The Science of Soy - The Eastern Viewpoints; Part A2: Soy and Risk of Breast cancer in Japanese Population

By Kyle J. Norton

Soy foods, including tofu have been in traditional Chinese diet over thousands of year, according to Chinese literature. The reduced risk of chronic disease in Asian population, including metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes and lesser menopause symptoms in advanced age, may be aided by eating a lot of soy food accompanied with large portion of vegetables and fruits. Indeed, according to the study, only 10% of women in the East are experience symptoms of menopause in advanced age compared to over 70% of their Western counterparts.
According to Dr. Mark Messina, Ph.D., Soy foods contributed from 6.5%8  to 12.8%7  of total protein intake in older adult in Japan.(b)

The approval of cardiovascular benefit of soy by FDA in 1999 accompanied with the discovery of health benefits in clinical studies over past decade, prompted the promotion and advertisement of soy's health benefits in every aspect in Western society. Evidences could be seen by walking through the supermarkets and drug  stores.  Soy supplements and products such as tofu, soy milk, soy-based infant formula, and meatless “texturized vegetable protein” burgers were widely available. According to the United Soybean Board’s 2004–2005, 25% of Americans consumed soy foods or beverages at least once per week, and 74% viewed soy products as healthy.

Today, the promotion of soy is no longer existed, it may be results of discovery of adverse effects in single ingredient and animal studies, as intake of soy is associated to induce risk of certain mammary cancers and infertility. The publication of the result have drawn many criticisms. According to Thomas Badger, director and senior investigator at the Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center in Little Rock, these effects are seen only under certain experimental conditions that are not likely to occur in humans—and therein lies the crux of the debate(a). Equol (4',7-isoflavandiol), an isoflavandiol metabolized from daidzein may be the causes, as 90% of Eastern population are equol producers but only 30% in the West.
The explanation of the positive effect of soy isoflavones in reduced risk of mammary cancers by  University of Goettingen may be interesting, as researchers said" Most importantly, there is dispute as to whether isoflavones derived from soy or red clover have negative, positive or any effect at all on the mammary gland or endometrium. It is beyond any doubt that soy products may have cancer preventing properties in a variety of organs including the mammary gland. However, these properties may only be exerted if the developing organ was under the influence of isoflavones during childhood and puberty".

Soybean is  a genus Glycine, belonging to the family Fabaceae, one of the legumes that contains twice as much protein per acre as any other major vegetable or grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is grown worldwide with suitable climate for commercial profits.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Essential amino acid
6. Vitamin A
7. Vitamin B6
8. Vitamin B12
9. Vitamin C
10. Vitamin K
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Phosphorus
15. Potassium
16. Sodium
17. Zinc
18. Etc.

Phytochemicals
1. Isoflavones
2. Genistein
3. Saponins
4. Beta-sitosterol
5. Daidzein

I. Soy in Eastern population
A. The Japanese population
Japan, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south(c). According to Moriyama, Japanese women and men live longer and healthier than everyone else on Earth, it may be result of  healthier Japanese diet and lifestyle. According to the World Health Organization, the Japanese have an average of 75 years healthy living with disability-free, it may be due to average soy intake 10 to 70 times higher than in Western people(d)(e).
A.2. Soy and Risk of Breast cancer in Japanese Population
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer started in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. There is also rare cases that breast cancer started in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.
The searching of keyword in PubMed with keywords, soy and breast cancer in Japanese women, found 15 related studies.
Epidemiologic evidence suggesting high intake of soy in Japanese population is associated to reduce risk of breast cancer(1) and regular consumption of probiotic beverage and isoflavones since adolescence was inversely associated with the incidence of breast cancer in Japanese women(2)(2a).

