers and might be useful in treating chronic ulcers, such as bedsores, according to "The effect of dressing with fresh kiwifruiton burn wound healing" by Mohajeri G, Masoudpour H, Heidarpour M, Khademi EF, Ghafghazi S, Adibi S, Akbari M.(a)

[2]. Hydrogen peroxide
In the evaluation of the effects of the two main kiwifruit cultivars (gold kiwifruit (GOK) and green kiwifruit (GRK)) and their active phenolic compound, quercetin, on H2O2-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells, found that the chemopreventive effect of quercetin on H2O2-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2-Cx43 signalling and GJIC may be mediated through its free radical-scavenging activity. Since the carcinogenicity of reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 is attributable to the inhibition of GJIC, GOK, GRK and quercetin may have chemopreventive potential by preventing the inhibition of GJIC, according to "Quercetin, the active phenolic component in kiwifruit, prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication" byLee DE, Shin BJ, Hur HJ, Kim JH, Kim J, Kang NJ, Kim DO, Lee CY, Lee KW, Lee HJ.(b)

[3]. Type 2 diabetes
In the investigation of six kinds of fruits tested were grapes, Asian pears, guavas, golden kiwifruit, lychees and bananas and their glycemic index found that there was no significant difference in glycemic index values between healthy and Type 2 diabetes subjects. There was also no significant difference in PII when comparing healthy subjects and subjects with Type 2 diabetes and concluded that glycemic index and peak incremental indices in healthy subjects can be approximately the same for Type 2 diabetes, according to "Glycemia and peak incremental indices of six popular fruits in Taiwan: healthy and Type 2 diabetes subjects compared" by Chen YY, Wu PC, Weng SF, Liu JF.(c)

[4]. Inflammatory bowel disease
In the observation of extracts from the fruits of yellow (Actinidia chinensis) or green-fleshed (A. deliciosa) kiwifruit and theirs effects on inflammatory bowel disease, found that the metabolism of these metabolites was affected by IL-10(-/-) -wild-type genotypic differences. Urinary metabolites previously associated with inflammation were not altered by the kiwifruitextracts. This study demonstrates the use of metabolomic analysis to study dietary effects and the influence of genotype on food metabolism, which may have implications on the development of functional foods for the treatment of IBD, according to "Metabolomic analysis reveals differences in urinary excretion of kiwifruit-derived metabolites in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease" by Lin HM, Edmunds SJ, Zhu S, Helsby NA, Ferguson LR, Rowan DD.(d)

[5]. Sleep disorders
In the classification of consuming 2 kiwifruits 1 hour before bedtime nightly for 4 weeks and its effect in the treatment of the sleep disorders found that kiwifruit consumption may improve sleep onset, duration, and efficiency in adults with self-reported sleep disturbances. Further investigation of the sleep-promoting properties of kiwifruit may be V, according to "Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems" by Lin HH, Tsai PS, Fang SC, Liu JF.(e)

B. Health benefits according to concentration
[6]. Vitamin C
Besides is essential in preventing the breaking off small vein cause of hardening of the vessel wall, vitamin C also improves the digestive system in maximum absorption of vital nutrients. Overdoses can cause diarrhea, It also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause muscle damage, according to the study of "Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage?" by McGinley C, Shafat A, Donnelly AE., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902983)

[7]. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(I)

[8]. Potassium
Beside is a important minerals for lymphatic function in regulating the body fluids, it is also essential in preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731), researchers wrote in conclusion that Oral potassium citrate is an effective preventive supplement against kidney stones in children who receive the KD, achieving its goal of urine alkalinization. Universal supplementation is warranted.

[9]. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteinsdeserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(II)

[10]. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.

[11]. Magnesium
Magnesium not only important for bone health, according to the study of "Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis?" by Odabasi E, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M(3) but also play and important role in protecting against Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease" by Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Di Bella G, Dominguez LJ.(IV)

C. Other health benefits
[12}. Antioxidants

Since kiwifruit contains high amount of Vitamin C, it helps to enhance the immune function in fighting against forming of free radicals, thus reducing the risk of irregular cell growth, such as tumor and cancer, according to the study of "High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer" by Ohno S, Ohno Y, Suzuki N, Soma G, Inoue M.(1)

[13]. Flavonoids
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecule, including quercetin which is known for its ability to reduce the risk of cadiovascular dsieases by inhiboting LDL. according to the study of "Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans" by Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hofman A, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Fuhrman B.(2)

[14]. Omega 3 fatty acid and fiber
While Omega 3 fatty acid helps to balance the ratio of bad cholesterol, according to the study of " Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils" by Asif M. (3), fiber binds the bad cholesterol and expel them through waste, according to the study of "Guar gum and similar soluble fibers in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism: current understandings and future research priorities"
Rideout TC, Harding SV, Jones PJ, Fan MZ.(4), thus reducing the risk of bad cholesterol blocking the blood flow in blood vessels that reduce the risk of heart diseases.

