Herbal Therapy: Green Tea and its Bioactive Polyphenols in Attenuated Early Onset, Progression and Treatment of Osteoporosis

Kyle J. Norton 

Green tea may have a therapeutic and positive effect in reduced onset. progression and treatment of osteoporosis, some scientists suggested.

Green tea is a precious drink processes numbers of health benefit known to almost everyone in Asia and Western world.

Osteoporosis is a chronic condition characterized by progression in reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue and considered as a major health problem in both elderly men and women.

In the study to evluate the effects of ingestion of green tea and green tea bioactive compounds in mitigating bone loss and risk of osteoporotic fractures in both elderly women and men, researchers found that application of green tea and its bioactive compounds exert significant activities in reduced onset of osteoporosis, through its antioxidants and its initiation of the production of natural antioxidant in the body such as glutathione and enzymes (e.g., catalase and superoxide dismutase) in inhibited the levels of ROS in facilitated the chain reaction.

Truly, the over expression of free radicals has been associated to the change in balance between activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, leading to osteoclasts in destroyed the calcified tissue and induced bone remodeling.

These results demonstrated a significant decrease of risk of fracture by improving bone mineral density and preventing free radicals in damage the bone-forming osteoblasts while suppressing osteoclastic activities.

Moreover, in the review of the effect of green tea and its bioactive components on bone health, researchers indicated that ingestion of green and its bioactive compound display an impressive osteo-protective impact on bone mass and microarchitecture in various bone loss models associated to aging, sex hormone deficiency, and chronic inflammation.

The implication of reduced onset and progression of osteoporosis in aging population due to sex hormone deficiency of the study may be attributed to green tea and its bioactive compound in increased the levels of osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, decreased serum of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a bone resorption marker and improved the body in absorption of calcium.

In fact, the serum of serum levels of osteocalcin (OC) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) are considered as an effective measurement in the rate of bone turn over in patients with osteoporosis.

Interestingly, application of green tea and its bioactive compound also found to modulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, through inhibited the production of C-reactive protein (CRP) production in the liver in demonstrated of inflammation by reduced levels of interleukin-1 and 6(IL-1-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), the sensitive markers of systemic inflammation.

These differentiation were supported by the study in evaluation of the efficacy of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) at mitigating bone loss and microstructure deterioration along with related mechanisms in 40 androgen-deficient aged male rats, a model of male osteoporosis, randomly assigned to received A 2 (sham vs. orchidectomy) × 2 (no GTP and 0.5% GTP in drinking water) for 16 weeks.

At the end of experiment, researchers found that rats treated with GTP demonstrate an increased serum osteocalcin concentrations, bone mineral density, and trabecular volume, number, and strength of femur; increased trabecular volume and thickness and bone formation in both the proximal tibia and periosteal tibial shaft; decreased eroded surface in the proximal tibia and endocortical tibial shaft; and increased liver glutathione peroxidase activity.

These results indicated a strong implication of green tea polyphenols in decreased cortical and trabecular bone loss and increased both bone density by stimulated over expression of bone formation and reduced bone resorption via antioxidant capacity.
 

Taken together, green tea and its bioactive polyphenols may be considered as a function food in ameliorated early onset, progression and combined with standard medicine for treatment of osteoporosis. However, intake of green tea supplement should be taken with extreme care due to recent reports of acute liver toxicity. 

For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA For Women 

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic 
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half  

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Green tea and bone metabolism by Shen CL1, Yeh JK, Cao JJ, Wang JS.(PubMed)

(2) Green tea and bone health: Evidence from laboratory studies by Shen CL1, Yeh JK, Cao JJ, Chyu MC, Wang JS.(PubMed)

(3) Supplementation with green tea polyphenols improves bone microstructure and quality in aged, orchidectomized rats by Shen CL1, Cao JJ, Dagda RY, Tenner TE Jr, Chyu MC, Yeh JK.(PubMed)

The Top 8 Essential Foods for Reducing Prostate Cancer Risk

Kyle J. Norton
(The revision of old article)
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population. Evidences emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time in history accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades.

Prostate cancer is a medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the prostate tissue. At the later state, the cancerous cells may travel a distance away from the original site to infect other healthy tissue or organ.

Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.

The top 8 foods for reducing prostate cancer risk
1. Flaxseed
Flax seed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad.
Enterolactone and enterodiol, mammalian lignans derived from dietary flaxseed may obstruct or delay the progressed prostate cancer cell proliferation via vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-associated pathways(76) and diet supplemented with 5% flaxseed inhibited the growth and development of prostate cancer in the TRAMP model(77) and lowered prostate cancer proliferation rates associated with biological alterations(78).

2. Vegetable oil
Vegetables oil is a triglyceride extracted from egetables.
Increased levels of MUFA-rich vegetable oil((including olive oil, canola or peanut oil)) intake were associated with a progressive reduction in prostate cancer risk(79). Hydrogenated soybean oil (SHSO) showed remarkably strong anticarcinogenic activity against prostate cancer in the rat model and 5% dietary supplementation with SHSO inhibited the growth of prostate cancer by 80% in vivo(80).

3. Honey
The rich golden liquid is the miraculous product made by bees using nectar from flowers. the liquids are considered as one of healthy sweet food for replacing the use of white sugar and artificial sweetener by many people.
Chrysin, a natural flavone commonly found in honey, and honey itself showed to exert its antiproliferative effect on PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner(81)

4. Chickpea
Garbanzo beans also known as chickpea is an edible legume of genus Cicer and the family Fabaceae, with  high sources of protein and mineral, native to Middle East.
7 protease inhibitor concentrates (PICs) isolated from chickpea showed a significant inhibition the LNCaP prostate cancer cells in concentrations tested of 25-400 μg/ml(82).

5. Olive oil
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), was found to significantly affect the growth of HCT 116 tumours xenografted in athymic mice(83) and polyphenols, found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) exerted chemopreventive effects towards different organ specific cancers, affecting the overall process of carcinogenesis by inhibition of DNA synthesis, modulation of ROS production, regulation of cell cycle arrest, modulation of survival/proliferation pathways(84).

