Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Miracle of Antioxidants

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Prevention and Management 

The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in  in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).

Antioxidants and Osteoporosis

Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).

Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase reduced the excessive production of free radicals in the organism, and the imbalance between the concentrations of these and the antioxidant defenses have found to attenuate the risk of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women, according to the study by the Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine(247). Further more, decrease antioxidant defenses due to aging may also may contribute to this process(250).

Dietary and endogenous antioxidants were consistently lower in patients with osteoporosis, according to University of Perugia, of that can lead to decrease antioxidant defenses and promoting pathogenesis of osteoporosis(249).

The Miracle of antioxidants
Antioxidants may have a direct and profound influence to the risk factor of osteoporosis(306), due to its effect in bone turn over. Oxidative stress (OS) continuous generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications has found to consist a correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and OS in postmenopausal women, according to the jopint study lead by the Aligarh Muslim University(307).

1. Lycopene
Lycopene found abundantly in tomato, watermelon, grapefruit has significantly increased antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative stress, through activation of bone resorption markers in reduced the risk of osteoporosis(308). On postmenopausal models, risk of osteoporosis increase by 10 fold due to reduce production of Sex hormones. Treatment with lycopene suppressed bone turnover to restore bone strength through down-regulated osteoclast differentiation concurrent with up-regulating osteoblast together with improved oxidative damage activities(309).
Recent study also suggested that lycopene inhibit bone resorption(310)(311), facilitates bone formation(311) and improved bone mineral density(311) and rat skeletal system in experimental conditions(310).

2. Omega 3 Fatty acid
Omega 3 Fatty acid found abundantly in deep sea fishes, and seeds such flax seed may contribute to the reduced and preventive risk of osteopororsis(312) through intervention of the decreased osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass(313). But according to the joint study by Université d'Auvergne, due to fatty acid function in trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…), its effects on bone metabolism may require further integrated study(314).

3. Resveratrol

Resveratrol, an powerful antioxidant(315) found abundantly grapes, red and white wine, blueberries,cranberries may have a exclusive impact on bone metabolism due to its effect in reduced oxidative stress by direct interfering with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)(316). According to the joint study lead by Fudan University, resveratrol oligomer derivative, isopaucifloral F improved bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation/spacing, through its estrogenic effect  may be a promising antioxidant for treatment on postmenopausal osteoporosis(317). Dietary resveratrol also significantly prevented bone loss in the osteoporotic mice, through its effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS), improved the antioxidant/prooxidant equilibrium and balancing the disequilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption(318)in iron load mice study.

4. Silibin 

 Silibin, a major active constituent of silymarin found abundantly in Milk thistle seeds may be beneficiary for patient with osteoporosis due to its effect in promoted bone-forming osteoblastogenesis and encumber osteoclastic bone resorption through accelerated cell proliferation and promoted matrix mineralization, Hallym University suggested(319). In other study, silibin through its osteogenic activity, improves time of bone healing in case of fracture  and bone strength with elevated BMD(320), by stimulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium nodule formation(320). and promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells(321) throguh bone morphogenetic protein signaling(321)

5. Lignans
Lignans,an phytoestrogen antioxidant found in flax, pumpkin, sunflower, poppy, sesame,etc,..may be a potential sources for ameliorating the post-menopausal osteoporosis as its effects on bone mineral density through significantly decrease in the levels of serum bone turnover markers osteocalcin(322) and alkaline phosphatas(323). According to the recent joint study lead by Jinan University, phytoestrogen ligans significantly promoted osteoblastic cell proliferation and increased osteoblastic
(UMR106)(325)(324) cell numbers of that can induce the bone minera ldensity protective effects(324).

Arthritis Is Curable

You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis

By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination

Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To

Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

References

(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)

(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)

(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)

(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3

(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)

(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(205) New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications by Griffith JF1, Genant HK.(PubMed)

(206) Stress fractures by Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Frank Gaillard

(207) Severe osteoporosis: diagnosis of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures by Giovanni D’Elia,1 Giuliana Roselli,1 Loredana Cavalli,2 Paolo Innocenti,1 and Maria Luisa Brandi2(PubMed)

(208) Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture by Parkinson IH1, Fazzalari NL.(PubMed)

(209) Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density inosteoporosis by Shiraki M1, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M.(PubMed)

(210) Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase ofbone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized prospective study by Shiraki M1, Itabashi A.(PubMed)

(211) Association of Body Weight and Body Mass Index with Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men from Kosovo by Rexhepi S1, Bahtiri E2, Rexhepi M1, Sahatciu-Meka V3, Rexhepi B1.(PubMed)

(212) Should we prescribe calcium or vitamin D supplements to treat or prevent osteoporosis? by Bolland MJ1, Grey A1, Reid IR1.(PubMed)

