Soy foods, including tofu have been in traditional Chinese diet over
thousands of year, according to Chinese literature. The reduced risk of
chronic disease, including metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular
diseases, obesity and diabetes and lesser menopause symptoms in advanced
age, may be aided by eating a lot of soy food accompanied with large
portion of vegetables and fruits. Indeed, according to the study, only
10% of women in the East are experience symptoms of menopause in
advanced age compared to over 70% of their Western counterparts.
According to Dr. Mark Messina, Ph.D., Soy foods contributed from 6.5%8
to 12.8%7 of total protein intake in older adult in Japan.(b)
The approval of cardiovascular benefit of soy by FDA in 1999 accompanied
with the discovery of health benefits in clinical studies over past
decade, prompted the promotion and advertisement of soy's health
benefits in every aspect in Western society. Evidences could be seen by
walking through the supermarkets and drug stores. Soy supplements and
products such as tofu, soy milk, soy-based infant formula, and meatless
“texturized vegetable protein” burgers were widely available. According
to the United Soybean Board’s 2004–2005, 25% of Americans consume soy
foods or beverages at least once per week, and 74% view soy products as
healthy.
Today, the promotion of soy are no longer existed, it may be results of
discovery of adverse effect in single ingredient and animal studies, as
intake of soy is associated to induce risk certain mammary cancers and
infertility. The publication of the result have drawn many criticisms.
According to Thomas Badger, director and senior investigator at the
Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center in Little Rock, these effects are
seen only under certain experimental conditions that are not likely to
occur in humans—and therein lies the crux of the debate(a).
Equol
(4',7-isoflavandiol), an isoflavandiol metabolized from daidzein may be
the causes, as 90% of Eastern population are equol producers but only
30% in the West.
The explanation of the positive effect of soy isoflavones in reduced
risk of mammary cancers by University of Goettingen may be interesting,
as researchers said" Most importantly, there is dispute as to whether
isoflavones derived from
soy or red clover have negative, positive or any effect at all on the mammary gland or endometrium. It is beyond any doubt that
soy products may have
cancer
preventing properties in a variety of organs including the mammary
gland. However, these properties may only be exerted if the developing
organ was under the influence of isoflavones during childhood and
puberty.
Soybean is the genus Glycine, belonging to the family Fabaceae, one of the legumes that
contains twice as much protein per acre as any other major vegetable or
grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is grown worldwide with
suitable climate for commercial profits.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Essential amino acid
6. Vitamin A
7. Vitamin B6
8. Vitamin B12
9. Vitamin C
10. Vitamin K
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Phosphorus
15. Potassium
16. Sodium
17. Zinc
18. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. Isoflavones
2. Genistein
3. Saponins
4. Beta-sitosterol
5. Daidzein
I. Soy in Eastern population
A. The Japanese population
Japan, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, lies to the east of the
Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching
from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in
the south(1). According to Moriyama, Japanese women and men live longer
and healthier than everyone else on Earth, it may be result of
healthier Japanese diet and lifestyle. According to the World Health
Organization, the Japanese have an average of 75 years healthy
living with disability-free, it may be due to average soy intake 10 to
70 times higher than in Western
people(1a)(1b).
A3. Soy and Prostate cancer in Japanese Men
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of
prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with
possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most
prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate
cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging
male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific
community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age
population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time
in history accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the
possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2
decades.
In fact, the incidence of prostate cancer in Asia is still lower if compared to their Western counterparts.
The Research Center for
Cancer Prevention and Screening, National
Cancer Center. suggested that isoflavones and
soy food are associated with a dose-dependent decrease in the reduced risk of localized
cancer, in a population-based prospective study in 43,509 Japanese
men ages 45 to 74 years with participants responded to a validated
questionnaire, which included 147 food items. During follow-up from 1995
through 2004, 307 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer, of which 74 cases were advanced, 220 cases were organ localized, and 13 cases were of an undetermined stage(5).
Environment, Diet, intestinal microbiota and Geography
The testing of North American Japanese and Japanese in Japan showed the
environment factor may be involved in the development of prostate cancer
regardless to genetic similarity(7). The incidence of the disease
increased vary both from country to country and ethnic
group, with the highest incidence reported for Afro-Americans and the lowest for
Asian men(2).
The study of the associations between nutritional and other lifestyle factors and the prevalence of
prostate cancer in a case-control study of
Japanese men, showed that soy isoflavone significantly decreased the risk of
prostate cancer regardless to the intake of other nutrients such as PUFA, (n-6) fatty acids or magnesium from other food sources(9).
Other suggested that legumes (not limited to
soy products) and certain categories of vegetables may protect against
prostate cancer(10).