Moreover, polyphenols application can directly interact with specific steps and/or proteins regulating the apoptotic process in different ways depending on their concentration, the cell system, the type or stage of the pathological process(85).

6. Black pepper
Black pepper, is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, used as a spice and seasoning
Piperine, a major alkaloid constituent of black pepper, inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP, PC-3, 22RV1 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells in a dose dependent manner and induced apoptosis resulted in caspase activation in LNCaP and PC-3 cells(86) and β-caryophyllene oxide (CPO), a sesquiterpene isolated from essential oil of black pepper(Piper nigrum L.) not only inhibited the constitutive activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 (anti-apoptosis and increased cell proliferation and nutrient–hormonal signaling network) pathway signaling cascade but also down-regulated the expression of various downstream gene products that mediate cell proliferation (cyclin D1), survival (bcl-2, bcl-xL, survivin, IAP-1, and IAP-2), metastasis (COX-2), angiogenesis (VEGF), and increased the expression of p53 and p21(87).

7. Green tea
Green tea containing more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or foods with the same volume, is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China.
Green tea catechins (GTCs), a potent chemical constituent containing (-)-epigallocathechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, in treatment of preprostate cancer men reduced lower urinary tract symptoms, improved coexistent benign prostatehyperplasia and reached a statistical significance in the case of International Prostate Symptom Scores(88).

In green tea polyphenols study, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exerted its anti cancer effect on signaling pathways in PCa(89).

 Also combination of quercetin and green tea, showed a significant increase in the inhibition of proliferation, androgen receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling(tumor genesis in early stage), and stimulation of apoptosis(90).

In short, Green tea, a potent anti prostate cancer with activities of heritable alterations of gene expression and chromatin organization without changes in DNA sequence induced multistep processes of carcinogenesis(91) may be considered as a natural treatment in vary types of cancer.

8. Fermented soybean products
Fermented soybean products are made from fermenting soybeans and filamentous fungus, along with water and salt after a period of sometimes.
In the Japan, incidence of prostate caner in aging men are low compared with the Western world, suggestion of these result may be tradition Japanese diet related.
In fact, Traditional Japanese diet rich in soybean products and fish against prostate cancer(92).

 In China, suggestions of reduced risk of prostate cancer are associated with consumption of soy foods and isoflavones found abundantly in fermented soybean products(93). Unfortunately, the epidemiological data, linking ferment soybean products to reduced risk of prostate cancer are inconsistent including miso.

The prevalence and widespread of prostate cancer may be diet, demographic and life style related disease(94)(95)(96). Suggestions and intentions are for prevention of prostate cancer to develop in the first place or used conjunction with conventional medicine in treating the disease.

 Eating healthy, with plenty of vegetables and fruits has always been considered as a preventive engagement in human history. "Let foods be your medicine and let medicine be your foods" by Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC).


For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA BURN


Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(76) Flaxseed-derived enterolactone is inversely associated with tumor cell proliferation in men with localized prostate cancer by Azrad M, Vollmer RT, Madden J, Dewhirst M, Polascik TJ, Snyder DC, Ruffin MT, Moul JW, Brenner DE, Demark-Wahnefried W.(PubMed)
(77) Effect of flaxseed supplementation on prostatic carcinoma in transgenic mice BY Lin X, Gingrich JR, Bao W, Li J, Haroon ZA, Demark-Wahnefried W.(PubMed)
(78) Flaxseed supplementation (not dietary fat restriction) reduces prostate cancer proliferation rates in men presurgery by Demark-Wahnefried W, Polascik TJ, George SL, Switzer BR, Madden JF, Ruffin MT 4th, Snyder DC, Owzar K, Hars V, Albala DM, Walther PJ, Robertson CN, Moul JW, Dunn BK, Brenner D, Minasian L, Stella P, Vollmer RT.(PubMed)
(79) Men who consume vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fat: their dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer (New Zealand) by Norrish AE, Jackson RT, Sharpe SJ, Skeaff CM.(PubMed)
(80) Selectively hydrogenated soybean oil exerts strong anti-prostate cancer activities by Jung MY, Choi NJ, Oh CH, Shin HK, Yoon SH.(PubMed)
(81) Chrysin reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in the human prostate cancer cell line pc-3 by Samarghandian S, Afshari JT, Davoodi S.(PubMed)
(82)Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and other plant-derived protease inhibitor concentrates inhibit breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro. by Magee PJ, Owusu-Apenten R, McCann MJ, Gill CI, Rowland IR.(PubMed)
(83) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of extra virgin olive oil by Fezai M, Senovilla L, Jemaà M, Ben-Attia M(PubMed).
(84) Modulatory effects of polyphenols on apoptosis induction: relevance for cancer prevention by D'Archivio M, Santangelo C, Scazzocchio B, Varì R, Filesi C, Masella R, Giovannini C.(PubMed)
(85) Apoptosis in cancer and atherosclerosis: polyphenol activities by Giovannini C, Scazzocchio B, Varì R, Santangelo C, D'Archivio M, Masella R.(PubMed)
(86) Piperine, a Bioactive Component of Pepper Spice Exerts Therapeutic Effects on Androgen Dependent and Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer Cells by Samykutty A, Shetty AV, Dakshinamoorthy G, Bartik MM, Johnson GL, Webb B, Zheng G, Chen A, Kalyanasundaram R, Munirathinam G.(PubMed)
(87) β-Caryophyllene oxide inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through the suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 pathways and ROS-mediated MAPKs activation by Park KR, Nam D, Yun HM, Lee SG, Jang HJ, Sethi G, Cho SK, Ahn KS.(PubMed)
(88) Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study by Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G, Corti A.(PubMed)
(89) Modulation of signaling pathways in prostate cancer by green teapolyphenols by Khan N, Mukhtar H.(PubMed)
(90)Enhanced inhibition of prostate cancer xenograft tumor growth by combining quercetin and green tea by Wang P, Vadgama JV, Said JW, Magyar CE, Doan N, Heber D, Henning SM.(PubMed)
(91) Epigenetic effects of green tea polyphenols in cancer by Henning SM, Wang P, Carpenter CL, Heber D.(PubMed)
(92) A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet by Sonoda T, Nagata Y, Mori M, Miyanaga N, Takashima N, Okumura K, Goto K, Naito S, Fujimoto K, Hirao Y, Takahashi A, Tsukamoto T, Fujioka T, Akaza H.(PubMed)
(93) Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in China by Lee MM, Gomez SL, Chang JS, Wey M, Wang RT, Hsing AW.(PubMed)
(94) Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data by Messina MJ, Persky V, Setchell KD, Barnes S.(PubMed)
(94) Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Kenfield SA, Dupre N, Richman EL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci EL.(PubMed)
(95) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate canceramong men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii by Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN.(PubMed)
(96) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) by Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL, Sidney S.(PubMed)