(306) Antioxidants and bone turnover in involutional osteoporosis by Maggio D1, Barabani M, Pierandrei M, Macchiarulo MC, Cecchetti R, Pedrazzoni M, Senin U, Cherubini A.(PubMed)
(307Correlation between bone mineral density and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women by Sharma T1, Islam N2, Ahmad J3, Akhtar N4, Beg M1.(PubMed)
(308) Supplementation with the antioxidant lycopene significantly decreases oxidative stress parameters and the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide of type I collagen in postmenopausal women by Mackinnon ES1, Rao AV, Josse RG, Rao LG.(PubMed)
(309) Lycopene treatment against loss of bone mass, microarchitecture and strength in relation to regulatory mechanisms in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model by Ardawi MM1, Badawoud MH2, Hassan SM2, Rouzi AA3, Ardawi JM4, AlNosani NM5, Qari MH6, Mousa SA7.(PubMed)
(310) [Effects of lycopene on the skeletal system].[Article in Polish] by Sołtysiak P1, Folwarczna J1.(PubMed)
(311) Lycopene intake facilitates the increase of bone mineral density in growing female rats by Iimura Y1, Agata U, Takeda S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshida S, Ezawa I, Omi N.(PubMed)
(312) The impact of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoporosis by Maggio M1, Artoni A, Lauretani F, Borghi L, Nouvenne A, Valenti G, Ceda GP.(PubMed)
(313) Dietary n-3 fatty acids decrease osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass in ovariectomized mice by Sun D1, Krishnan A, Zaman K, Lawrence R, Bhattacharya A, Fernandes G.(PubMed)
(314) Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology by Wauquier F1, Léotoing L1, Philippe C1, Spilmont M1, Coxam V1, Wittrant Y2.(PubMed)
(315) Resveratrol improves oxidative stress and prevents the progression of periodontitis via the activation of the Sirt1/AMPK and the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathways in a rat periodontitis model by Tamaki N1, Cristina Orihuela-Campos R2, Inagaki Y3, Fukui M2, Nagata T3, Ito HO2.(PubMed)
(316) Resveratrol prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis.
Bhattarai G1, Poudel SB1, Kook SH2, Lee JC3.(PubMed)

(317) Synthesis, estrogenic activity, and anti-osteoporosis effects in ovariectomized rats of resveratrol oligomer derivatives by Hao XD1, Chang J1, Qin BY2, Zhong C1, Chu ZB1, Huang J3, Zhou WJ4, Sun X5.(PubMed)

(318) Effects of dietary resveratrol on excess-iron-induced bone loss via antioxidative character by Zhao L1, Wang Y2, Wang Z1, Xu Z3, Zhang Q4, Yin M5.(PubMed)

(319) Osteoblastogenesis and osteoprotection enhanced by flavonolignan silibinin in osteoblasts and osteoclasts by Kim JL1, Kang SW, Kang MK, Gong JH, Lee ES, Han SJ, Kang YH(PubMed)

(320) Osteogenic activity of silymarin through enhancement of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in osteoblasts and tibia-fractured mice by Kim JL1, Park SH, Jeong D, Nam JS, Kang YH.(PubMed)

(321) Silibinin promotes osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells via bone morphogenetic protein signaling by Ying X1, Sun L, Chen X, Xu H, Guo X, Chen H, Hong J, Cheng S, Peng L.(PubMed)

(322) Ameliorative effects of Schizandra chinensis on osteoporosis via activation of estrogen receptor (ER)-α/-β by Kim MH1, Choi YY, Han JM, Lee HS, Hong SB, Lee SG, Yang WM.(PubMed)

(323) Antiosteoporotic activity of Saururus chinensis extract in ovariectomized ratsby Sung MJ1, Davaatseren M, Hur HJ, Kim HJ, Ryu SY, Choi YH, Cha MR, Kwon DY.(PubMed)

(324) New lignans from the bioactive fraction of Sambucus williamsii Hance and proliferation activities on osteoblastic-like UMR106 cells byXiao HH1, Dai Y2, Wong MS3, Yao XS4.(PubMed)

(325) Lignans from the stems of Sambucus williamsii and their effects on osteoblastic UMR106 cells.by Yang XJ1, Wong MS, Wang NL, Chan SC, Yao XS.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Antioxidant Minerals

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Prevention and Management 

The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in  in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).

                                 Antioxidants and Osteoporosis

Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).

Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase reduced the excessive production of free radicals in the organism, and the imbalance between the concentrations of these and the antioxidant defenses have found to attenuate the risk of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women, according to the study by the Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine(247). Further more, decrease antioxidant defenses due to aging may also may contribute to this process(250).

Dietary and endogenous antioxidants were consistently lower in patients with osteoporosis, according to University of Perugia, of that can lead to decrease antioxidant defenses and promoting pathogenesis of osteoporosis(249).

The Antioxidant Minerals

1. Selenium
 Selenium, one of the powerful antioxidant in promotion of optimal antioxidative status and greatest immune defense, many studies suggested(273)(274). It also plays an essential role metabolic processes, immune function, thyroid hormone metabolism, male infertility, neoplasms and cardiovascular disease in other research(276).
The rabbits study by the Ankara University, showed that combination of  selenium with vitamin E and vitamin C induced more significant effect than combinations of vitamins to prevent structural alterations in these model bones(275).
Unfortunately, subchronic exposure to selenium(278)(277) and diazinon(277) may be a possible risk factor for osteoporosis, according to the animal study by Georg-August University and Constantine the Philosopher University, respectively. Contrasted to the above studies, in postmenopausal women, Dr, Pedrera-Zamorano JD and the research team at the University of Extremadura, insisted that elevated selenium intake may negatively affects bone mass of women over the age of 51 but only if calcium intake is also less than 800 mg / day(279).

2. Magnesium
Magnesium plays an important role in bone regeneration if it is used together with calcium in form of mesoporous magnesium–calcium silicate (m-MCS)(280) as it improved the cell-positive responses, including the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells(281).

Magnesium intake, necessary for bone health, according to the study of 73,684 postmenopausal women exhibited improvement of bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip and whole but did not automatically transforming to lower the risk fractures(282)(283), Patient with osteoporosis is found to have lower levels of magnesium of that effect the function of bone formation, decrease production of sex hormone and other nutrients deficiency, such as calcium, of which is important for bone health(284).