[15]. Laxative effects
Fiber dissolves easily in water and passes through the intestines almost unchanged that help prevent hard, dry stools which are difficult to pass, according to the study of "A dietary fiber mixture versus lactulose in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial" by Kokke FT, Scholtens PA, Alles MS, Decates TS, Fiselier TJ, Tolboom JJ, Kimpen JL, Benninga MA.(5)

[16]. Bleeding disorder
Vitamin K is important in reducing the risk of of abnormal bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) is a rare and potentially life-threatening bleeding disorder of early infancy, espcialy for breast feeding newborn, according to the study of "Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in early infancy" by Shearer MJ.(6)

II. Side effects

1. The fruits may induce allergic effects with symptoms range from mild to anaphylactic reactions(7).
2. Kiwi contains high amount of oxalates(8)

3. Intake of the fruits may increase risk of calcium oxalates forming(9)

4. Kiwifruits reduce absorption of calcium(10)

(7) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23141741

(8) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28239098

(9) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27377084

(10) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7224494

Tuesday 17 April 2018

How to Treat Painful Primary Dysmenorrhea Quickly and Permanently, According to PubMed

Kyle J. Norton

Add a portion of fennel in your daily diet may have a potential and positive effect in reduced pain caused by sensory neurons stimulus in women with primary dysmenorrhea, some scientists suggested.

Antinociceptive activity is an action or process of blocking the painful or injurious stimulus by sensory neurons.

The results of the investigation were carried out by numbers of respectable institutes, including the Babol University of Medical Sciences and Health Services and details of the experiment were published on online medical library.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of genus, belongings to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional and herbal medicine as warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Protein
4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic acid (B5)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin C
11. Calcium
12. Copper
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Molybdenum
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc
19. Etc.

In order to compare the effect of combination of fennel extract/vitamin E with ibuprofen on the intensity of pain in primary dysmenorrhea among the students of Tabriz city in 2007-2009, researchers od the joint study lead by the Kosar Department of Shahid Motahhary Hospital carried out an investigation of 68 students from Medical and Tabriz universities, who were living in the dormitory, suffering from primary dysmenorrhea.

All participants were randomly divided into two groups of 34 students each (the two groups used combination of fennel extract/vitamin E and ibuprofen cross-over form in the 2 months).

Application of the combination displayed a mean of peak pain intensity in the first, second, third, sixth, and forty-eighth hours in the group was significant lower than the group that had used ibuprofen.

Also, combination of fennel extract/vitamin E was more effective than ibuprofen in the first hour (P < 0.03) and second hour (P < 0.04), according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) tool for ranking the intensity of the pain.

These result suggested that fennel and vitamin E combination was more efficacy in blocking the neuron in transmitting pain caused by over expression prostaglandins hormone in induction of abdominal muscle constriction in compared to conventional medicine ibuprofen.

Dr. Nasehi M, the lead author, after taking into account of other co and con founders said, "Combination of fennel extract/vitamin E is effective on decreasing the intensity of pain of primary dysmenorrhea, and it is advised to those who cannot use chemical drugs".

In a separate study to investigate the effect of fennel used alone on primary dysmenorrhea symptoms and menorrheal duration, 80 female students satisfied the criteria and guideline were randomly divided in to two groups of intervention (n = 40) and control (n = 40).

The intervention group was given one soft capsule Fennel (30 mg) every 4 hours, 3 days before menstruation till the 5th day and continued for 3 months. The control group received no medication.

According to the result of the experiments, fennel treated group exerted significant decrease of the mean of nausea intensity and weakness from 1.93, and 2.88 after 3 months, in compared to control group from 2.37, 6.65 in control group.

Also in compared to control group, fennel group reduced the duration of menstrual period after two and three months of use.

Moreover, Fennel treated group demonstrated a strong improvement of quality and feelings of well-being after 1 and 3 months.

Taken together, fennel may be considered as functional food for treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea without inducing adverse effects.

Fennel May Improve Your Heart Functioning Naturally and Permanently, Studies Showed

Kyle J. Norton

Fennel may have a potential and positive effect in improvement of cardiovascular activity, some scientists suggested.

The results of vascular and cardiovascular protective effect were reported by numbers of universities including the Birzeit University and published on online medical literature.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of genus, belongings to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional and herbal medicine as warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Protein
4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic acid (B5)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin C
11. Calcium
12. Copper
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Molybdenum
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc

In the study to investigate the vascular effects of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare leaves in pentobarbital-anaesthetised rats, researchers found that intravenous administration of the lyophilized boiled water extract exerted a significant dose-related reduction in arterial blood pressure, without affecting the heart rate or respiratory rate in compared to histamine antagonists.

However, application of non-boiled aqueous extract showed very little hypotensive activity.