Herbal Therapy: Green Tea and Its Bioactive Polyphenols EGCG in Reduced Risk and Treatment of Hepatitis C

Kyle J. Norton 

Green tea may have a therapeutic and positive effect in reduced risk and treatment of hepatitis C, some scientists suggested.

Green tea is a precious drink processes numbers of health benefit known to almost everyone in Asia and Western world. However, as yin in nature herbal medicine or food, long term injection of large amounts may obstruct the balance of yin-yang, induced "yin excessive syndrome" or "yang vacuity syndrome" including weaken immunity and painful case of GERD,... according to traditional Chinese medicine's Yin-Yang theory.

Hepatitis C is medical condition induced by contaminated food intake containing hepatitis C virus (HCV).  Hepatitis C has been found to associate with sever liver damage.

According to statistic, approximately 130–150 million people around the world are living with chronic HCV.

Green tea bioactive polyphenols Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in reduced risk and treatment of hepatitis was found to associate numbers of implications through various aspects.

In Huh7.5.1 cells, a HCV cell culture (HCVcc) system using a JFH1-GFP chimeric virus, application of green tea EGCG with 50 % effective concentration (EC(50)) of 17.9 μM demonstrated a strong effect in interrupted HCV progression through monitoring HCV RNA and protein levels in Huh7.5.1 cells infected with the JFH1 virus by preventing the mRNA in transferring infectious cell transcription in facilitated cell proliferation and division.

Importantly, injection of green tea at dose of 50 and 25 μM EGCG, expressed a significant inhibition of the presence of HCV after 2 and 5 passages in HCV cell culture (HCVcc) experiment, using an American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference strain, with little affect to the viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in initiated substitution of RNA sequences for viral protein synthesis in shutting off classic host translation to evade host immune response.

Notably, in comparison of effect of green tea with potent anti-HCV activity
medicine, cyclosporin A and tamoxifen, researchers indicated that application of green tea showed a strong anti HCV viral activity, similarly to those of anti hepatitis medicine through its antioxidant expression of flavonoids epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and 7,8-benzoflavone (α-naphthoflavone), observed in HCV cell culture (HCVcc) by blocking the entry point of the virus in initiated infection to host cells and stimulating the viral cell cycle arrest at the late stage of HCV life cycle, respectively

Interestingly, some researchers in the evaluation of green tea polyphenols (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in hepatitis C infection suggested that EGCG processed anti viral expression through interrupting the cross link between HCV life cycle involving steps of entry, replication.

Injection of a concentration of 50 μM of EGCG was found to inhibit HCV infectivity by more than 90% at an early step of the viral life cycle.

In deed, the interrupted property in blocking the HCV entry cycle to induce infection to the host cell was confirmed with HCV pseudoparticles, a experiment model system in expression of cellular attachment which is the essential component of the HCV entry process.

Moreover, green tea EGCG also prevented attachment of of the virus to the cell surface in ameliorated HCV infection to the host cell without effecting viral replication and virion secretion outside of the host.

Taken together, green tea and its bioactive polyphenols EGCG may be considered as a functional food in reduced risk and combined with other standard medicine for treatment of hepatitis C virus in induction of acute and chronic liver diseases.

For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA BURN

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic 
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half  

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a new inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry by Calland N1, Albecka A, Belouzard S, Wychowski C, Duverlie G, Descamps V, Hober D, Dubuisson J, Rouillé Y, Séron K.(PubMed)
(2) (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the replication cycle of hepatitis C virus by Chen C1, Qiu H, Gong J, Liu Q, Xiao H, Chen XW, Sun BL, Yang RG.(PubMed)
(3) A cell-based, microplate colorimetric screen identifies 7,8-benzoflavone and green tea gallate catechins as inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus by Fukazawa H1, Suzuki T, Wakita T, Murakami Y.(PubMed)

Herbal Therapy: Anise, The Hepatoprotective Effects Functional Herb

Kyle J. Norton 

Anise may have a potential and substantial protective effect in preventd liver damage and diseases, some scientists suggested.

Anise is a flowering plant ofthe species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, ....

Chemical comstituents
Anethole, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.

Liver disease is medical condition characterized by damage or injure of the liver tissues, affecting 1 in 4 Canadians, according to statistic. The disease can also be inherited genetically from the parent.
In the evaluation of the liver protective effect of Anise in the mice induced liver toxicity by injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), researchers found that Anise application significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species in the liver tissue in initiated a chain reaction to induced tissue damage through its antioxidants activities, observed by oxidative stress markers.

The hetapoprotective effects of Anise not only protected against liver necrosis but also correlated with elevated serum IL-6 cytokine in response to infections and tissue injuries and in contributed to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase infection without inducing inflammation and activated hepatic STAT3 in faciliated lipid perioxidation.

Administered Anise also reduced oxidative stress in expression of several oxidative markers including liver Malondialdehyde (MDA), serum Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels through increased levels of hepatic antioxidants such as SOD and catalase in compared to non treated group.