3. Calcium
Calcium found mostly in the skeleton of human body is considered as one of the most important trace mineral with direct interaction with osteoporosis. Deficiency of calcium in most case, depending to the levels of vitamin D(285) is found to associate to risk factor of osteoporosis(286). The dietary sources of calcium are dairy products (milk, yoghurts and cheese) fish (sardines with bones), few vegetables and fruits. supplement may be necessary if dietary sources are scarce or not well tolerated(287)
Dr. Meunier P.said" It is now possible to partly stop bone loss in elderly people and it is never too late to prevent hip fractures with calcium and vitamin D supplements"(288).
Because of the important of levels of vitamin D in related to skeleton health, screening the 25(OH)D, baseline 25(OH)D levels may reduce risk for mortality and falls in older population(289). Other researchers suggested that the screening of serum of vitamin D is important due to its function in influence to digestive absorption of calcium(290)
Daily doses of 400-800 IU of vitamin D, given alone or in combination with calcium, are able to reverse vitamin D insufficiency, to prevent bone loss and to improve bone density in the elderly, according to University of Siena(287).

In need, sold in bottle, found in every corners of the foods store, needless to say for their promotion on the counters on pharmaceutical and drug locations, synthetic mineral calcium, magnesium and vitamin D3 combination are exposed by vitamin giants as a osteoporosis reduced supplement of that induced many buyers from the older population.

Beside calcium (Ca), fluoride, magnesium several trace elements, minerals copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), are essential in bone metabolism as cofactors for certain enzymes(271). In take of calcium supplementation with and without the addition of zinc, manganese (5.0 mg/d) and copper significantly prevent bone loss on spine in postmenopausal women, according to a 2 years, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial(272).

The important of minerals copper, manganese, zinc and fluoride in related to risk factors of osteoporosis?

4. Copper(Cu)

Intake of copper supplement is recommended to post menopausal women due to its direct effects with other minerals, such as magnesium, zinc and calcium in reduced risk of mineral deficiency causes of low bone density(291)(292). According to Dr. Zheng J and the research team at the Sun Yat-sen University, low serum levels of copper Cu are found to associate to increase risk of osteoporosis and suggested that a well-designed studies with adequate control for confounding factors are necessary for future investigations(293).

5. Manganese(Mn)
Levels of serum of manganese may have a direct impart in influence risk factor of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women(294), probably due to Mg transport mechanisms into the cell(294).
According to the Shandong Agricultural University, deficiency of manganese Mn can decrease trabecular thickness, trabecular number and trabecular bone area of that induce risk of osteoporosis in chicken study(296).

6. Zinc(Zn)

Trace mineral zinc is best known for its function as nutritional factor in the growth of human body. The levels of zinc decreased slowly in the conjunction of aging progression(298).

  Zinc, as an essential trace element, or genistein, is found to increase bone mass through stimulating the formation of osteoblastic bone and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption, according to Dr. Yamaguchi M at the University of Georgia(299).

Some researchers suggested that the increased the inflammatory response and worsens bone biomechanics by immunity may induce osteoporosis in animal with even a marginal zinc deficiency(300). And zinc deficiency can exaggerate the bone loss risk(293), especially with patient with diabetes(301).

7. Fluoride

Sodium fluoride, according to some researchers may be the most potent agent for treatment of spinal bone mass deficiency(302). In a randomized placebo-controlled trial of 65 postmenopausal osteoporosis, slow-release sodium fluoride (SR-NaF) or fluoride treatment, virtually eliminated new spinal fractures, vertebral fracture rate in comparison with placebo(303).

The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center researchers insisted that used in conjunction with calcium citrate, slow-release sodium fluoride administered for about 2.5 years, improved vertebral fractures, increased spinal bone mass without decreasing the radial shaft bone density(304), especially in menopausal women(305).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html


Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer




References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(221) Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy by [No authors listed](PubMed)
(245) Protein Phosphatase 2A Mediates Oxidative Stress Induced Apoptosis in Osteoblasts by Huang CX1, Lv B1, Wang Y1.(PubMed)
(246) Hydrogen sulfide protects MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications for the treatment of osteoporosis by Xu ZS1, Wang XY, Xiao DM, Hu LF, Lu M, Wu ZY, Bian JS.(PubMed)
(247) Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: a controlled study by Sendur OF1, Turan Y, Tastaban E, Serter M.(PubMed)
(248) Role of antioxidant systems, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide in postmenopausal osteoporosis by Ozgocmen S1, Kaya H, Fadillioglu E, Aydogan R, Yilmaz Z.(PubMed)
(249) Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: results of a cross-sectional study by Maggio D1, Barabani M, Pierandrei M, Polidori MC, Catani M, Mecocci P, Senin U, Pacifici R, Cherubini A.(PubMed)
(250) Alterations of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in aging by Kasapoglu M1, Ozben T.(PubMed)
(222) Eating Guidelines to Prevent Osteoporosis - It's Never Too Late! by dietitian of Canada
(273) Influence of the forms and levels of dietary selenium on antioxidant status and oxidative stress-related parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry by Fontagné-Dicharry S1, Godin S2, Liu H1, Antony Jesu Prabhu P1, Bouyssière B2, Bueno M2, Tacon P3, Médale F1, Kaushik SJ1.(PubMed)
(274) The immune system is limited by oxidative stress: Dietary selenium promotes optimal antioxidative status and greatest immune defense in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus by Biller-Takahashi JD1, Takahashi LS2, Mingatto FE3, Urbinati EC4.(PubMed)
(275) Selenium combined with vitamin E and vitamin C restores structural alterations of bones in heparin-inducedosteoporosis by Turan B1, Can B, Delilbasi E(PubMed)
(276) Dietary products consumption in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and selenium level in Saudi children and adults by Al-Daghri NM1, Al-Attas O1, Yakout S1, Aljohani N2, Al-Fawaz H3, Alokail MS1.(PubMed)
(277) Simultaneous subchronic exposure to selenium and diazinon as possible risk factor for osteoporosis in adult male rats by Martiniaková M, Boboňová I, Omelka R, Grosskopf B1, Chovancová H, Spanková J, Toman R.(PubMed)
(278) Structural changes in femoral bone tissue of rats after subchronic peroral exposure to selenium by Martiniaková M1, Boboňová I, Omelka R, Grosskopf B, Stawarz R, Toman R.(PubMed)
(279) The protective effect of calcium on bone mass in postmenopausal women with high selenium intake by Pedrera-Zamorano JD1, Calderon-García JF, Roncero-Martin R, Mañas-Nuñez P, Moran JM, Lavado-Garcia JM.(PubMed)
(280) In vitro degradability, bioactivity and primary cell responses to bone cements containing mesoporousmagnesium-calcium silicate and calcium sulfate for bone regeneration by Ding Y1, Tang S1, Yu B2, Yan Y3, Li H3, Wei J4, Su J5.(PubMed)
(281) In vitro degradability, bioactivity and primary cell responses to bone cements containing mesoporous magnesium–calcium silicate and calcium sulfate for bone regeneratio by Yueting Ding, Songchao Tang, Baoqing Yu, Yonggang Yan, Hong Li, Jie Wei, Jiacan Su(The Royral Society)
(282) Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study by Orchard TS1, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD.(PubMed)
(283) Bone. Maximizing bone health--magnesium, BMD and fractures by Nieves JW1.(PubMed)
(284) [Nutrition and bone health. Magnesium and bone].[Article in Japanese] by Ishimi Y1.(PubMed)
(285) The standardized creation of a lumbar spine vertebral compression fracture in a sheep osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet by Eschler A1, Röpenack P2, Herlyn PK2, Roesner J3, Pille K2, Büsing K4, Vollmar B5, Mittlmeier T2, Gradl G6.(PubMed)
(286) Low vitamin D, and bone mineral density with depressive symptoms burden in menopausal and postmenopausalwomen by Bener A1, Saleh NM2.(PubMed)
(287) Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly by Gennari C1.(PubMed)
(288) Prevention of hip fractures by correcting calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies in elderly people. by Meunier P1.(PubMed)
(289) Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency: Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation [Internet] by LeBlanc E, Chou R, Zakher B, Daeges M, Pappas M.(PubMed)
(290) Vitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption by Christakos S1, Dhawan P, Porta A, Mady LJ, Seth T.(PubMed)