DR. Akaza H. said "not having equol converting bacteria in the intestine (non-equol producers) can be a risk factor for
prostate cancer
and that one direction for future research will be to examine the
possibility of improving the intestinal environment to enable equol
production"(13).
Genes differentiation
1n gene differentiation, estrogen related genes may be the culprits for
the development of prostate cancer. In an one hundred and eighty cases
and 177 controls selected from three geographic areas of Japan
study, though analysis by the multifactor dimensionality reduction
method, s
oy isoflavones, showed to
exhibit its anti prostate cancer, depending to differ between the
genotypes of estrogen related genes(3).
According to Dr. Kimura T., the incidence of prostate cancer in Asia is
much lower than that in African Americans and European Caucasians and s
oy food consumption, more popular in
Asian populations, is associated with a 25% to 30% reduced risk of
prostate
cancer, it may be as a result of genetic mutation of approximately 30
genetic polymorphisms in populations of countries in the West.(1).
Serum of isoflavones
In a case-control study within the Japan Public Health Center-based
Prospective of a total of 14,203 men aged 40 to 69 years who had
returned the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples observed
from 1990 to 2005, showed that plazma genistein level is
associated inversely to the risk of
prostate cancer(4).
Other in the study of four isoflavonoids in plasma of 14 Japanese
and 14 Finnish men, also showed that the mean plasma of total
individual isoflavonoid levels of Japnaese are 7 to 110 times higher Japanese than in the Finnish men. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, occurred in the highest concentration(11).
In the experiment of Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese
diet showed that the excretion of isoflavonoids correlated with
soybean-product intake is associated to reduced mortality in breast and
prostate cancer of Japanese women and men(12).
In view of above, the Loma Linda University, insisted that soy isoflavones should be tested against different populations of prostate cancer
patients for its efficacy(6). Other suggested that the lower incidence
of prostate cancer in Japanese men may be a result of traditional
Japanese diet with a lot of soy foods and fishes(8) and promotes the production of Soy-derived food products and the metabolization of the isoflavones to enhance equol production to those of non producers of Asian and European/North American populations(13).
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References
(1) East meets West: ethnic differences in
prostate cancer epidemiology between East Asians and Caucasians by Kimura T.(
PubMed)
(2) Hereditary
prostate cancer and other genetic predispositions to
prostate cancer by Cussenot O
1, Valeri A, Berthon P, Fournier G, Mangin P.(
PubMed)
(3) Polymorphisms in estrogen related genes may modify the protective effect of isoflavones against
prostate cancer risk in
Japanese men by Sonoda T
1, Suzuki H, Mori M, Tsukamoto T, Yokomizo A, Naito S, Fujimoto K, Hirao Y, Miyanaga N, Akaza H.(
PubMed)
(4) Plasma isoflavones and subsequent risk of
prostate cancer in a nested case-control study: the Japan Public Health Center by Kurahashi N
1, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S.(
PubMed)
(5)
Soy product and isoflavone consumption in relation to
prostate cancer in
Japanese men by Kurahashi N
1, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Otani T, Inoue M, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study
Group.(
PubMed)
(6) An overview of the health effects of isoflavones with an emphasis on
prostate cancer risk and
prostate-specific antigen levels by Messina M
1, Kucuk O, Lampe JW.(
PubMed)
(7)
Prostate cancer in native
Japanese and
Japanese-American men: effects of dietary differences on
prostatic tissue by Marks LS
1, Kojima M, Demarzo A, Heber D, Bostwick DG, Qian J, Dorey FJ, Veltri RW, Mohler JL, Partin AW.(
PubMed)
(8) A case-control study of diet and
prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional
Japanese diet by Sonoda T
1,
Nagata Y, Mori M, Miyanaga N, Takashima N, Okumura K, Goto K, Naito S,
Fujimoto K, Hirao Y, Takahashi A, Tsukamoto T, Fujioka T, Akaza H.(
PubMed)
(9) Nagata Y
1, Sonoda T, Mori M, Miyanaga N, Okumura K, Goto K, Naito S, Fujimoto K, Hirao Y, Takahashi A, Tsukamoto T, Akaza H.(PubMed)
(10) Vegetables, fruits, legumes and
prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study by Kolonel LN
1, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS, Wu AH, Gallagher RP, Wilkens LR, John EM, Howe GR, Dreon DM, West DW, Paffenbarger RS Jr.(
PubMed)
(11) Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in
Japanese men by Adlercreutz H
1, Markkanen H, Watanabe S.(
PubMed)
(12) Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in
Japanese men and women consuming a traditional
Japanese diet by Adlercreutz H
1, Honjo H, Higashi A, Fotsis T, Hämäläinen E, Hasegawa T, Okada H.(PubMed)
(13)
Prostate cancer chemoprevention by soy isoflavones: role of intestinal bacteria as the "second human genome" by Akaza H.(
PubMed)