Additionally, in the study of a total 36 Sprague-Dawley rats allocated into five groups with group I, II, and III received isotonic saline solution, olive oil and CCl4, repestively and group IV received both Silibinin and CCl4 and  group V with injection of  Anise seed extract (PFO) and CCl4, researchers at the end study found that rats treated with CCL4 exhibited a significant liver damage through observation of levels of makers of liver AST and ALT.

Rats treated with Anise seed extract (PFO) revealed a lower of serum AST and ALT levels in compared to those in the CCl4 group, although this was not as low as those in the silibinin group.

Moreover application of concentrations (1-1000 µg/ml) of essential oil and hydroalcoholic and n-hexane extracts isolated from Pimpinella anisum (anise), 1 h before the addition of 100 mM of CCl4, researchers indicated that liver cytotoxicity induced by injection of CCL4 was significant decreased by antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract with concentrations of 10-50 µg/ml.

However, administration of anise extracts and essential oil was found supprisingly in induced liver toxic effect with concentrations over 50 mµ/ml.

This result suggested that Pimpinella anisum. exhibited hepatoprotective effect against foreign substance in precipitated liver damage in doses dependent manner.

In other words, over doses of essential oil and hydroalcoholic and n-hexane extracts isolated from Anise can cause acute liver toxicity.

Taking altogether, Anise with abundant phytochemicals may be considered as a functional herb for reduced risk and assisted standard therapy for treatment of liver diseases, depending to further evaluation.

For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA FOR WOMEN

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic 
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half  

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) An in vivo and in vitro investigation on hepatoprotective effects of Pimpinellaanisum seed essential oil and extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity by Jamshidzadeh A1, Heidari R2, Razmjou M3, Karimi F3, Moein MR4, Farshad O5, Akbarizadeh AR6, Shayesteh MR3(PubMed)
(2) Hepatoprotective Effects of Pimpinella anisum Seed Extract in Rats Nureddin Cengiza Hanefi Özbekb, Aydın Himc(Pharmacologyonline 3: 870-874 (2008))
(3) Hepatoprotective effect of pimpinella anisum seed essential oil and extracts against CCl4 induced toxicity on HepG2 cellsby Akram Jamshidzadeh, Mahmoodreza Moein, Amin Reza Akbarizadeh, Niloufar Tahghighi Ahmadi(Research gate)

Alternative Therapy: Yoga in Improved Psychological and Physical Symptoms and Treatment of Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Kyle J. Norton

Yoga may have a positive and profound effect in reduced expression of psychological and physical symptoms and treatment of  chronic respiratory diseases, some scientists postulated.

Chronic respiratory diseases are the medical conditions related to abnormal function of the airways and other parts of the lung.

Yoga, the ancient practical technique  for harmonized external and internal body well being, through breath control, meditation, bodily movement and gesture..... has been well known for people in Western world and some parts in Asia due to health benefits reported by various respectable institutes' research and supported by health advocates.

In a study of patients attending lung transplant clinics in a tertiary institution invited to participate in a two-phase, 12-week IYP that included 2 h biweekly classes to assess the effects of an Iyengar yoga program (IYP) on symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases, researchers found that
*Yoga participants showed a significant improvement of HADS anxiety and CRQ fatigue scores
*The health utility index (HUI) ambulation, pain, emotion and overall score were also reduced during the course of yoga treatment
*Finally, Yoga participants demonstrated a strong improvement in breathing capacity and increased tidal volume with slowing expiration, mobility, energy, sleep.

In other word, yoga therapy not only improved the psychological related health quality but also reduced physical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases.

Indeed, yoga mindfulness reduced stress implications in patients with chronic respiratory diseases through slow breathing and meditation inducing relaxation of the central nervous system and bring back the connection of the body and mind in reaction to the unpleasant events by letting them go or dealing the profound and positive, leading to
* reduced production of stress hormone in stimulation of nervous tension, in improving patients
physical symptoms such as sleeping(fatigue), thus increasing energy, physical activities, reducing pain caused by over expression nerve cells and over constriction of airways and inhibiting the psychological symptoms of emotion in expression of depression, anxiety and irritation.
* improved blood circulation to the lung organ in facilitation of bringing more oxygen to the body
* enhanced the relaxation of lung muscles, including the airway muscles and blood vessels in expansion of lung capacity in all aspects.

Most importantly, by bring back the presence and the natural state of human well beings consciousness, increased awareness of patients in doing something to improve their disability such as spending more times to some forms of exercise such as yoga.

These results may have a strong impact in improved quality of life of tested patients.

In support to the above differentiation, a systematic review of the effectiveness of yoga on exercise capacity, health related quality of life (HRQL), and psychological well-being for individuals with chronic disease such as Heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of the 10 studies(431 individuals, mean age 56±8 y) satisfied the criteria and guideline selected, suggested that
*Yoga intervention significant improve standardized mean by 2.69 in exercise capacity was 2.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-3.99) and HRQL by 1.24, respectively
8 The effects of yoga on symptoms of depression varied across studies, depending to types of chronic diseases.

After adjusting to the co founders, researchers suggested that yoga therapy may be useful adjunct to formal rehabilitation programs. through its effect in significant improvements in exercise capacity and a mean improvement in HRQL.

And, in the study to determine whether breathing retraining in children with dysfunctional breathing has beneficial effects as measured by quality of life indices including children up to the age of 18 years with a clinical diagnosis of dysfunctional breathing and children with a primary diagnosis of asthma with the intention of undertaking a subgroup analysis, researchers after excluding other co founders suggested that breathing exercises, including yoga may be used to treat dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome, but a well-designed clinical trials in this area. are urgently necessary.

Truly, by strengthening the lung function in increased lung capacity and lung muscles, blood vessels and airways relaxation, yoga may have a strong effect in treating dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome.

Taken together, yoga may be considered as an integrated form of exercise in improved both psychological and physical symptoms of patient with chronic respiratory diseases.