Contrast to the conventional medicine histamine antagonists, the hypotensive effect of the boiling water extract appeared not to be mediated by adrenergic, muscarinic, ganglionic or serotonergic receptors.

Furthermore, in the examine the cardiovascular effect of main component of the oil, anethole isolated from on tested guinea pig fennel oil in inhibited arachidonic acid, collagen-, ADP- and U46619-induced aggregation, researchers found that application of anethole displayed comparable NO-independent vasorelaxant activity at anti platelet concentrations.

Anethole also prevented thrombin-induced clot retraction at concentrations similar to fennel oil in comparison of U46619-induced aggregation (IC(50) from 4 to 147 microg ml(-1)). These results were confirmed in tested mice with application F. vulgare essential oil and anethole in a subacute treatment of 30 mg kg(-1)day(-1) for 5 days.

F. vulgare essential oil and anethole also showed significant antithrombotic activity in prevented paralysis induced by collagen-epinephrine intravenous injection with 70% and 83% protection, respectively.

In rat model, both F. vulgare essential oil and anethole (100 mg kg(-1) oral administration) provided significant protection toward ethanol induced gastric lesions.

After taking into account of other co and confounders, togther with the collected information Dr. Tognolini M, the lead author said, " F. vulgare essential oil, and its main component anethole, a safe antithrombotic activity that seems due to their broad spectrum antiplatelet activity, clot destabilizing effect and vasorelaxant action".

Further to re assess other cardiovascular activity of Foeniculum vulgare L, researchers at the UFR Physiologie-Pharmacologie, launched an investigation to compared the effects of Marrubium vulgare L. and Foeniculum vulgare L. in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Interestingly, oral application of Foeniculum extract exerted lowered the systolic blood pressure of SHR without induced change of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY).

These results was probably associated to function of Foeniculum in increased water, sodium and potassium excretion.

More importantly, Foeniculum extract hypertensive efficacy was decreased substantially in rat and mice presented with N-nitro-L-arginine.

The results indicated that fennel demonstrated the vascular protective activity as a diuretic and a natriuretic.

Taken together, Fennel and its essential oil and bioactive compound anethole may be considered as a function substance in promote cardiovascular and vascular activity, particularly in animal models with high risk of cardiovascular disease.

Intake of fennel extract should be taken with extreme care as overdoses may induce liver toxicity.

Monday 16 April 2018

How to Normalize Your High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol and Sugar Quickly and Permanently, According to PubMed

By Kyle J. Norton

Add a portion of dried peas in your daily diet will normalize the levels of High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol and Glucose, according to PubMed.

Hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are most prevalent modifiable risk factors for development of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke.

Dried pea is a small but nutritionally mighty member of the legume family, genus Pisum belongings to the family Fabaceae with healthy source of proteins, fibers, vitamins and minerals.

The Nutrients and Chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A ( Beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin)
6. B vitamins
7. Vitamin C
8. Calcium
9. Iron
10. Magnesium
11. Phosphorus
12. Potassium
13. Zinc
14. Chemical constituents include saponin pisatin, L-pipecolic acid, glycoside-Pisatoside, tocopherols, cerebroside,....

1. The Effects of Dried Peas on High Blood Pressure
Hypertension is a chronic condition characterized by abnormal high blood pressure.

According to the Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, daily intake of fiber has emerged not only to prevent and treat various types of chronic diseases.but also reduced risk of hypertension.

Dr. Anderson JW, the led author said, "Dried beans, oat products, and certain fruits and vegetables are good sources of soluble fiber" and "Current guidelines advise a doubling of dietary fiber intake for Americans. Inclusion of ample servings of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and dried beans and peas will help individuals meet these guidelines".

Additionally, in the examined iineralocorticoid excess-treated mice with a control diet, high-fiber diet, or acetate supplementation researcher found that high fiber diet not only modified the gut microbiota populations and also increased the abundance of acetate-producing bacteria independently of mineralocorticoid excess and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Dr. Marques FZ, the led researcher said, "The favorable effects of fiber may be explained by the generation and distribution of one of the main metabolites of the gut microbiota, the short-chain fatty acid acetate. Acetate effected several molecular changes associated with improved cardiovascular health and function".

These result demonstrated a significant effect of fibers intake in promoted health gut microbiota in regulating molecular changes associated with improved risk factor related to cardiovascular health and function, including blood pressure.

Other, in the examined cross-sectional studies of dietary intake as one of the major determinants in hypertension development and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension and the risk of incident hypertension in a large cohort study including incidence of hypertension among 80 426 French adults, researchers at the joint study led by the Paris-Descartes University found that
1. During a mean follow-up of 3.4±2.1 years, 2413 cases of incident hypertension were documented
2. Fiber intake displayed a strong effect in reduced risk of hypertension with relative odd risk of 0.81 in compared to the baseline.
3. Adopting a global healthy diet associated to several nutritional factors intake may be one of the best solution in reduced hypertensive incidence.