(291) Copper, magnesium, zinc and calcium status in osteopenic and osteoporotic post-menopausal women by Mahdavi-Roshan M1, Ebrahimi M2, Ebrahimi A3.(PubMed)
(292) Magnesium, zinc and copper status in osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal post-menopausal women by Mutlu M1, Argun M, Kilic E, Saraymen R, Yazar S.(PubMed)
(293) Low serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron as risk factors for osteoporosis: a meta-analysis by Zheng J1, Mao X, Ling J, He Q, Quan J.(PubMed)
(294) Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis? by Odabasi E1, Turan M, Aydin A, Akay C, Kutlu M.(PubMed)
(295) Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies by Samsel A1, Seneff S2.(PubMed)
(296) Effects of manganese deficiency on the microstructure of proximal tibia and OPG/RANKL gene expression in chicks by Liu R1, Jin C, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang L.(PubMed)
(297) Higher Dietary Acidity is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Independent of Dietary Calcium Intake by Shariati-Bafghi SE1, Nosrat-Mirshekarlou E, Karamati M, Rashidkhani B.(PubMed)
(298) Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis by Yamaguchi M1.(PubMed)
(299) Nutritional factors and bone homeostasis: synergistic effect with zinc and genistein in osteogenesis by Yamaguchi M1(PubMed)

(300) Implications of compromised zinc status on bone loss associated with chronic inflammation in C57BL/6 mice by Chongwatpol P1, Rendina-Ruedy E1, Stoecker BJ1, Clarke SL1, Lucas EA1, Smith BJ1.(PubMed)

(301) Zinc deficiency exaggerates diabetic osteoporosis by Fushimi H1, Inoue T, Yamada Y, Horie 

(302) Sodium fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. by Kleerekoper M1, Mendlovic DB.(PubMed)

(303) Comparison of nonrandomized trials with slow-release sodium fluoride with a randomized placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal osteoporosis by Pak CY1, Adams-Huet B, Sakhaee K, Bell NH, Licata A, Johnston C, Rubin B, Bonnick S, Piziak V, Graham H, Ballard J, Berger R, Fears W, Breslau N, Rubin C.(PubMed)

(304) Slow-release sodium fluoride in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized controlled trial by Pak CY1, Sakhaee K, Piziak V, Peterson RD, Breslau NA, Boyd P, Poindexter JR, Herzog J, Heard-Sakhaee A, Haynes S, Adams-Huet B, Reisch JS.(PubMed)

(305) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride. Final report of a randomized controlled trial by Pak CY1, Sakhaee K, Adams-Huet B, Piziak V, Peterson RD, Poindexter JR.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Antioxidant Vitamins

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Prevention and Management 

The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in  in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).

Antioxidants and Osteoporosis

Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).

Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase reduced the excessive production of free radicals in the organism, and the imbalance between the concentrations of these and the antioxidant defenses have found to attenuate the risk of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women, according to the study by the Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine(247). Further more, decrease antioxidant defenses due to aging may also may contribute to this process(250).

Dietary and endogenous antioxidants were consistently lower in patients with osteoporosis, according to University of Perugia, of that can lead to decrease antioxidant defenses and promoting pathogenesis of osteoporosis(249).

The  Antioxidant Vitamins

1. Vitamin C

The one of free radical scavenger with function in remove or de-activate impurities and unwanted reaction of oxygen species plays an important role in antioxidant defense in reduced risk of osteoporosis, in a study of 75 subjects with osteoporosis and 75 controls(249).

In a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study, dietary vitamin C has found to exhibit a protective effect on bone health in older adults(251), with significantly fewer hip fractures and non-vertebral fractures(251). In oxidative stress, Not orally, administration of vitamin C may prevent osteoporosis in menopausal women at high doses to postmenopausal women throguhplasma antioxidant activity(252).