For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA BURN

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic 
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half  

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
tion
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) An assessment of the effects of Iyengar yoga practice on the health-related quality of life of patients with chronic respiratory diseases: a pilot study by Santana MJ1, S-Parrilla J, Mirus J, Loadman M, Lien DC, Feeny D.(PubMed)
(2) Yoga in the Management of Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Desveaux L1, Lee A, Goldstein R, Brooks D.(PubMed)
(3) Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children by Barker NJ1, Jones M, O'Connell NE, Everard ML.(PubMed)

Herbal Therapy: Herbal Anise In Anti Muscle and Blood Vessel Constriction and Spasmodic Related Diseases

Kyle J. Norton 

Anise may have potential and substantial relaxant effects in reduced over expression of vessel and muscle constrictions in precipitation of related diseases, some scientists suggested.

Anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, ....

Chemical comstituents
Anethole, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.

According to the evaluation of Anise 3 hidroalcoholic extracts claimed to have a substantial effect in tracheal and ileal smooth muscles in 3 different concentration of doses at 40% (HA(40%)), 60% (HA(60%)) or 80% (HA(80%)) researchers found that application of all extracts at half maximum effect ,50 microg/mL EC(50) inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction. However, the extract HA(60%) at 5-50 microg/mL(EC(5-50)) concentration dependently relaxed acetylcholine-pre-contracted tissues and HA(40%) and HA(80%) did not exert relaxant action in any volume out of indicated range.

Injection of muscle constriction substances such as N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 3 microM) and oxyhemoglobin (10 microM) were also inhibited by HA(60%) in doses concentration dependent manner through the influence of muscle relaxation.

Further more, in additional treatment of nitric oxide synthase(L-NAME) in induced production of vascular smooth muscle cells and enhanced the maximal contraction induced by acetylcholine, administration of HA(60%) expressed a strong activity in modulated NO contractile response, stimulated by primary transmitter released by inhibitory nerves through cyclic GMP-dependent which is found to have a implication in the regulation of smooth muscle relaxation and other independent mechanisms

Further observation  also indicated that injection of HA 60% showed an insignificant effect in calcium chloride(CaCl(2))-induced muscle contraction.

Dr. Tirapelli CR, the lead author at the Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. said, "The relaxant action displayed by Pimpinella anisum justifies its use in the folk medicine as an antispasmodic agent".

In isolated tracheal chains of the guinea pig induced by 10 microM methacholine in non-incubated tissues (group 1) and incubated tissues with 1 microM propranolol and 1 microM chlorpheniramine (group 2), to investigate the relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum aqueous and ethanol extracts and essential oil, researchers showed that injections Anise aqueous and ethanol extracts, essential oil and theophylline, a conventional medicine used to relaxed relaxing bronchial smooth muscle in COPD and asthma patients display a substantial activity in exhibited relaxant effects in compared to those of controls.

There were no significant difference of both Pimpinella anisum aqueous and ethanol extracts in promoted muscle relaxation but lower efficacy in compared to those of theophylline.

Moreover, the applications of essential oil and 10 nM atropine, a muscle relaxant medicine, used as nerve anticholinergic agent, blocked the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system in responsible for the involuntary movement of smooth muscles and reduced the muscle contraction caused by methacholine, a substance used to tighten the lung muscle and air way for test of asthma. These results indicated a potential activity of bronchodilatory and anticholinergic effects of essential oil, aqueous, and ethanol extracts from Anise.

Truly, researchers also found that application of any dose either expressed an insignificant effect in inhibited histamine (H(1)) expressed in smooth muscles, on vascular endothelial cells, in the heart, and in the central nervous system or stimulated beta(2)-adrenergic receptor in binding to epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter in increased blood flow to muscles, in initiated smooth muscle relaxation.

Dr. Boskabady MH, after taking into account of other co founders, said, "showed that the relaxant effect of this plant is not due to an inhibitory effect of histamine (H(1)) or stimulatory effect of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, but due to inhibitory effects on muscarinic receptors".

Taken together, both Anise aqueous and ethanol extracts and essential oil may be used as adjunct herbal medicine in reduced risk of diseases associated to spasmodic muscle contraction in induction of muscle cramp accompanied by a sudden burst of pain caused by abnormal nerve stimulation or by abnormal activity of the muscles and vessels.

For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA FOR WOMEN

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic 
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half  

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Antispasmodic and relaxant effects of the hidroalcoholic extract of Pimpinellaanisum (Apiaceae) on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle by Tirapelli CR1, de Andrade CR, Cassano AO, De Souza FA, Ambrosio SR, da Costa FB, de Oliveira AM.(PubMed)
(2) Relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s) by Boskabady MH1, Ramazani-Assari M.(PubMed)

Eggplants: The NightShade Vegetable in Cancer Risks

Kyle J. Norton

Eggplant is a species of S. Melongena with deeply purple color, belongings to the family Solanaceae and native to India, cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Pantothenic acid (B5)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12. Vitamin C
13. Tryptophan
14. Manganese
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron
18. Magnesium
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Etc.

Chemical constituents
The vegetable chemical compounds containing include sterols (i.e. typical plant sterols, androstane, pregnane and cholestane derivatives, steroidal alkaloids and sapogenins), phytosterols, triterpenes, δ-amyrin, Chlorogenic acid, Nasunin and other Polyphenolic compounds.

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by cell growth irregularly and disorderly in the tissue and organs. At the late stage, the cells may spread a distance away to infect other healthy tissue and organs.

Accordingly to statistic, 30% of all deaths in Canada are resulted from cancer.

Epidemiological studies suggested that eggplant have a profound and sustainable effect in reduced risk and treatment of various types of cancer through its bioactive phytochemicals, including t glycoalkaloids for antiproliferative activities against human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells(1); delphinidin, a flavonoid pigment contained in the peel of eggplant in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cell(2).

1. Colon Cancer

Conon cancer is medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the issues of colon At the later stage, the cancerous cell may invade other healthy tissues and organs a distance away drom the original site.

According to statistic, approximately 4.3 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer at some points during their lifetime.