2. The Effects of Dried Peas on High Blood Cholesterol

Hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood stream.

In a study of 173 women and men, with a mean body mass index of approximately 36 kg m(-2) (one-fifth with diabetes type 2) randomizedly assigned to a high-fibre bean-rich diet that achieved mean (SD) fibre intakes of 35.5 (18.6) g day for women and 42.5 (30.3) g day for men, or a low-carbohydrate diet, researchers found that
1. High bean fiber intake showed a better weight loss and weight control in compared to low carbohydrate diet group.
2. Intake of bean fiber group expressed a significant decreased of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in compared to other group.

Dr. Tonstad S, the led author said, "A high-fibre bean-rich diet was as effective as a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, although only the bean-rich diet lowered atherogenic lipids".

Additionally, in dyslipidemia rats study to evaluate the effects of grain-bean package, dietary fiber (DF) extracted from grain-bean package, and DF from grain corn on the blood lipids and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in high-fat, high-cholesterol feeding by randomly assigned into normal control group, hyperlipidemia model group, grain-bean package group, grain-bean package DF group and grain corn group, researchers after adjusting to other risk factors filed the following results
1. Rats in hyperlipidemic model group showed a increased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceridaemia (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG) in compared to groups
2. In compared to hyperlipidemic model group, grain-bean package group, grain-bean package DF group, expressed significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceridaemia (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose and significantly increased HDL-C levels.

The results of these findings demonstrated that dietary fiber can improve blood lipids levels indyslipidemic subject, decrease FAS activity and regulating SREBP-1c mRNA in glucose metabolic expression.

3. The Effects of Dried Peas on High Blood Glucose

Hyperglycemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormal high levels of glucose circulated in the blood stream.

Dried peas, a good sources of protein and fiber, is one of many rich-protein recommended for vegetarian.

Together with a low glycemic index, the peas may be considered as a high-fiber foods for daily carbohydrate intake in prediabetes.

Evidences of studies showed that a low-glycemic load meal containing psyllium soluble fiber is significantly improves the breakfast postprandial glycemic, insulinemic in adults with Type 2 DM.

In the study to compare the glycemic and insulinemic responses to 3 different meals based on dried peas, potatoes, or both in patients with type 2 diabetes, intake of the pea meal expressed a significant in tine delay of the increased postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, in compared to other meal.

Since carbohydrates counting in dried peas have been disregarded, the nutrient dried peas should be included in the consumption of low-glycemic, high-fiber foods at the expense of high-glycemic, low-fiber foods for prediabetes.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Health benefits and practical aspects of high-fiber diets by Anderson JW1, Smith BM, Gustafson NJ.(PubMed)
(2) High-Fiber Diet and Acetate Supplementation Change the Gut Microbiota and Prevent the Development of Hypertension and Heart Failure in Hypertensive Mice by Marques FZ1, Nelson E2, Chu PY2, Horlock D2, Fiedler A2, Ziemann M2, Tan JK2, Kuruppu S2, Rajapakse NW2, El-Osta A2, Mackay CR2, Kaye DM1(PubMed)
(3) Individual and Combined Effects of Dietary Factors on Risk of Incident Hypertension: Prospective Analysis From the NutriNet-Santé Cohort by Lelong H1, Blacher J2, Baudry J1, Adriouch S1, Galan P1, Fezeu L1, Hercberg S1, Kesse-Guyot E1.(PubMed)(4) A high-fibre bean-rich diet versus a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity by Tonstad S1, Malik N, Haddad E.(PubMed)
(5) [Effect of grain-bean package, grain-bean package dietary fiber and single whole grain dietary fiber on dyslipidemia rats].[Article in Chinese] by Liu Y, Zhai C, Sun G, Zhang H, Jiang M, Zhang H, Guo J, Lan X.(PubMed)
(6) Evaluation of a high-fiber diet in hyperlipidemia: a review by Ullrich IH.(PubMed)(7) Effects of breakfast meal composition on second meal metabolic responses in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus by Clark CA, Gardiner J, McBurney MI, Anderson S, Weatherspoon LJ, Henry DN, Hord NG.(PubMed)
(8) Comparison of the effects of dried peas with those of potatoes in mixed meals on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes by Schäfer G, Schenk U, Ritzel U, Ramadori G, Leonhardt U.(PubMed)

Sunday 15 April 2018

Green Tea Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Induced 11 Health Benefits, 6 Interactions and 4 Crucial Side Effects

Green tea containing highest amount of antioxidants than any drink or food with the same volume, is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing and originated from China.

The leaves are precious drinks in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years.

Because of their health benefits, green tea is cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.

Epigallocatechin, including catechins, is a phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in green tea, St John wort, black Tea, carob flour, Fuji apples, etc.