The The University of Melbourne study insisted that antioxidant vitamin E or C supplements may suppress bone resorption in nonsmoking postmenopausal women, by improved bone formation and resorption(253).

2. Vitamin A
Low retinol concentrations, a derivative of vitamin A may associated to modest fracture risk in adjustment for BMI and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol(254). According to the study by University of Sheffield, serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene found in multivitamin or cod liver oil supplementation may induce lower risk of fracture depending to age, total hip BMD(255). Dr. Crandall C. said" Retinol intake from diet or supplements is negatively associated with lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter bone mineral density (BMD),....(But) it is not yet possible to set a specific level of retinol intake above which bone health is compromised" (256).

According to the UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, deficiency of vitamin A and other dietary factors, such as protein, vitamin K, phytoestrogens, and other nutrients, -might also contribute to the risk for osteoporosis(257).

3. Vitamin D
Vitamin D, found abundantly when exposed your skin on sunlight and played an essential role in the absorption of calcium has been found to have a beneficiary effect on patient with osteoporosis. Dr. Gennari C. said" daily intake of 700-800 mg of calcium and 400-800 IU of vitamin D. This is an effective, safe and cheap means of preventing osteoporotic fractures"(258).
In a cross-sectional study involved 2942 men and 7158 women aged 40-75 years, deficiency of vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/mL) found in in 75.2% of the entire study population. is associated to significantly high prevalence of osteoporosis risk(259)(260).

Ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet in the aging population, has shown to induce risk of osteoporosis(261).
According to Italian Society for Osteoporosis "The highest tolerated daily dose has been identified as 4,000 IU/day. Vitamin D supplementation should be carefully monitored in patients at higher risk of vitamin D intoxication (granulomatosis) or with primary hyperparathyroidism"(262).

4. Vitamin E
Lower serum of vitamin E  and  vitamin E:lipid ratio levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women through reduced bone mineral density(BMD)(263). In acommunity-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan and in postmenopausal women of Northwest India studies, vitamin D receptor (VDR) variability such as gene polymorphism and physical activity are associated to low handgrip strength (LHS) and osteoporosis (OST)(264)(265).
In fact, the imbalance of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in osteoporosis, may be prevented with with prolonged intake of antioxidant vitamin supplementation(266), the study Patil Medical College and Hospital suggested.

5. Vitamin K
Synthetic vitamin K2  found to associate to the inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol(268) has been used in therapy for treatment of osteoporosis, especially in the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women, as it modestly increased lumbar spine BMD, and reduced the incidence of fractures (mainly vertebral fracture),..(267). Short-term effect of vitamin K administration improved BMD of the lumbar spine associated with suppression of both bone formation and bone resorption(269) and dietary of synthetic vitamins K2 and D3 induced protective effects through decreased bone mineral density(270) in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine suggested

Arthritis Is Curable

You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis

By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination

Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To

Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

References

(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)

(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)

(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)

(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3

(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)

(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(205) New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications by Griffith JF1, Genant HK.(PubMed)

(206) Stress fractures by Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Frank Gaillard

(207) Severe osteoporosis: diagnosis of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures by Giovanni D’Elia,1 Giuliana Roselli,1 Loredana Cavalli,2 Paolo Innocenti,1 and Maria Luisa Brandi2(PubMed)

(208) Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture by Parkinson IH1, Fazzalari NL.(PubMed)

(209) Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density inosteoporosis by Shiraki M1, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M.(PubMed)

(210) Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase ofbone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized prospective study by Shiraki M1, Itabashi A.(PubMed)

(211) Association of Body Weight and Body Mass Index with Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men from Kosovo by Rexhepi S1, Bahtiri E2, Rexhepi M1, Sahatciu-Meka V3, Rexhepi B1.(PubMed)

(212) Should we prescribe calcium or vitamin D supplements to treat or prevent osteoporosis? by Bolland MJ1, Grey A1, Reid IR1.(PubMed)

(246) Hydrogen sulfide protects MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications for the treatment of osteoporosis by Xu ZS1, Wang XY, Xiao DM, Hu LF, Lu M, Wu ZY, Bian JS.(PubMed)

(247) Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: a controlled study by Sendur OF1, Turan Y, Tastaban E, Serter M.(PubMed)

(248) Role of antioxidant systems, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide in postmenopausal osteoporosis by Ozgocmen S1, Kaya H, Fadillioglu E, Aydogan R, Yilmaz Z.(PubMed)

(249) Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: results of a cross-sectional study by Maggio D1, Barabani M, Pierandrei M, Polidori MC, Catani M, Mecocci P, Senin U, Pacifici R, Cherubini A.(PubMed)

(250) Alterations of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in aging by Kasapoglu M1, Ozben T.(PubMed)

(251) Protective effect of total and supplemental vitamin C intake on the risk of hip fracture--a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study by Sahni S1, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, Blumberg J, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Tucker KL.(PubMed)

(252) Exploiting the antioxidant potential of a common vitamin: could vitamin C prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis? by Talaulikar VS1, Chambers T, Manyonda I.(PubMed)

(253) Antioxidant vitamin supplements and markers of bone turnover in a community sample of nonsmoking women by Pasco JA1, Henry MJ, Wilkinson LK, Nicholson GC, Schneider HG, Kotowicz MA.(PubMed)

(254) No increase in risk of hip fracture at high serum retinol concentrations in community-dwelling older Norwegians: the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies by Holvik K1, Ahmed LA2, Forsmo S3, Gjesdal CG4, Grimnes G5, Samuelsen SO6, Schei B7, Blomhoff R8, Tell GS9, Meyer HE10.(PubMed)