In human colon (HT29), observed microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, application of several chemical constituents isolated from eggplant(2)(5), including glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine and their common aglycon solasodine; and the nonsteroidal alkaloid jervine, demonstrated a overwhelming effect in inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation(3), particularly in the compound glycoalkaloids in compared to others in dose-dependent manner.

Further analysis also suggested that the nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites glycoalkaloids anti colon cancer cells expression was attributed to its derivative α-solamargine and α-solasonine activities(3) in inhibited the growth of the cells in culture (in vitro) and tumor growth in vivo.

Additionally, in HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines, anthocyanins isolated from eggplant displayed a substantial antioxidant effect in inhibited reactive oxygen species(ROS) expression(4) in induction of healthy cellular DNA damage through increased production of inflammatory cytokines(4).

In compared to anthocyanins, administration of nasunin with glycosylation on C3 and C5 and an acyl group (p-coumaric acid) derivatives demonstrated the least effect on ROS reduction but exhibited ROS over expression in induction of cytotoxicity in colon cell lines(4), thus ameliorating tumor proliferation and site expansion.

Nasunin and its deacylated derivatives protected healthy cells from DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner(4), although with lesser anti ROS properties.

Dr. Pu Jing(4), the lead author said, "anthocyanins isolated from Chinese eggplant var. Niu Jiao Qie and other delphinidin have antioxidant activities in colon cancer cells and also protect cells from DNA damage".

The evaluation of anthocyanins chemopreventive properties in 25 colon cancer patients confirmed that application, containing 0.5-2.0 grams anthocyanins showed a strong effect in increased anthocyanin concentrations in plasma and urine, reaching approximately 179 ng/gram in tumor tissue at the highest dose(6), that indicated the phytochemical anthocyanins and their degradation products have reached the colon intact.

Examined tumor tissue from all patients also found that the rate of cancer cells proliferation was also decreased by 7% in compared to pre-intervention value and application in dose dependent also inhibited the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations(6) in stimulates growth in cancer cells throughout the colon tumor site.

Dr. Thomasset S(6), the lead auhtor in the study of "Intact anthocyanins and metabolites in rat urine and plasma after 3 months of anthocyanin supplementation" said, "Studies of doses containing <0.5 gram of bilberry anthocyanins are necessary to adjudge whether they may be appropriate for development as colorectal cancer chemopreventive agents".

2. Melanoma 

Melanoma is medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the issues of skin. At the later stage, the cancerous cell may travel a distance away to invade other healthy tissues and organs.

According to statistic, approximately 87,110 new cases of invasive melanoma caner will be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2017.

The investigated the glycoalkaloids isolated from numerous Solanaceous plants, including eggplant in risk of melanoma, suggested that eggplant glycoalkaloids derivatives α-solamargine and α-solasonine(5) demonstrated a significant effect in inhibition of cancer cells proliferation, in both vitro and vivo.

Further analysis of the chemistry and structure-activity also suggested that both α-solamargine and α-solasonine exert a strong antioxidant effect in increased cancer cell apoptosis and decrease tumor formation through expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)(5) in cancer cellular processes and NF-kappaB cascades(5) in enhanced T-cell development, maturation, and proliferation, in animal models.

In melanoma cell lines, application of glycoalkaloid solamargine showed a complete
inhibition of the growth of metastatic and primary melanoma cell lines WM239 and WM115 with minimum effect on normal and benign WM35 melanoma cells through reduced blood supplies in induced necrosis(9) by rapid induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization in controls the passage to allow intracellular or intraorganellar antigens into and out of lysosomes.

The action of glycoalkaloid solamargine in exhibition of cancer cell apoptosis was found to attribute to the physiological processes activated by cathepsin B activity in triggering the extrinsic mitochondrial death pathway through releasing cytochrome c, a hemeprotein(9) found loosely in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1)(9) in expression of the transcription factor NF-κB in mediated apoptosis.

In the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, Solamargine disrupted the function of hILP/XIAP in blocking cancer cells apoptosis through an interaction with TRAF protein activated by mediating activation of transcription factors of the NF-κB(9), thus improving caspase-3 cleavage in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis, up regulating Bcl-xL, and Bcl2 in regulated apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and cell cycle entry and suppressing apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 Apaf-1 and Bax family in expression of both anti- or pro-apoptotic regulation(9).

Dr. Al Sinani SS, the lead author, after taking into account of other con founders said, " Solamargine showed high efficacy in vitro particularly against the vertical growth phase melanoma cells" and "is a promising anti-malignant melanoma drug".

In the researching of chemically isolate and explore an antimelanogenesis inducer in extracts of Solanum melongena L. "Usukawamarunasu" eggplant, the identified dioscin ([25R]-Spirost-5-en-3β-yl) 2-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl) - 4-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside] displayed an overwhelming effect in inhibition of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16 murine melanoma cells(8).

According to the immunoblot analysis, dioscin prevented B16 murine melanoma cells proliferation was found to attribute to ameliorate the expression of tyrosinase in intracellular production of melanin, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2(9) which were significantly correlate to tumor cell stage and grade and metastasis-free survival (DMFS), overall survival.
Additionally, the suppression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 expression also attenuated
alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in production of melanogenesis in B16 cells(9).

Further differentiation also indicated that, the identified chemicals also exerted anti melanoma cells preoperative effect through mediating pro-survival functions microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)(9), through inhibition of Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in express a cassette of regeneration-associated genes with alternated DNA transcription caused by phosphorylation in expression of α-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16 cells(9).

3. Liver cancer

Liver cancer is medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the issues of liver. At the later stage, the cancerous cell may travel a distance away to invade other healthy tissue and organs.

According to statistic, approximately 40,710 new cases (29,200 in men and 11,510 in women) of liver cancer and and intrahepatic bile duct cancer will be diagnosed in US 2017.

Glycoalkaloids (α-solamargine and α-solasonine), nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites found in eggplants and numerous Solanaceous plants including potatoes, and tomatoes expressed a strong inhibition of the growth of the liver tumor cells in culture and tumor growth in vivo(10)(11).