A. Medical Benefits

1. Anti-Breast Cancer Activities
In the testing the hypothesis that administration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol present in abundance in widely consumed tea, and its inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis in breast cancer, found that treatment with combination of radiotherapy and EGCG feeding for 2-8 weeks to in vitro cultures of highly-metastatic human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells resulted in the following significant changes: (1) suppression of cell proliferation and invasion; (2) arrest of cell cycles at the G0/G1 phase; (3) reduction of activation of MMP9/MMP2, expressions of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Met receptor, NF-κB, and the phosphorylation of Akt. MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to 5-10 µM EGCG also showed significant augmentation of the apoptosis inducing effects of γ-radiation, concomitant with reduced NF-κB protein level and AKT phosphorylation, according to "Anti-Cancer Activities of Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Breast Cancer Patients under Radiotherapy" by Zhang G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wan X, Li J, Liu K, Wang F, Liu Q, Yang C, Yu P, Huang Y, Wang S, Jiang P, Qu Z, Luan J, Duan H, Zhang L, Hou A, Jin S, Hsieh TC (1)

2. Anti cancers
In the review and outline the wide range of mechanisms by which epigallocatechin gallate (ECGC) and other green and black tea polyphenols' inhibition of cancer cell found that EGCG reduced dihydrofolate reductase activity, which would affect nucleic acid and protein synthesis. It also acted as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor an-tagonist by directly binding the receptor's molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90. In conclusion, green and black tea polyphenols act at numerous points regulating cancer cell growth, survival, and metastasis, including effects at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels, according to "Mechanisms of cancer prevention by green and black tea polyphenols" by Beltz LA, Bayer DK, Moss AL, Simet IM.(2)

3. Anti-atherosclerotic effects
In the localization and target sites of tea catechins underlying their biological activity including anti-atherosclerotic activity, found that ECg could suppress the gene expression of a scavenger receptor CD36, a key molecule for foam cell formation, in macrophage cells. These results, for the first time, showed the target site of a tea component ECg in the aorta and might provide a mechanism for the anti-atherosclerotic actions of the catechins, according to "(-)-Epicatechin gallate accumulates in foamy macrophages in human atherosclerotic aorta: implication in the anti-atherosclerotic actions of tea catechins" by Kawai Y, Tanaka H, Murota K, Naito M, Terao J.(3)

4. Inflammatory effects
In the determination of the up-regulated expressions of IL-8 or PGE(2) in Streptococci or PAMP-stimulated HDPF were inhibited by catechins, (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In TLR2 ligand-stimulated HDPF, found that catechins might be useful therapeutically as an anti-inflammatory modulator of dental pulpal inflammation, according to "Tea catechins reduce inflammatory reactions via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in toll-like receptor 2 ligand-stimulated dental pulp cells" by Hirao K, Yumoto H, Nakanishi T, Mukai K, Takahashi K, Takegawa D, Matsuo T.(4)

5. Cardiovascular diseases
In the identification of green tea catechins and its lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, found that green tea catechins, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, interfere with the emulsification, digestion, and micellar solubilization of lipids, critical steps involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and other lipids. Based on the observations, it is likely that green tea or its catechins lower the absorption and tissue accumulation of other lipophilic organic compounds, according to "Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect" by Koo SI, Noh SK.(5)

6. Antiviral activities
In the observation of Catechin derivatives including (-)-epicatechin gallate(ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and green tea extract (GTE) and theirs inhibition of the activities of cloned human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT), duck hepatitis B virus replication complexes reverse transcriptase (DHBV RCs RT), herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase (HSV-1 DNAP) and cow thymus DNA polymerase alpha (CT DNAP alpha, found that GCG exerts a mixed inhibition with respect to external template inducer poly (rA).oligo (dT) 12-18 and a noncompetitive inhibition with respect to substrate dTTP for HIV-1 RT. Bovine serum albumin significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of catechin analogues and GTE on HIV-1 RT. In tissue culture GTE inhibited the cytopathic effect of coxsackie B3 virus, but did not inhibit the cytopathic effects of HSV-1, HSV-2, influenza A or influenza B viruses, according to "[The inhibitory effects of catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerases].[Article in Chinese]" by Tao P.(6)

7. Metabolic syndrome
In the investigation of Tea catechins, including the gallate esters of catechins, (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). in reducing serum cholesterol concentrations and suppressing postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia in experimental animals and humans, found that tea catechins and heat-treated tea catechins with the galloyl moiety improve lipid metabolism and contribute to the prevention of the metabolic syndrome, according to "Multifunctional effects of green tea catechins on prevention of the metabolic syndrome" by Ikeda I.(7)