The study in the testing of oral administration of  IF-rich tablet (20 and 40 mg/day) on climacteric women,  showed  the product not only reduced risk of breast cancer but also improved of bone density, hypertension and climacteric symptoms, cardiovascular diseases, gynecological problems and possible immune potentiation(3)

Japanese women have lower incidence of and mortality from breast cancer, compared to Caucasians, it may be result of large amount intake soy protein and isoflavones, as high dietary intake of phytoestrogens, mainly in the form of soy products, can produce circulating levels of phytoestrogens that are known experimentally to have oestrogenic effects(4).

According to the Loma Linda University, Asian population consumes as much as 25 g of soy protein or 100 mg of isoflavones per day(5).
Epidemiological Western studies have linked levels of Genistein and daidzein in stimulating breast tumor growth and antagonize the effects of tamoxifen have been inclusive. Some researchers  suggested that women with current or past breast cancer should be aware of the risks of potential tumor growth when taking soy products(6).

In Japanese population, serum of isoflavones and insulin levels were not associated with breast cancer risk, in a case-control study of 63 histologically confirmed breast cancer patients and 76 controls, of serum isoflavone, insulin and adiponectin levels with breast cancer risk(7).

The review of Soy for breast cancer survivors, also rejected the above claim of adult consumption of soy affecting the risk of developing breast cancer or that soy consumption affects the survival of breast cancer patients(8). In deed, in Japanese study in testing the serum concentrations of genistein and daidzein, showed urinary excretion in 10 women and 9 men who consumed a typical low-fat diet with much rice and soy products, fish, and vegetables, in a rural village south of Kyoto, Japan, indicated a co-related to isoflavonoids  intake and serum concentrations of genistein and daidzein and suggested that these may be a result of low mortality in breast and prostate cancer of Japanese women and men, respectively(9). In fact, tofu is found to be associated with the serum concentrations of genistein and daidzein  but fermented product, such as miso showed a slight association with serum concentrations of these phytoestrogens with serum concentrations of equol showed associated with dietary intake of tofu and miso soup(10).

Soymilk, a flavor drink on breakfast in Asian diet, when combined with combination with probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) also showed to prevent the development of mammary tumors through suppression of tumor growth and might be a beneficial dietary style for breast cancer prevention(11). Intake of soy combined with seaweed in equol producers, showed seaweed favorably alters estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism and these changes likely include modulation of colonic bacteria, in healthy postmenopausal women(12). In premenopausal Japanese women study with randomly assigned to receive either a soymilk-supplemented diet (n = 31) or a normal (control) diet (n = 29), involved three consecutive menstrual cycles showed the  estrone and estradiol levels were decreased by 23% and 27%, respectively, in the soymilk-supplemented group but insisted that larger studies will be required to confirm the ability of soy products to reduce serum estrogen levels(12a). Other study in 50 healthy premenopausal Japanese women, also showed a similar result as blood samples drawn from each subject on Days 11 and 22 of her menstrual cycle, suggested that  the consumption of soy products lowers the risk of developing breast cancer risk in modifying estrogen metabolism(12b).

In postmenopausal Japanese women, according to the study from the Takayama, with participants members aged 35 years or older in 1992 with follow-up was conducted from the time of the baseline study (September 1, 1992) to the end of March 2008, concluded that soy and isoflavone intakes may have a protective effect on postmenopausal breast cancer. Risks of breast cancer were  decreased  among women with a moderate intake of soy and isoflavone(13).

In a total of 678 breast cancer cases and 3,390 age- and menopausal status-matched noncancer controls, soy showed a protective effect against breast cancer risk differs by receptor status, including with  ER-positive (ER+) and HER2-negative (HER2-)(14). Genistein a major component of soybean isoflavone, has been found to induce breast cancer in some Western study, also exerted its anti breast cancer preventive effect in a breast cancer cell overexpressing HER-2,  as genistein enhances necrotic-like cell death of the breast cancer cells through the inactivation of HER-2 receptor and Akt which plays a key role in multiple cellular processes in combined with chemotherapeutic agent (15).