(255) Serum retinoids and beta-carotene as predictors of hip and other fractures in elderly women by Barker ME1, McCloskey E, Saha S, Gossiel F, Charlesworth D, Powers HJ, Blumsohn A.(PubMed)

(256) Vitamin A intake and osteoporosis: a clinical review by Crandall C1.(PubMed)

(257) Bones and nutrition: common sense supplementation for osteoporosis by Advani S1, Wimalawansa SJ.(PubMed)

(258) Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly by Gennari C1(PubMed)

(259) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among middle-aged and elderly individuals in northwestern China: its relationship to osteoporosis and lifestyle factors by Zhen D1, Liu L2, Guan C3, Zhao N4, Tang X5.(PubMed)

(259) Vitamin D deficiency in northern Vietnam: prevalence, risk factors and associations with bone mineral density by Nguyen HT1, von Schoultz B, Nguyen TV, Dzung DN, Duc PT, Thuy VT, Hirschberg AL.(PubMed)

(260) Vitamin D deficiency and aging: implications for general health and osteoporosis by Eriksen EF1, Glerup H(PubMed)

(261) The standardized creation of a lumbar spine vertebral compression fracture in a sheep osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy, corticosteroid therapy and calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet by Eschler A1, Röpenack P2, Herlyn PK2, Roesner J3, Pille K2, Büsing K4, Vollmar B5, Mittlmeier T2, Gradl G6.(PubMed)

(262) [Guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS)].[Article in Italian] by Adami S1, Romagnoli E, Carnevale V, Scillitani A, Giusti A, Rossini M, Gatti D, Nuti R, Minisola S; Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS).(PubMed)

(263) Lower vitamin E serum levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study by Mata-Granados JM1, Cuenca-Acebedo R, Luque de Castro MD, Quesada Gómez JM.(PubMed)

(264) Vitamin D receptor variability and physical activity are jointly associated with low handgrip strength andosteoporosis in community-dwelling elderly people in Taiwan: the Taichung Community Health Study for Elders (TCHS-E) by Wu FY1, Liu CS, Liao LN, Li CI, Lin CH, Yang CW, Meng NH, Lin WY, Chang CK, Hsiao JH, Li TC, Lin CC.(PubMed)

(265) Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism influences the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women of Northwest India by Singh M1, Singh P, Singh S, Juneja PK, Kaur T.(PubMed)

(266) Effect of supplementation of vitamin C and E on oxidative stress in osteoporosis by Chavan SN1, More U, Mulgund S, Saxena V, Sontakke AN.(PubMed)

(267) Vitamin K₂ therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis by Iwamoto J1.(PubMed)

(268) Inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin after vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) treatment in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol by Inoue T1, Sugiyama T, Matsubara T, Kawai S, Furukawa S.(PubMed)

(269) Short-term effect of vitamin K administration on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis by Yonemura K1, Kimura M, Miyaji T, Hishida A.(PubMed)

(270) Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine by Yonemura K1, Fukasawa H, Fujigaki Y, Hishida A.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Prevention and Management Diet

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Prevention and Management 

The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in  in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).

                                   The Diet

Certain foods are found to associate to reduce risk of osteoporosis, according to the dietitian of Canada(222)
1. Dairy products
With high amount calcium, diary product, including milk, yogurt plays an important role in reduced risk of osteopororsis. In a review of 139 papers published since 1975 and describing studies, higher intake of dairy products is contributed to higher intake of calcium of that induce substantial augmentation of the protective effect of osteoporosis(223). The study of 170 women aged 32 to 59 in bone mineral density (BMD), daily consumption of dairy products and dietary calcium and some non-modifiable risk factors may contrite to good bone health(224). 

The Myongji University supported the intake of dairy product and higher calcium foods beans, fish, seaweeds, and fruits may contribute to the Ca absorption and prevention of osteoporosis in later life(226). In fact, dairy products also attenuate the risk of the disease due to its amount of vitamin D in induced the calcium absorption(227).

Unfortunately, according to the study by Purdue University, Purdue University higher dairy product consumption is only associated with greater hip BMD in men, but not in women. Calcium supplementation intake protected bone loss in both sex(225).

2. Sardines

Vitamin D found abundantly in sardines is associated to induce absorption of intestineal calcium of which contribute to reduced risk osteoporosis(227). According to Dr. Gennari C, intake of fish including sardine together with milk, yoghurts and cheese, the main source of calcium and few vegetables and fruits may provide the RDA is 700-800 mg/day for lower the risk of aosteoporosis(228)

3. Green tea
Epidemiological studies have shown an strong association between tea consumption in prevention of age-related bone loss in elderly women and men(233).In obese female rats fed with high-fat diet and caloric restricted diet, green tea polyphenols (GTP) supplementation increased all factors in reduced risk of osteoporosis, including increased femoral mass and strength, trabecular thickness and eroded surface at proximal tibia, and insulin-like growth factor-I and leptin,...(229).  Intake of Green tea polyphenols (GTP) in conjunction of Tai Chi (TC) is considered as a effective strategies of reducing the levels of oxidative stress, as well as induced the potential as alternative tools to improve bone health in this population(230).
Green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) are found to be a lead compounds for the treatment of bone resorption diseases, through inhibition of the formation and differentiation of osteoclasts(231)(232).

4. Organic Soybean and sesame seed

Intake of soy bean oil exhibited significant increase in BMD (bone mineral density), accompanied with improved level of Ca as it is considered as a functional foods in retarding risks of osteoporosis associated with estrogen deficiency(233), probably through restoring minerals, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory indices(234) according to the in ovariectomy in rats(233a)(234). In fact, in post menopause women, phystestrogens, including isoflavones, have a great similarity with estradiol, principal endogenous estrogen may contribute to the reduced risk of osteoporosis and other menopause symptoms(235). Unfortunately, soy protein and isoflavones (either alone or together) did not affect BMD, they should not be considered as effective interventions for preserving skeletal health in older women

Ingestion soy isoflavone extracts (not soy protein or foods containing isoflavones) supplements increased lumbar spine BMD in menopausal women, but not femoral neck, hip total, and trochanter BMD(237), but other suggested that soy protein and isoflavones (either alone or together) did not affect BMD, they should not be considered as effective interventions for preserving skeletal health in older women(236) according to study.