8. Cognitive effects
in the examination of examined whether long-term administration of green tea catechins [Polyphenon E (PE): 63% of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 11% of epicatechin, 6% of (-)-epigallocatechin and 6% of (-)-epicatechin-gallate] prevents cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD, rats infused with Abeta1-40 into the cerebral ventricle, found that rats with preadministered PE had higher ferric-reducing antioxidation power of plasma as compared with the Vehicle group. Our results suggest that long-term administration of green tea catechins provides effective prophylactic benefits against Abeta-induced cognitive impairment by increasing antioxidative defenses, according to "Green tea catechins prevent cognitive deficits caused by Abeta1-40 in rats" by Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Hara Y, Shido O.(8)

9. Cholesterol
In the examination of the influence of green tea extract, epicatechin (EC), epicatechin galate (ECG) as well as epigallocatechin galate (EGCG) on oxidative modifications of LDL of human blood serum, found that Catechins and green tea abilities to protect lipophilic antioxidant--alpha-tocopherol against oxidation have been also examined. The results reveal that peroxidation of LDL is markedly prevented by green tea extract and in a slightly weaker way by catechins (EGCG in particular), which is manifested by a decrease in concentration of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, MDA, dityrosine and by an increase in tryptophan content, according to "The comparison of effect of catechins and green tea extract on oxidative modification of LDL in vitro" by Ostrowska J, Skrzydlewska E.(9)

10. Anti diabetes
In the observation of the effect of tea catechins (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC)) on markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and membrane -SH group) in erythrocytes from type 2 diabetics, found that tea catechins protect erythrocytes from t-BHP-induced oxidative stress, the effect being more pronounced in diabetic erythrocytes. The relative effectiveness of individual catechins are in the order of EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC. 7. We hypothesise that a higher intake of catechin-rich food by diabetic patients may provide some protection against the development of long-term complications of diabetes, according to "Protective role of tea catechins against oxidation-induced damage of type 2 diabetic erythrocytes" by Rizvi SI, Zaid MA, Anis R, Mishra N.(10)

11. Antioxidants
In the evaluation of the effects of the main polyphenolic components extracted from green tea leaves, i.e. (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallic acid (GA), against free radical initiated peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL), found that The antioxidative action of the green tea polyphenols includes trapping the initiating and/or propagating peroxyl radicals with the activity sequence EC>EGCG>ECG>EGC>GA for the AAPH initiated peroxidation, and reducing the alpha-tocopheroxyl radical to regenerate alpha-tocopherol with the activity sequence of ECG>EC>EGCG>EGC>GA and ECG>EGCG>GA>EC>EGC for the AAPH-initiated and BP-photosensitized peroxidations respectively, according to "Antioxidative effects of green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated and photosensitized peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein" by Liu Z, Ma LP, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL.(11).

B. Interactions
1. Oxidation
Risk of oxidation increased with air contact as humidity and temperature may enhanced EGCG degradation(12).

2. Optimized Extract Efficacy
In order to optimize the EGCG efficacy, intake the extract at least 30 min before breakfast and dinner(13).

3. Interaction with Hard Waters
Hard Waters containing elevated amounts of calcium, magnesium and other metals may affect the digestive absorption of EGCG(14).

4. Vitamin C
Intake EGCG with vitamin C may improve the extract bioavailability(15).

5. Omega 3 Fatty Acid
Intake EGCG with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may enhance the extract bioavailability(16)

6. Piperine
Intake EGCG with Piperine may increase the efficacy of the extract through enhancing digestive absorption(13).

C. Side Effects
1. Anxiety
Intake of EGG may increased risk of anxiety, therefore people who are taking the anxiolytic medicine should avoid to inject EGCG(17).

2. Hypoglycemic Effect
Intake of EGCG may lower blood sugar, therefore people with low blood glucose should avoid to drink green tea and intake of the extract(18).

3. Anemia
EGCG is an iron inhibitor, therefore people with iron deficiency anemia should avoid intake of EGCG(19).

4. Liver and Kidney Toxicity
Over dose of EGCG may induce toxicity to both liver and kidney(20)

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280355

(12) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21495730
(13) http://www.hunstein-egcg.de.
(14) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228463

(15) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161530/

(16) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096749/

(17) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16859659/

(18) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950602/

(19) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029010/

(20) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389263/

(21) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3189735/

Friday 13 April 2018

New: The Natural CD4+ T cells Inhibitor in Immunoregulatory Activity

Arnica may have a therapeutic effect in enhanced immune function, some scientists suggested.

The results of the analysis were conducted by numbers of respectable university, including the University Medical Center Freiburg, and published on several medical online literature.

Arnica is a herbaceous species, genus perennial, belongings to the family Asteraceae, antive to Europe and Asia, used in herbal medicine for centuries to treat strains, sprains, and bruises.
Wound healing is process of repairing after damage of skin, tissues, organs, etc.

The ingredients
Helenalin, chamissonolid, Sesquiterpene lactone, lignans of the furofuran, dibenzylbutyrolactone, dibenzylbutyrolactol types, pinoresinol, epipinoresinol, phillygenin, matairesinol, nortrachelogenin, and nortracheloside, six dibenzylbutyrolactol derivative.