 Unfortunately, report on a Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. From 1988 to 1990, 30,454 women aged 40-79 years, completed a questionnaire on diet and other lifestyle features, suggested  that consumption of soy food has no protective effects against breast cancer, but insisted that further large-scale investigations eliciting genetic factors may clarify different roles of various soybean-ingredient foods on the risk of breast cancer(16).

According to DR. Nagata C. the protective risk against breast cancer only found in in Asian but not Western populations with intake of soy, may be due to consume levels of soy typical in Asian diets. Researchers should also take account of amount of soy isoflavones consumed, the form and food source of isoflavones, timing of isoflavone exposure, estrogen receptor status of tumors, and equol-producer status and hormonal profile of individuals. These factors might explain the heterogeneity of results from studies(17).

Conclusion

 Dr, Rice S.  Dr. Whitehead SA., in the differentiation of phytoestrogens and breast cancer--promoters or protectors? said "a paradox concerning the epidemiology of breast cancer and the dietary intake of phytoestrogens that bind weakly to oestrogen receptors and initiate oestrogen-dependent transcription. In Eastern countries, such as Japan, the incidence of breast cancer is approximately one-third that of Western countries whilst their high dietary intake of phytoestrogens, mainly in the form of soy products, can produce circulating levels of phytoestrogens that are known experimentally to have oestrogenic effects. The actions of phytoestrogens on oestrogen receptors and key enzymes that convert androgens to oestrogens in relation to the growth of breast cancer cells. In addition, it compares the experimental and epidemiological evidence pertinent to the potential beneficial or harmful effects of phytoestrogens in relation to the incidence/progression of breast cancer and their efficacy as natural alternatives to conventional HRT"(18).