5. Calcium-fortified foods 

Calcium-fortified foods such as orange juice, cereal, enriched breads, grains, and waffles, etc. may provide rich sources of calcium of that is necessary to reduce bone mineral loss, especially in elder.

Oyster shell rich in calcium may be included in many different diet formulas, especially lentil soup,has a significant effect on minimized risk factors associated with osteoporosis, such as tibial weight, total protein, total calcium and phosphorus with noticeable reduction in ALP activity(238).

According to the Texas Woman's University, consumption of calcium-fortified cereal bars exhibit significantly improve dietary calcium intake of healthy women(240).

Other calcium-fortified foods(242) also have a beneficiary effect in improvement the the sources of calcium and prevented risk of osteoporosis, include powdered lobster shell(239), vitamin D-and calcium-fortified soft white cheese lowers(241),.....

6. Green leafy vegetable (Coccinia grandix Voigt.)

Green leafy vegetable such as spinach, kale, turnips, collard greens has found to have a persistent effect in reduced risk of osteoporosis, through enhancing calcium absorption(243), with some of the difference accounted for by the phytate, oxalate(243), and dietary fiber content of the vegetables(242), according to the study of 19 healthy adult Thais women aged 20 to 45.

In 13 healthy adults in a randomized cross-over design study of spinach absorbability of calcium is very low in comparison to milk produce as a result of oxalative effect(244).

Finally, we would like to remind readers that selection of alkali-generating foods and less acid-generating foods and, can significantly improve bone health of postmenopausal Iranian women, together with adequate dietary calcium intake(297)..  

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html


Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer




References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
(5) Growth hormone and bone by Ohlsson C1, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC.(PubMed)
(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)

(221) Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy by [No authors listed](PubMed)
(222) Eating Guidelines to Prevent Osteoporosis - It's Never Too Late! by dietitian of Canada
(223) Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis by Heaney RP1.(PubMed)
(224) Dairy products, dietary calcium and bone health: possibility of prevention of osteoporosis in women: the Polish experience by Wadolowska L1, Sobas K, Szczepanska JW, Slowinska MA, Czlapka-Matyasik M, Niedzwiedzka E.(PubMed)
(225) Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly by McCabe LD1, Martin BR, McCabe GP, Johnston CC, Weaver CM, Peacock M.(PubMed)
(226) Prevalence of osteoporosis according to nutrient and food group intake levels in Korean postmenopausalwomen: using the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data by Lim YS1, Lee SW1, Tserendejid Z1, Jeong SY1, Go G1, Park HR1.(PubMed)

(227) Vitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption by Christakos S1, Dhawan P, Porta A, Mady LJ, Seth T.(PubMed)
(228) Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly by Gennari C1.(PubMed)
(229) Green tea supplementation benefits body composition and improves bone properties in obese female rats fed with high-fat diet and caloric restricted diet by Shen CL1, Han J2, Wang S3, Chung E4, Chyu MC5, Cao JJ6.(PubMed)
(230) Mitigation of oxidative damage by green tea polyphenols and Tai Chi exercise in postmenopausal women with osteopenia by Qian G1, Xue K, Tang L, Wang F, Song X, Chyu MC, Pence BC, Shen CL, Wang JS.(PubMed)
(231) Tea polyphenols inhibit rat osteoclast formation and differentiation by Oka Y1, Iwai S, Amano H, Irie Y, Yatomi K, Ryu K, Yamada S, Inagaki K, Oguchi K.(PubMed)
(232) Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate in arthritis: progress and promis by Salahuddin Ahmed(PubMed)
(233) Green Tea and Bone metabolismby Chwan-Li Shen,1 James K. Yeh,2 Jay Cao,3 and Jia-Sheng Wang4(PMC)
(233a) Role of phytoestrogenic oils in alleviating osteoporosis associated with ovariectomy in rats by Hassan HA1, El Wakf AM, El Gharib NE.(PubMed)
(234) Osteoprotective effect of soybean and sesame oils in ovariectomized rats via estrogen-like mechanism by El Wakf AM1, Hassan HA, Gharib NS(PubMed)
(235) [Effects on health of soy in menopausic women].[Article in Spanish] by de Luis DA1, Aller R, Sagrado J.(PubMed)
(236) Soy proteins and isoflavones affect bone mineral density in older women: a randomized controlled trial1,2,3 by Anne M Kenny, Kelsey M Mangano, Robin H Abourizk, Richard S Bruno, Denise E Anamani, Alison Kleppinger,Stephen J Walsh, Karen M Prestwood, and Jane E Kerstetter(PMC)
(237) Effect of soy isoflavone extract supplements on bone mineral density in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Taku K1, Melby MK, Takebayashi J, Mizuno S, Ishimi Y, Omori T, Watanabe S.(PubMed)
(238) Evaluation of food products fortified with oyster shell for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by Ahmed SA1, Gibriel AA2, Abdellatif AK1, Ebied HM3.(PubMed)
(239) The effect of spiny lobster shell powder on bone metabolism in ovariectomized osteoporotic model rats by Omi N1, Morikawa N, Ezawa I.(PubMed)
(240) Consumption of calcium-fortified cereal bars to improve dietary calcium intake of healthy women: randomized controlled feasibility study by Lee JT1, Moore CE2, Radcliffe JD2.(PubMed)
(241) The selection and prevalence of natural and fortified calcium food sources in the diets of adolescent girls by Rafferty K1, Watson P, Lappe JM.(PubMed)
(242) Calcium absorption from commonly consumed vegetables in healthy Thai women by Charoenkiatkul S1, Kriengsinyos W, Tuntipopipat S, Suthutvoravut U, Weaver CM.(PubMed)
(242) Calcium absorption from kale by Heaney RP1, Weaver CM.(PubMed)
(243) Oxalate: effect on calcium absorbability by Heaney RP1, Weaver CM.(PubMed)
(244) Calcium absorbability from spinach by Heaney RP1, Weaver CM, Recker RR.(PubMed)

(297) Higher Dietary Acidity is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Independent of Dietary Calcium Intake by Shariati-Bafghi SE1, Nosrat-Mirshekarlou E, Karamati M, Rashidkhani B.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: The Clinical Trials and Studies of Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Osteoporosis - The Complications

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).