In the investigation to compare Anise tinctures and sesquiterpene lactones (SL), the secondary plant metabolites isolated from of Arnica, anti-inflammatory effects in inhibited expression of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, researchers found that application of Arnica tinctures and SL potently suppressed NF-kappaB activation and IL-12 production in dendritic cells at high concentrations but has immunostimulatory effects at low concentrations.

The nuclear factor NF-κB pathway is considered as a prototypical proinflammatory signaling pathway and IL-12 is an immune response signaling pathway in response to antigenic stimulation.

Furthermore, in contrast to general belief, application of Arnica tinctures exerted a effect in suppressed contact hypersensitivity to sensitizer trinitrochlorobenzene and activation of dendritic cells.

These result indicated that herbal Anise inhibits induction of contact hypersensitivity through its anti-inflammatorily immunosuppressive effect via immune regulation.

In impairing protein and DNA synthesis, injection of helenalin also displayed a deregulated and unwanted T cell-mediated immuneresponses, through induced apoptosis in activated CD4+ T cells, by triggering the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.

CD4+ T cells expression is a displaying CD4 molecules on their surface induced by glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells in sending signals to T helper cells to initiate immune pro inflammatory response to the infectious site.

More precisely, helanalin deactivated production of CD4+ T cells through inhibition of proliferation by G2/M cell cycle arrest accompanied by the accumulation of cell cycle regulator proteins.

Further examination also found that helenalin injection enhanced function of p53 in inhibited CD4+ T cells cycle division through its ability as a tumor suppression as well as increased expression of reactive ogygen species in facilitated cytotoxicity.

Moreover, helenalin also de activated CD4+ T cells expression by suppressed nuclear translocation of NFATc2 with function in response to the activation of CD4+ T cells.

Dr. Berges C1, the lead author, at the end of the experiment said, "helenalin can be defined as a new immunosuppressive compound suited for the treatment of deregulated and unwanted T cell-mediated immune responses".

The evidences of the collection suggested that Arnica and its bioactive compound helenalin may be considered as functional herb in improved immune function. However, intake of Arnica extract and supplement should be taken with extreme care as toxicity was found in case of overdose.

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory mechanisms prevent contact hypersensitivity to Arnica montana L by Lass C1, Vocanson M, Wagner S, Schempp CM, Nicolas JF, Merfort I, Martin SF.(PubMed)
(2) Differential effects of Helenalin, an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone, on the proteome, metabolome and the oxidative stress response in several immune cell types by Zwicker P1, Schultze N1, Niehs S2, Albrecht D3, Methling K2, Wurster M2, Wachlin G3, Lalk M2, Lindequist U1, Haertel B4.(PubMed)
(3) Helenalin suppresses essential immune functions of activated CD4+ T cells by multiple mechanisms by Berges C1, Fuchs D, Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C.(PubMed)

Thursday 12 April 2018

Grape Seed Extract Induced 11 Health Benefits and 3 Critical Adverse-Effects, According to PubMed

Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belong to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey.
A. Quoted From The World Most Popular Herbs

Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), etc..The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.

A. Health Benefits
1. Ulcer
in the comparison of effects of Grape Seed Extract (GSE) and vitamins C and E on aspirin- and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and associated increases of lipid peroxidation in rats, found that GSE protected against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers more effectively than VC or VE, while its protection against aspirin ulcers was comparable for all treatments. GSE produced the greatest reductions of gastric MDA in both models, according to" Effects of grape seed extract, vitamin C, and vitamin e on ethanol- and aspirin-induced ulcers" by Cuevas VM, Calzado YR, Guerra YP, Yera AO, Despaigne SJ, Ferreiro RM, Quintana DC.(1)

2. Pulmonary fibrosis
in assessment of grape seed extract (GSE) or vitamin E (Vit E) as antioxidants in effecting oxidative stress implication in the pathogenesis of silica-induced lung fibrosis indicated that according to the results of this study GSE could reduce the fibrogenic effect of silica. However; no synergistic effect was observed after co-administration of GSE and Vit E, according to "A comparative study of grape seed extract and vitamin E effects on silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats" by Hemmati AA, Nazari Z, Samei M.(2)

3. Liver protective effect
In the observation of the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), a widely used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, and its liver protective effect found that GSE was supplemented, no significant changes in blood count parameters were noted. It appears that GSE protects the rat liver and inhibits methotrexate-induced oxidative stress. These data indicate that GSE may be of therapeutic benefit when used with MTX, according to "Role of grape seed extract on methotrexate induced oxidative stress in rat liver" by Cetin A, Kaynar L, Kocyigit I, Hacioglu SK, Saraymen R, Ozturk A, Sari I, Sagdic O.(3)