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References
(a) The Science of Soy: What Do We Really Know? by Julia R. Barrett
(b) Guideline for healthy soy intake(the Unite Soybean board)
(c) Japan, Wikipedia
(d)  Erdman JW Jr. AHA Science Advisory: soy protein and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the AHA. Circulation. 2000; 102: 2555–2559
(Soy protein and cardiovascular disease)
(e) van der Schouw YT, Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Peeters PH, Keinan-Boker L, Rimm EB, Grobbee DE. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Circulation. 2005; 111: 465–471(Cardiovascular diseases in women)
(1)  Soy intake and breast cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population(PubMed)
(2) Probiotic Beverage with Soy Isoflavone Consumption for Breast Cancer Prevention: A Case-control Study by Toi M¹, Hirota S, Tomotaki A, Sato N, Hozumi Y, Anan K, Nagashima T, Tokuda Y, Masuda N, Ohsumi S, Ohno S, Takahashi M, Hayashi H, Yamamoto S, Ohashi Y.(PubMed)
(2a) Yamamoto S¹, Sobue T, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer Cardiovascular Diseases Group.(PubMed)
(3) Isoflavones for prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, gynecological problems and possible immune potentiation by Watanabe S¹, Uesugi S, Kikuchi Y.(PubMed)
(4) Phytoestrogens and breast cancer--promoters or protectors? by Rice S¹, Whitehead SA.(PubMed)
(5) Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes, by Messina M¹, Nagata C, Wu AH.(PubMed).
(6) Effects of soy phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein on breast cancer growth by de Lemos ML.(PubMed)
(7) Minatoya M¹, Kutomi G, Asakura S, Otokozawa S, Sugiyama Y, Ohnishi H, Akasaka H, Miura T, Mori M, Hirata K.(PubMed)
(8) Soy for breast cancer survivors: a critical review of the literature by Messina MJ¹, Loprinzi CL.(PubMed)
(9) Association of serum phytoestrogen concentration and dietary habits in a sample set of the JACC Study by Ozasa K¹, Nakao M, Watanabe Y, Hayashi K, Miki T, Mikami K, Mori M, Sakauchi F, Washio M, Ito Y, Suzuki K, Kubo T, Wakai K, Tamakoshi A; JACC Study Group.(PubMed)
(10) Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet by Adlercreutz H¹, Honjo H, Higashi A, Fotsis T, Hämäläinen E, Hasegawa T, Okada H.(PubMed)
(11) Lactobacillus casei Shirota enhances the preventive efficacy of soymilk in chemically induced breast cancer by Kaga C¹, Takagi A, Kano M, Kado S, Kato I, Sakai M, Miyazaki K, Nanno M, Ishikawa F, Ohashi Y, Toi M.(PubMed)
(12) Dietary seaweed modifies estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women by Teas J¹, Hurley TG, Hebert JR, Franke AA, Sepkovic DW, Kurzer MS.(PubMed)
(12a) Effect of soymilk consumption on serum estrogen concentrations in premenopausal Japanese women by Nagata C¹, Takatsuka N, Inaba S, Kawakami N, Shimizu H.(PubMed)
(12b) Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women by Nagata C¹, Kabuto M, Kurisu Y, Shimizu H.(PubMed)
(13) Soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in Japan: from the Takayama study by Wada K¹, Nakamura K, Tamai Y, Tsuji M, Kawachi T, Hori A, Takeyama N, Tanabashi S, Matsushita S, Tokimitsu N, Nagata C.(PubMed)
(14) Effect of soybean on breast cancer according to receptor status: a case-control study in Japan by Suzuki T¹, Matsuo K, Tsunoda N, Hirose K, Hiraki A, Kawase T, Yamashita T, Iwata H, Tanaka H, Tajima K.(PubMed)
(15) Genistein, a soy isoflavone, enhances necrotic-like cell death in a breast cancer cell treated with a chemotherapeutic agent by Satoh H¹, Nishikawa K, Suzuki K, Asano R, Virgona N, Ichikawa T, Hagiwara K, Yano T.(PubMed)
(16) Consumption of soy foods and the risk of breast cancer: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study by Nishio K¹, Niwa Y, Toyoshima H, Tamakoshi K, Kondo T, Yatsuya H, Yamamoto A, Suzuki S, Tokudome S, Lin Y, Wakai K, Hamajima N, Tamakoshi A(PubMed)
(17) Factors to consider in the association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk.
PubMed)
(18)  Phytoestrogens and breast cancer--promoters or protectors? by Rice S¹, Whitehead SA.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Sulforaphane (Isothiocyanates) and neuroprotective effect

Dithiolthiones are phytochemicals in the class of Organosulfides, found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, garden sorrel, horseradish, etc.

Sulforaphane, a naturally organosulfur compound found in broccoli, showed to exert its neuroprotective effects through significantly attenuated the scopolamine-induced memory impairment and improved cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by an increased ACh level, decreased AChE activity, and increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex(1). in a variety of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, phytochemicals, isothiocyanate sulforaphane, derived from the hydrolysis of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin mainly present in Brassica vegetables, demonstrated its neuroprotective effects in several in vitro and in vivo studies, may be mainly ascribed to its peculiar ability to activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway(2). In dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the phytochemical showed the neuroprotective effect through its ability to enhance glutathione levels and its dependent enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase) and to modulate neuronal survival pathways(3).


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Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

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References
(1) Sulforaphane alleviates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice by Lee S¹, Kim J¹, Seo SG², Choi BR³, Han JS³, Lee KW⁴, Kim J⁵.(PubMed)
(2) Sulforaphane as a potential protective phytochemical against neurodegenerative diseases byTarozzi A¹, Angeloni C, Malaguti M, Morroni F, Hrelia S, Hrelia P.(PubMed)
(3) Neuroprotective effect of sulforaphane in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease byMorroni F¹, Tarozzi A, Sita G, Bolondi C, Zolezzi Moraga JM, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P.(PubMed)

Herbal Chamomile and skin cancer

Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.

Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).
Basal cell cancer is the most common type of skin cancer as a result of abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis. The cancer rarely spread and kill but can cause significant destruction and disfigurement to the affected skin area and accounted for more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S.
According to statistic, skin cancers accounted for approximately 40% of all cancers reported in the United States and approximately 9,500 deaths per year. Herbal chamomile showed to inhibited skin cancer cell lines through its antioxidant effects via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) type free radicals probably via downregulation of H2O2-generated free radicals in human skin fibroblasts (1). Apigenin , a chemical constituent of flavonoid found in chamomile, with 10 mumoles apigenin in 200 microliters DMSO:acetone (1:9) prior to each UVB exposure showed a promised resulted in reduction in cancer incidence (52% inhibition), through absorbing ultraviolet light or decreasing DNA damage(2). In support of the above, the National Taiwan University, indicated that a effectiveness of apigenin, in suppression of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-(TPA)-mediated tumor promotion of mouse skin, through vary mechanisms(3).

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to 1000 free AND HEALTHY recipes and counting
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References
(1) The active natural anti-oxidant properties of chamomile, milk thistle, and halophilic bacterial components in human skin in vitro by Mamalis A¹, Nguyen DH, Brody N, Jagdeo J.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibition of ultraviolet light induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by apigenin, a plant flavonoid by Birt DF¹, Mitchell D, Gold B, Pour P, Pinch HC.(PubMed)
(3) Suppression of protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin and curcumin by Lin JK¹, Chen YC, Huang YT, Lin-Shiau SY.(PubMed)

Curried tomato and Shellfish broth

Recipe by
125 Chinese recipes with Bill Jones and Stephen Wong

6 scallops, thinly sliced
8 prawns, peeled and deveined
salt and freshly ground white pepper to taste
2 tsp. vegetable oil
1 small onion, sliced
1tbsp. curry powder, preferably madras
5 cups chicken stock
4 small tomatoes, seed and quartered
12 clams scrubbed
2 cups thinly sliced mustard green or sui choy (Napa cabbage)
salt and pepper to taste
season seafood with salt and pepper; set aside
In a large saucepan or soup pot, heat oil over medium heat for 30 seconds. Add onion and curry powder; sauté for 1 minute. Add chicken stock; bring to a boil. Add tomatoes and cook for 3 minutes. Add clam; cook until they open, about 2 - 5 minutes, depending on size. Skim off any impurities that rise to the top.
Add scallops, prawns and mustard green or cabbage; bring to a boil. Remove from heat. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Cover and allow to steep for 2 minutes. Serve immediately.


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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

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The Science of Soy - The Eastern Viewpoints; Part A1: Soy and the risk of cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction (MI) in Japan population

Soy foods, including tofu have been in traditional Chinese diet over thousands of year, according to Chinese literature. The reduced risk of chronic disease in Asian population, including metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes and lesser menopause symptoms in advanced age, may be aided by eating a lot of soy food accompanied with large portion of vegetables and fruits. Indeed, according to the study, only 10% of women in the East are experience symptoms of menopause in advanced age compared to over 70% of their Western counterparts.
According to Dr. Mark Messina, Ph.D., Soy foods contributed from 6.5%8  to 12.8%7  of total protein intake in older adult in Japan.(b)

The approval of cardiovascular benefit of soy by FDA in 1999 accompanied with the discovery of health benefits in clinical studies over past decade, prompted the promotion and advertisement of soy's health benefits in every aspect in Western society. Evidences could be seen by walking through the supermarkets and drug  stores.  Soy supplements and products such as tofu, soy milk, soy-based infant formula, and meatless “texturized vegetable protein” burgers were widely available. According to the United Soybean Board’s 2004–2005, 25% of Americans consumed soy foods or beverages at least once per week, and 74% viewed soy products as healthy.