More specifically, α-solamargine and α-solasonine induced apoptosis in cancer cells but not normal cells through functions in eliminated old cells, unnecessary cells, unhealthy cells and cancer cells without causing harm to healthy cells in the surrounding area(5).

 α-solamargine also suppressed liver cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through cell cycle arrest(5).

Additionally, in HCT-116 cell line, anthocyanins isolated from eggplant displayed a substantial antioxidant effect in inhibited reactive oxygen species(ROS) expression in promoting oxidative stress and cytotoxicity(6)(120 in induction of healthy cellular DNA damage in initiated early onset of liver cancer.

In compared to anthocyanins, administration of nasunin with glycosylation on C3 and C5 and an acyl group (p-coumaric acid) derivatives demonstrated the least effect on ROS reduction(6)(12) but exhibited ROS over expression in induction of cytotoxicity in colon cell lines, thus ameliorating tumor proliferation and site expansion(6), according to microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay.

Further analysis, also indicated that nasunin and its deacylated derivatives protected healthy cells from DNA damage through antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner.

In the valuations carried out with four concentrations each (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 microg/mL) of the the potato trisaccharide glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine; the disaccharides beta(1)-chaconine, beta(2)-chaconine, and beta(2)-solanine; the monosaccharide gamma-chaconine and their common aglycon solanidine; the tetrasaccharide potato glycoalkaloid dehydrocommersonine; the potato aglycon demissidine; the tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine, the trisaccharide beta(1)-tomatine, the disaccharide gamma-tomatine, the monosaccharide delta-tomtine, and their common aglycon tomatidine, and the eggplant glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine and their common aglycon solasodine; and the nonsteroidal alkaloid jervine, researchers found that the glycoalkaloids isolated from all vegetables demonstrated as the most active compound in inhibited liver cancer in compared to colon cells(1).

In compared to anticancer drugs doxorubicin and camptothecin, all isolated compounds also exerted significant activity in decreased cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in concentration dependent manner.

4. Prostate cancer 

Prostate cancer is medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the issues of prostate. At the later stage, the cancerous cell may invade other healthy tissues and organs a distance away drom the original site.

According to statistic, approximately 11.6 percent of men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point during their lifetime.

In vitro and in vivo application of glycoalkaloids derivatives α-solamargine and α-solasonine expressed a significant effect in inhibition of tumor formation and growth in fish and mice and human prostate cancer cell lines(1).

In deed, in the human prostate cancer cell PC-3. administration of non toxic dose of α-solanine initiated cancer suppression and reduced the viability of the human cancer cell through significantly elevated epithelial marker E-cadherin gene expression(13) in target mutated cell in induction of cell profileration and invasion and decreased mesenchymal marker vimentin expression in initiated cell metastasis.

 α-Solanine ameliorated cancer cell proliferation and tumor initiation through reduced mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9)(13) in stimulated cancer invasion and metastasis and increases the expression of reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK)(13) in suppression of prostate tumor progression and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 in the regulation of MMP(3) activity, particular in induction of cancer cell over expression.

According to the observation of the Immunoblotting assays, injection of α-solanine is effective in suppressed phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)(13) which plays an important role in modulated cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking involved cancer progression, Akt phosphorylates expression(13) with primary functions is to promote cell growth and protein synthesis and The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway phosphorylates(13) with function in the control of diverse cellular processes including such as proliferation, survival, differentiation and motility.

 α-solanine reduced levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in expression of cancer progression(13). Higher levels of miR-21 are correlated to more advanced malignancies and elevated tumor suppressor miR-138 expression in induced prostate cancer cells apoptosis through cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition(13).

5. Lung cancer

Lung cancer is medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the issues of lung At the later stage, the cancerous cell may invade other healthy tissues and organs a distance away from the original site.

According to statistic, approximately 28,600 Canadians will be diagnosed with lung cancer represented 14% of all new cancer cases in 2017.

In the investigation of the eggplant bioactive phytochemical glycoalkaloids activity and risk of various types of malignant tumors, Dr. Friedman M found that derivatives of glycoalkaloids, α-solamargine and α-solasonine(1) demonstrated a strong inhibited effect in the growth of the lung and other cancer cells in culture (in vitro) as well as tumor growth in vivo, involved some unknown signalling pathways(14).

The investigation of solasodine, a naturally occurring aglycone of glycoalkaloid in eggplant (Solanum melongena) in human lung cancer cell line A549 showed that solasodine displays a significant effect in ameliorated cancer cell viability and initiated cell apoptosis through attenuating expression of mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9(14) which were found to be elevated in patients with lung cancer in compared to healthy subjects and extracellular inducer of matrix metalloproteinase (EMMPRIN)(14), a cell surface glycoprotein which plays an important role in stimulated the production of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Further investigation, also indicated that the inhibitory property of solasodine by increased the expression of reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK)(14) not only reduces risk of RECK accelerated cancer cell proliferation but also exhibits initiation of irreversible growth cycle arrest through short hairpin of mRNA in suppression of the RECK gene(14).

Additionally, injection of solasodine promoted cancer cells death was also associated to the over expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1)(14), a glycoprotein found in several tissues of organisms with function in involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix as mention above and TIMP-2(14), a member of the TIMP gene family with function as a metastasis suppressor.

According to the immunoblotting assays, administration of solasodine is very effective in suppressing PI3K /Akt phosphorylation of lung cancer cell of in induction of cell proliferation(13)(14).

PI3K /Akt phosphorylation plays critical roles in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell cycle, growth, apoptosis and signal transduction pathways.

Alterations in phosphorylation pathways result in serious outcomes in the form of diseases, especially cancer.

Solasodine decreased expression of microRNA-21 which has been found to be higher in more advanced malignancies, in initiated early entry phase of cancer developing by stimulated production of RECK(13)(14) in accelerated cancer cell proliferation, thus decreasing risk of cell invasion.