4. Antioxidant Activity
in the assessment of phenolic content, antioxidant activity of White and red wines spiked with green tea extract and grape seed extract found that the green tea extract and grape seed extract increased antioxidant activity dose-dependently and the CRTs varied considerably between the Korean and Australian groups, with Koreans preferring wines spiked with green tea extract and Australians showing a preference for wines spiked with grape seed extract, according to "Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Cross-Cultural Consumer Rejection Threshold in White and Red Wines Functionally Enhanced with Catechin-Rich" by Yoo YJ, Saliba A, Prenzler PD, Ryan DM.(4)

5. Skin Photoprotection
In the study of polyphenols distributed in plant foods, such as, fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers, bark and seeds, etc., found that the selected polyphenols include: green tea polyphenols, pomegranate fruit extract, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, genistein and delphinidin. The new information on the mechanisms of action of these polyphenols supports their potential use in skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis in humans, according to "Polyphenols: Skin Photoprotection and Inhibition of Photocarcinogenesis" by Afaq F, Katiyar SK.(5)

6. Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries
In the evaluation of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) protects against renal I/R injury found that GSPE significantly reduced increases in urea, creatinine and cystatin C; increased kidney superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione peroxidase levels and reduced malondialdehyde levels. GSPE reduced histological renal damage and nuclear factor-κB activity. These results suggest that GSPE reduces renal dysfunction and injury caused by renal I/R, according to "Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Reduces Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries in Rats" by Wei R, Ding R, Wang Y, Tang L.(6)

7. Anticancers
a. In the reviews of Grapes and grape-based products as one such class of dietary products and its cancer chemopreventive potential, indicated that Overall, completed studies from various scientific groups conclude that both grapes and grape-based products are excellent sources of various anticancer agents and their regular consumption should thus be beneficial to the general population, according to "Anticancer and cancerchemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grape-based products" by Kaur M, Agarwal C, Agarwal R.(7a)

b. In the study of the biological and chemopreventive activities of grapeseed polyphenols and its inhibition of either initiation or promotion/progression stages of carcinogenesis found that suggest that the chemopreventive activity of polyphenols extracted from seedless grapecultivars was as effective as that of the seeded variety and these may have beneficial effects in disease states, especially cancer, according to "Antitumor-promoting effects of polyphenolic extracts from seedless and seeded Indian grapes" by Ramchandani AG, Karibasappa GS, Pakhale SS.(7b)

8. Colon Cancer
In the investigation of polyphenols of grape waste and its protection against human diseases related to oxidative stress, such as colorectal cancer, found that the grape extract has a significant antiproliferative effect in a tumor cell line. These data indicate that grape extract is a promising product to be used as an anti-free radical agent and could exert a chemopreventive action, according to "Grape waste extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction contains bioactive antioxidant molecules and induces antiproliferative effects in human colon adenocarcinoma cells" byLazzè MC, Pizzala R, Gutiérrez Pecharromán FJ, Gatòn Garnica P, Antolín Rodríguez JM, Fabris N, Bianchi L.(8)

9. Prostate cancer
In the analyzing the bioflavonoids from Grape seed extract (GSE) and theirs effect on prostate cancer (PCA) found that that GSE possibly causes mitochondrial damage leading to cytochrome c release in cytosol and activation of caspases resulting in PARP cleavage and execution of apoptotic death of human PCA DU145 cells. Furthermore, GSE-caused caspase 3-mediated apoptosis also involves other pathway(s) including caspase 9 activation, according to "Grape seed extract induces apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells via caspases activation accompanied by dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release" by Agarwal C, Singh RP, Agarwal R.(9)

10. Atherosclerosis
in the association of consumption of red wine and other polyphenolic compounds and prevention of cardiovascular diseases found that aortic atherosclerosis evaluated as the cholesterol content in aortic tissue was comparable in the control and GSE-dosed females, but it was significantly reduced in the abdominal part of GSE-dosed male compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding GSE extract to Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet, according to "Effects of red grape skinand seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits" by Frederiksen H, Mortensen A, Schrøder M, Frandsen H, Bysted A, Knuthsen P, Rasmussen SE.(10)

11. Arthritis (CIA)
in the examination of whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice found that GSPE dose-dependently suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro. GSPE significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide production by anti-CD3-monoclonal-antibody-stimulated CD4+ splenocytes. These results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of GSPE attenuated CIA in mice. GSPE may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, according to "Grapeseed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) attenuates collagen-induced arthritis" by Cho ML, Heo YJ, Park MK, Oh HJ, Park JS, Woo YJ, Ju JH, Park SH, Kim HY, Min JK.(11).

B. Side Effects

1. Digestive discomforts, such as recurrent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and acute weakness(12)

2. Grape seed extract may induce a decrease in the concentrations of plasma copper, iron and zinc(13)

3. Intake of the extract may cause imbalance of intestinal microflora and interference with gut morphology(14)

(12) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25688637

(13) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031407

(14) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325227