Today, the promotion of soy is no longer existed, it may be results of discovery of adverse effects in single ingredient and animal studies, as intake of soy is associated to induce risk of certain mammary cancers and infertility. The publication of the result have drawn many criticisms. According to Thomas Badger, director and senior investigator at the Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center in Little Rock, these effects are seen only under certain experimental conditions that are not likely to occur in humans—and therein lies the crux of the debate(a). Equol (4',7-isoflavandiol), an isoflavandiol metabolized from daidzein may be the causes, as 90% of Eastern population are equol producers but only 30% in the West.
The explanation of the positive effect of soy isoflavones in reduced risk of mammary cancers by  University of Goettingen may be interesting, as researchers said" Most importantly, there is dispute as to whether isoflavones derived from soy or red clover have negative, positive or any effect at all on the mammary gland or endometrium. It is beyond any doubt that soy products may have cancer preventing properties in a variety of organs including the mammary gland. However, these properties may only be exerted if the developing organ was under the influence of isoflavones during childhood and puberty".

Soybean is genus Glycine, the family Fabaceae, one of the legumes that contains twice as much protein per acre as any other major vegetable or grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is grown worldwide with suitable climate for commercial profits.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Essential amino acid
6. Vitamin A
7. Vitamin B6
8. Vitamin B12
9. Vitamin C
10. Vitamin K
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Magnesium
14. Phosphorus
15. Potassium
16. Sodium
17. Zinc
18. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. Isoflavones
2. Genistein
3. Saponins
4. Beta-sitosterol
5. Daidzein

I. Soy in Eastern population
A. The Japanese population
Japan, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south(1). According to Moriyama, Japanese women and men live longer and healthier than everyone else on Earth, it may be result of  healthier Japanese diet and lifestyle. According to the World Health Organization, the Japanese have an average of 75 years healthy living with disability-free, it may be due to average soy intake 10 to 70 times higher than in Western people(1a)(1b)
A.1. Soy and the risk of cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction (MI) in Japan population

The searching of the Keywords in PubMed, soy and heart diseases  and stroke in Japan found 3 studies, all showed the positive effect of soy in reduced risk heart disease and stroke.

Cerebral infarction (CI) is defined as a type of ischemic stroke due to blockage in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is also known as heart attack. It is defined as a condition of blood stop flowing properly to part of the heart as a result of not receiving enough oxygen.

According to National Cardiovascular Center, Japan, the studied 40,462 Japanese (40 to 59 years old, without cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline), yields interest results.
People who consume more soy are less likely to be current smokers but more likely to be hypertensive, with men are more likely to have diabetes mellitus. The frequency of soy intake was positively related to daily intake of rice, vegetables, fruits, fish, potassium, calcium, carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, fiber, and isoflavones for both sexes.

The study started in the 1990 with food-frequency questionnaire included 44 foods with 3 questions to assess soy, bean, and miso consumption. The 1995 follow-up questionnaire covered 147 foods with 8 questions on soy products.

The result is astonishing, during a follow-up period that averaged 12.5 years, 1230 strokes were documented, of which 1137 were confirmed through imaging or autopsy. eventhrough high isoflavone intake was associated with reduced risk of CI and MI in middle-aged Japanese subjects, but not in men and dietary isoflavones and may be beneficial to postmenopausal women for the prevention of ischemic CVD(2). Intake of miso soup showed to reduce risk of hypertension but did not contributed to ischemic CVD mortality in neither men or women.

Strong evidences of epidemiological studies from the East and West have shown that hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor in contribution to heart diseases, notably on intermediate end points(3)(4). Soy foods intake has been known to contain lowering cholesterol and blood pressure effects. According to the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, daily soy protein showed a significantly decreased serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides without significantly affecting serum HDL cholesterol concentrations.(4). But the study suggested that  the mechanism of reduced risk of cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction (MI) for postmenopausal Japanese women may  not be through reduction of lipid profile but through exposure to a large quantity of isoflavones, which act as estrogen agonist because estrogen receptors are not occupied with plasma estradiol in postmenopausal women.