                               The Complications 

Pain, Fractures, Vertebral, Wrist, Rib fractures are associated with Osteoporosis, according to the study of New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications(205).

1. Bone fracture

Bone fracture is considered as one of most serious complication of osteoporosis, due to loss of bone mineral density. Even minimum mechanical stress can easily head for fracture(206)(207). According to the Department of Diagnostic Imaging - AOUC, most common fracture sites, other than spine and hip are distal radius, forearm, proximal humerus, other femoral sites, ribs, pelvis, tibia and fibula, metatarsal bone and calcaneum(207). Dr. Parkinson IH and Dr. Fazzalari NL in the differentiation of 

Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture said" Fracture of the distal radius is a sentinel for future increased risk of other "osteoporotic" fractures"(208). Certain nutritional supplements have shown effectively in reduced risk of fracture, such as vitamin K2(209)(210), vitamin D, calcium(212)

In deed, over weight and high body mass index (BMI) are associated to risk of lumbar spine and hip fracture in menopausal women and men as a result of poor balance and frequent falls(211).

The Health Quality Ontario said".....long-term exercise programs in mobile seniors and environmental modifications in the homes of frail elderly persons will effectively reduce falls and possibly fall-related injuries in Ontario's elderly population.A combination of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in elderly women will help reduce the risk of falls by more than 40%,..."(213).

2. Pain

Chronic pain is often induced poor quality of life in patient with osteoporosis, affecting daily living and functional status(215) and in some cases, causing mental health, such as anxiety and depression  to certain patients(214).

Exercise training program in osteoporotic patients improved balance and level of daily function, quality of life and decreased experience of pain and use of analgesics(215). Analgetic agent in most is used for elder patient with osteoporotic lower back pain(216).

In a Randomized placebo controlled trial, on self reported pain and quality of life in an elderly population, conducted by the International College of Osteopathic Medicine, Cinisello Balsamo, treatment other than mainstream medicine, showed to improvement of psychological and quality of life factors probably due to the effect on pain relief(217).

3. Bone Deformity 

Deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a major abnormality in the shape(214).

According to the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) cohort study by Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, lower trabecular bone score (TBS) in bone density was associated with higher risk of vertebral fracture over 10 years in associated to the prevalence of vertebral deformity(218).

Elderly patients with osteoporotic neck pain, is associated marked thoracic kyphotic deformity(219).  

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References

(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed)
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)
(3) Osteoporosis(Life extension)
(4) Hormone and bone by Francisco Bandeira1, Marise Lazaretti-Castro2, John P. Bilezikian3
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(6) GH and bone--experimental and clinical studies by Isaksson OG1, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G.(PubMed)
(205) New advances in imaging osteoporosis and its complications by Griffith JF1, Genant HK.(PubMed)
(206) Stress fractures by Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Frank Gaillard
(207) Severe osteoporosis: diagnosis of non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures by Giovanni D’Elia,1 Giuliana Roselli,1 Loredana Cavalli,2 Paolo Innocenti,1 and Maria Luisa Brandi2(PubMed)
(208) Whole bone geometry and bone quality in distal forearm fracture by Parkinson IH1, Fazzalari NL.(PubMed)
(209) Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density inosteoporosis by Shiraki M1, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M.(PubMed)
(210) Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase ofbone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized prospective study by Shiraki M1, Itabashi A.(PubMed)
(211) Association of Body Weight and Body Mass Index with Bone Mineral Density in Women and Men from Kosovo by Rexhepi S1, Bahtiri E2, Rexhepi M1, Sahatciu-Meka V3, Rexhepi B1.(PubMed)
(212) Should we prescribe calcium or vitamin D supplements to treat or prevent osteoporosis? by Bolland MJ1, Grey A1, Reid IR1.(PubMed)
(213) Prevention of falls and fall-related injuries in community-dwelling seniors: an evidence-based analysis by Health Quality Ontario(PubMed)
(214) Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General by Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); 2004.
(215) Positive effects of physiotherapy on chronic pain and performance in osteoporosis by Malmros B1, Mortensen L, Jensen MB, Charles P.(PubMed)
(216) [Therapeutic agents for osteoporotic pain].[Article in Japanese] by Nakao S, Miyamoto E, Kawakami M.(PubMed)
(217) A randomized control trial on the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment in reducing pain and improving the quality of life in elderly patients affected by osteoporosis by Papa L1, Mandara A, Bottali M, Gulisano V, Orfei S.(PubMed)

(218) Trabecular bone score (TBS) predicts vertebral fractures in Japanese women over 10 years independently ofbone density and prevalent vertebral deformity: the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) cohort study by Iki M1, Tamaki J, Kadowaki E, Sato Y, Dongmei N, Winzenrieth R, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H.(PubMed)

(219) Atraumatic Occult Odontoid Fracture in Patients with Osteoporosis-Associated Thoracic Kyphotic Deformity: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature by Mori K1, Nishizawa K1, Nakamura A1, Imai S1(PubMed)