After taking into account of all con founders, Dr. Shen KH, the lead author said, "the findings demonstrate an attractive therapeutic potential for solasodine in lung cancer anti-metastatic therapy".

6. Bone Cancer

Bone cancer is medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the issues of colon At the later stage, the cancerous cell may invade other healthy tissues and organs a distance away drom the original site.

According to statistic, early stage of bone cancer diagnosis of 5-year survival rate are approximately 85%.

In the evaluation of the effect of solamargine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid against human osteosarcoma
U2OS cells, researchers at the Shandong University showed that application of solamargine exerted a substantially reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma U2OS cells through over expression of mRNA and protein expressions of p53 in regulated the cell cycle(15) in involvement of tumor suppression and Bax(15) in expression of a pro-apoptotic regulators involved in a wide variety of cellular activities and activated apoptosis and reduced expression of Bcl-2(15) with function against cell apoptosis.

Further analysis also indicated that solamargine induced apoptotic and suppressible activity against osteosarcoma U2OS cell line was attributed to increase mitochondrial translocation of p53(15), induction of cell death through modulated loss of mitochondrial membrane of cancer cells and cytochrome c release(15) during early stage of apoptosis.

Solamargine also activated the expression of caspase-9(15) which plays a central role of in apoptosis signal transduction, a cascade of biochemical reactions inside the cell in ignition of cell death and the regulation of cancer cell apoptosis and caspase -3, a caspase protein(15) that interacts with caspase-9 and dependent on mitochondrial cytochrome c release(15) in initiation of anti cell proliferation and tumor cell invasion.

Additional differentiation of the effect of p53, researchers found that although P53 may have a profound and positive inhibition of the tested cancer line, but its function also was reduced due to the presence of pifithrin-α(15), and mitochondrial translocation inhibitor pifithrin-μ(15), in inhibition of function of p53-mediated apoptosis, in prevented p53 binding to Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 (15)at the mitochondria ..., thus partially reversing the anti proliferative activity of solamargine.

Dr. Li X(15), the lead scientist said, "(the results finding, indicated that) Solamargine activates the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway in U2OS cells via both p53 transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms".

Although eggplant with abundantly bioactive compounds may be considered as function food in reduced risk and treatment of cancers, however, according to Dr. Shimada A. in an one year (continuous 2 days for 12 months) food surveys held at 5 areas in Japan, the frequency of intake eggplant may associate to increase risk of gastric cancer and gastric cancer mortality rate(7), but may account partly for the geographic variation in gastric cancer mortality in Japan(11).



For More information of yoga lessons tailor to a complete well being for women, please visit: YOGA FOR WOMEN


Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

FOOD HACK for Weight Loss
A Simple Cooking Technique That Cuts The Calories & Glycemic
Impact In Rice, Pasta, And Potatoes In Half

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources

(1) Glycoalkaloids and metabolites inhibit the growth of human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells by Lee KR1, Kozukue N, Han JS, Park JH, Chang EY, Baek EJ, Chang JS, Friedman M.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibitory effect of delphinidin from Solanum melongena on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 invasiveness in vitro by Nagase H1, Sasaki K, Kito H, Haga A, Sato T.(PubMed)
(3) Glycoalkaloids and metabolites inhibit the growth of human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells by Lee KR1, Kozukue N, Han JS, Park JH, Chang EY, Baek EJ, Chang JS, Friedman M.(PubMed)
(4) Effect of glycosylation patterns of Chinese eggplant anthocyanins and other derivatives on antioxidant effectiveness in human colon cell lines by Jing P1, Qian B2, Zhao S2, Qi X3, Ye L2, Mónica Giusti M4, Wang X5.(PubMed)
(5) Chemistry and anticarcinogenic mechanisms of glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes by Friedman M1(PubMed)
(6) Pilot study of oral anthocyanins for colorectal cancer chemoprevention by Thomasset S1, Berry DP, Cai H, West K, Marczylo TH, Marsden D, Brown K, Dennison A, Garcea G, Miller A, Hemingway D, Steward WP, Gescher AJ.(PubMed)
(7) [Regional differences in gastric cancer mortality and eating habits of people].[Article in Japanese]  by Shimada A.(PubMed)
(8) Dioscin Derived from Solanum melongena L. "Usukawamarunasu" Attenuates α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16 Murine Melanoma Cells via Downregulation of Phospho-CREB and MITF by Nishina A1, Ebina K1, Ukiya M1, Fukatsu M1, Koketsu M2, Ninomiya M2, Sato D3, Kimura H4.(PubMed)
(9) Solamargine triggers cellular necrosis selectively in different types of human melanoma cancercells through extrinsic lysosomal mitochondrial death pathway by Al Sinani SS1, Eltayeb EA1, Coomber BL2, Adham SA1.(PubMed)
(10) Glycoalkaloids and metabolites inhibit the growth of human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells by Lee KR1, Kozukue N, Han JS, Park JH, Chang EY, Baek EJ, Chang JS, Friedman M.(PubMed)
(11) Food consumption and gastric cancer mortality in five regions of Japan by Tsubono Y1, Kobayashi M, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(12) Solasodine, Solamargine and Mixtures of Solasodine Rhamnosides: Pathway to Expansive Clinical Anticancer Therapies Bill E. Cham by International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2017, 8, 692-713
(13) α-Solanine inhibits invasion of human prostate cancer cell by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MMPs expression by Shen KH1, Liao AC2, Hung JH3, Lee WJ4, Hu KC5, Lin PT6, Liao RF7, Chen PS8.(PubMed)
(14) Solasodine inhibits invasion of human lung cancer cell through downregulation of miR-21 and MMPs expression by Shen KH1, Hung JH2, Chang CW2, Weng YT2, Wu MJ2, Chen PS3.(PubMed)
(15) Solamargine induces apoptosis associated with p53 transcription-dependent and transcription-independent pathways in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells by Li X1, Zhao Y, Wu WK, Liu S, Cui M, Lou H.(PubMed)