In case of hypertension in the subject of study, although the disease have been shown to contribute to the early risk factor for the progression heat disease and stroke(6)(7)(8)(9). Consumption of soy has no effect in reduce risk of the development of cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction for people with  histories of hypertension and diabetes mellitus and medication use for hypercholesterolemia, even soy has shown effectively in reduced high blood pressure(12)

In support to the above, the dietary intervention study targeting female students by using cake containing soybean protein and isoflavone at the Mukogawa Women's University, 4 weeks dietary intake of soy protein found to reduce CHD risk among Japanese female students with a high plasma cholesterol level(10) and Dr. Nagata C. at the Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan, in the study of association between soy product intake and mortality from cancer and heart disease in Japan, suggested that soy foods intake showed a preventive role in against stomach cancer and heart disease death(11).

Dr. Yoshihiro Kokubo and the research team also acknowledged the limitation of the study such as ethic group, measurement errors with nutrient intake or  due to it self report, but insisted that nationwide annual health screenings may ease the self report concern.
 They also clarified that the result of the study of dietary intake of isoflavones, are not relevant to the association of isoflavone supplement use with ischemic CVD.

In deed, the effectiveness of soy isoflavone in reduced risk of  cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction in this case, yields some questions due to it ethnicity.
a. If soy is found to be effective in reduce risk of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, why it does not contribute to the reduce risk of cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction in men with histories of hypertension and diabetes mellitus and medication use for hypercholesterolemia.
Would the medication be the cause?  As epidemiological study insisted the lowering effect of blood pressure and cholesterol are associated to reduce risk heart disease and stroke.

b. Although soy isoflavone showed an effectiveness in reduce risk of cerebral infarction (CI) and myocardial infarction and mortality, would dietary with high in fruit and vegetable also best known for the reduce risk of heart disease and stroke be also taken into account?

c. The effectiveness of the study may only be true for equol producers population as 90% of subjects' study are equol producers?

d. Would the "Japanese Phenomenon" interfere with the study, as administration of isoflavone "inexperienced" women at the time of menopause, the phytoestrogens appear to share the same effects as estrogen used in classical preparations for hormone replacement therapy?


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Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

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References
(a) The Science of Soy: What Do We Really Know? by Julia R. Barrett
(b) Guideline for healthy soy intake(the Unite Soybean board)
(1) Japan, Wikipedia
(1a)  Erdman JW Jr. AHA Science Advisory: soy protein and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the AHA. Circulation. 2000; 102: 2555–2559
(Soy protein and cardiovascular disease)
(1b) van der Schouw YT, Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Peeters PH, Keinan-Boker L, Rimm EB, Grobbee DE. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Circulation. 2005; 111: 465–471(Cardiovascular diseases in women)
(5) Soy intake and breast cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population by Nagata C¹, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Tamakoshi A, Matsuo K, Wakai K, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Sasazuki S; Research Group for the Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan.(PubMed)
(6) Probiotic Beverage with Soy Isoflavone Consumption for Breast Cancer Prevention: A Case-control Study by Toi M¹, Hirota S, Tomotaki A, Sato N, Hozumi Y, Anan K, Nagashima T, Tokuda Y, Masuda N, Ohsumi S, Ohno S, Takahashi M, Hayashi H, Yamamoto S, Ohashi Y.(PubMed)
(7) Associations of intakes of fat, dietary fiber, soy isoflavones, and alcohol with levels of sex hormones and prolactin in premenopausal Japanese women by Tsuji M¹, Tamai Y, Wada K, Nakamura K, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K, Nagata C.(PubMed)
(8) Plasma isoflavone level and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: a nested case-control study from the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study group by Iwasaki M¹, Inoue M, Otani T, Sasazuki S, Kurahashi N, Miura T, Yamamoto S, Tsugane S; Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study group.(PubMed)
(9) Isoflavones--safe food additives or dangerous drugs? by Wuttke W¹, Jarry H, Seidlová-Wuttke D.(PubMed)
(10) Effect of a soybean product on serum lipid levels in female university students by Takahashi K¹, Kamada Y, Hiraoka-Yamamoto J, Mori M, Nagata R, Hashimoto K, Aizawa T, Matsuda K, Kometani T, Ikeda K, Yamori Y.(PubMed)
(11) Ecological study of the association between soy product intake and mortality from cancer and heart disease in Japan by Nagata C.(PubMed)
(12) Association of blood pressure with intake of soy products and other food groups in Japanese men and women by Nagata C¹, Shimizu H, Takami R, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K.(PubMed)
(13) Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland by Sagara M¹, Kanda T, NJelekera M, Teramoto T, Armitage L, Birt N, Birt C, Yamori Y.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Isothiocyanates and heart diseases

Dithiolthiones are phytochemicals in the class of Organosulfides, found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, garden sorrel, horseradish, etc.

Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease.
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat.
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, showed to improve AIDS-related heart dysfunction through inhibition of apoptosis by decreasing iNOS and Bax expression through suppression of NF-κB.(1). In ischemic injury of hearts patients, showed to inhibit reactive oxygen species mediators in exerting a toxic effect during ischemia-reperfusion through mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and antioxidant pathway(2). On ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. steamed broccoli  showed a superior cardioprotective properties over cooked broccoli, probably through through the redox signalling of sulphoraphane(3). the phytochemical also found to trduce risk of vascular disease due to aging by inhibiting oxidative stress (4).


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to 1000 free AND HEALTHY recipes and counting
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/recipes.html

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References
(1) Isothiocyanates ameliorate the symptom of heart dysfunction and mortality in a murine AIDS model by inhibiting apoptosis in the left ventricle. by Ho JN¹, Yoon HG, Park CS, Kim S, Jun W, Choue R, Lee J.(PubMed)
(2) Sulforaphane protects ischemic injury of hearts through antioxidant pathway and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels.by Piao CS¹, Gao S, Lee GH, Kim do S, Park BH, Chae SW, Chae HJ, Kim SH.(PubMed)
(3) Comparison of the protective effects of steamed and cooked broccolis on ischaemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. by Mukherjee S¹, Lekli I, Ray D, Gangopadhyay H, Raychaudhuri U, Das DK.(PubMed)
(4) Crosstalk between Nrf2 and the proteasome: therapeutic potential of Nrf2 inducers in vascular disease and aging by Chapple SJ¹, Siow RC, Mann GE.(PubMed)

Herbal Chamomile and cancer

Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.

Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).

Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
According to the study by Dr. Srivastava JK and Dr.Gupta S. in cancer cells, chamomile extract showed to induce minimal growth inhibitory responses in normal cells, but significant decrease in cell viability was observed in various human cancer cell lines, through exhibition of its antiproliferative and apoptotic activities(1). The Harokopio University, study also indicated the effectiveness of chamomile in inhibition of epithelial colon cancer (HT29)  cell line probably through regulation of regulate nuclear factor-kappa B(2). The testing of biological activity of 20 essential oils (EOs) from herbal plants for theirs effectiveness in numbers of  cancer cell line, including human colon carcinoma, (HCT116), rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells, according to Kobe Gakuin University, chamomile showed a significant effects on both cancer cell growth and mast cell degranulation(3).


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to 1000 free AND HEALTHY recipes and counting
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/recipes.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca      
References
(1) Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of chamomile extract in various human cancer cells.

Srivastava JK¹, Gupta S.(PubMed)

(2) Herbal infusions; their phenolic profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in HT29 and PC3 cells by Kogiannou DA¹, Kalogeropoulos N, Kefalas P, Polissiou MG, Kaliora AC.(PubMed)

(3) Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities by Mitoshi M¹, Kuriyama I, Nakayama H, Miyazato H, Sugimoto K, Kobayashi Y, Jippo T, Kanazawa K, Yoshida H, Mizushina Y.(PubMed)