Herbal Chamomile and Dermatitis

Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.

Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).
Dermatitis or eczema, is defined as a condition of inflammation of skin including itchy, erythematous, vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches.  
The use of chamomile oil in folk medicine for treatment of skin disorder may have found to be effect in modern medicine, according to Howon University, application of German chamomile oil to alleviating atopic dermatitis, such as reduced serum IgG1 level and significantly lower serum histamine level through influencing of Th2 cell activation(1).
Dr Dohil MA. in the study of herbal effects on in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease, indicated that there may be a positive effect of herbal medicine, including chamomile through the present  recent multicenter and international clinical studies that support their efficacy and safety profile for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions(2). and herbs containing anti inflammatory activity such as chamomile may be particularly well suited as alternatives to pharmacologic therapies in chronic conditions for which long-term use is required,(3), Dr. Wu J. said.
Although, German chamomile may be effective for treatment of skin disorder, but it was found to have allergic effect in some patients,  in external use of chamomile tea or use of chamomile-containing topical herbal remedies, due to its chemical constituent herniarin(4).

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References
(1) Effect of German chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice.by Lee SH¹, Heo Y, Kim YC.(PubMed)
(2) Natural ingredients in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease.

Dohil MA.(PubMed)

(3) Anti-inflammatory ingredients by Wu J.(PubMed)

(4) The coumarin herniarin as a sensitizer in German chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Compositae] by Paulsen E¹, Otkjaer A, Andersen KE.(PubMed)

The Rubs - Korean Barbecue Wet Rub

Recipe by Cooking light, the complete Quick Cook, (A practical Guide to Smart, Fast home Cooking) by Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarborough, Publisher Oxmoor House

Here is a traditional -tasting Korean rub that goes on just before the food is grill. It is great on Salmon, steak, pork, tenderloin, dark meat chicken, or any game bird such as duck or quail.

1/4 cup packed dark brown sugar
1/2 tsp. salt
4 tsp. bottle minced garlic
2 tsp. lower-sodium soy sauce
2 tsp. dark sesame oil
Combined all ingredients, Store in the airtight container in refrigerator for 1 week . Yield about 3 tsp. (serving size; i1/2 tsp.).


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Hormone Adionection and Obesity

By Kyle J. Norton


Recent study from the renowned institutions suggested that protein Adiponectin may be associated to risk of obesity. Adionection is a protein with function involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. Therefore, it plays a causative role in the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, through probably mediated the metabolic effects of FGF21, a metabolic hormone, on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity(1a).

Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese. 

In a study of all the fourth-grade school children (9 or 10 years of age) in the town of Ina during 2005-2008 (N = 1675), Japan, lower levels of adiponectin complexes were associated to in the abdominal obesity group than in the non-abdominal obesity group regardless of sex. In fact the impact of abdominal obesity was larger in boys than in girls(1).

Indeed, the alternation and mutation of adiponectin gene were also found to contribute to the genetic risk towards the development of  obesity, in the south Indian population study by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation-ICMR Advanced Centre for Genomics of Type 2 Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre(2).

But in the study of calorie-restricted low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets (LFD and LCD among overweight and obese premenopausal women, researchers suggested that in these diet patterns serum leptin, but not adiponectin is found to effect on obesity's complications(3). In support of the above, the West China Medical School study showed that Leptin, the product of the obese gene, is an adipocyte-secreted protein hormone playing a key role in the progression of obesity(4)

The Russian study indicated the evaluation of metabolic disorders and adipokine synthesis in obese patients may optimize the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases and to personalize diet therapy(5).

Adiponectin receptor 1 agonists, matairesinol, arctiin, (-)-arctigenin and gramine, may be potential drug-candidates for hypoadiponectin related diseases, such as obesity(6)

Taken altogether, adipokine  synthesis is associated to risk of obesity, but the question of low level of adiponectin induces obesity or obesity causes lower levels of adiponectin remains largely unknown. Leptin, another member of adipokine  may be used as biomarker in management of the progression of the disease and its complications. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying


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References
(1a) Adiponectin mediates the metabolic effects of FGF21 on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in mice by Lin Z¹, Tian H, Lam KS, Lin S, Hoo RC, Konishi M, Itoh N, Wang Y, Bornstein SR, Xu A, Li X.(PubMed)

(1) Abdominal obesity and serum adiponectin complexes among population-based elementary school children in Japan: a cross-sectional study by Ochiai H¹, Shirasawa T, Nishimura R, Nanri H, Ohtsu T, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A.(PubMed)
(2) Genetic association of ADIPOQ gene variants with type 2 diabetes, obesity and serum adiponectin levels in south Indian population by Ramya K¹, Ayyappa KA, Ghosh S, Mohan V, Radha V.(PubMed)
(3) Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial by Llanos AA¹, Krok JL², Peng J³, Pennell ML³, Olivo-Marston S¹, Vitolins MZ³, Degraffinreid CR², Paskett ED(PubMed)
(4) Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel urea- and guanidine-based derivatives for the treatment of obesity-related hepatic steatosis by Liang X¹, Pei H², Ma L³, Ran Y⁴, Chen J⁵, Wang G⁶, Chen L⁵.(PubMed)
(5) [Adipokines and the metabolism of key nutrients in patients with obesity].

[Article in Russian] by Kirillova OO, Vorozhko IV, Gapparova KM, Chekhonina IuG, Sentsova TB, Tutel'ian VA.(PubMed)
(6) Identification of adiponectin receptor agonist utilizing a fluorescence polarization based high throughput assay by Sun Y¹, Zang Z, Zhong L, Wu M, Su Q, Gao X, Zan W, Lin D, Zhao Y, Zhang Z.(PubMed)

Avocado and Cardiovascular disease

Avocado is commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, it is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Nutrients
1. Vitamin K
2. Dietary fiber
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin C
5. Folate
6. Copper
7. Potassium
8. Amino acid
9. Others
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B12
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin E
e) Carotenoid
f) Pantothenic acid
g) Calcium
h) Chromium
Chemical constituents
The fruit contains campesterol, high amounts of β-sitosterol (average 76.4 mg/100 g); fatty acids (approximately 60% monounsaturated, 20% saturated, and 20% unsaturated); high amounts of glutathione (27.7 mg/100 g); approximately 2% protein; 6–9% carbohydrates and sugars (glucose, fructose, d-mannoheptulose, a taloheptulose, and an alloheptulose); two bitter substances (1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene and 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene); carnitine; proanthocyanidins; persenones A and B(a).


Heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure that contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) building up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat.
In animal study,  Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) aqueous leaf extract (PAE) showed an significant effect in reduced risk and treatment of heart diseases, through its hypotensive (antihypertensive) effects(1). According to Nutrition Science Solutions LLC, consumption of one-half an avocado (68 g), not only provided many nutrients which are necessary for body needed, but also supported cardiovascular health(2).
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008, suggested that avocado consumption is associated with improved overall diet quality, nutrient intake, and reduced risk of metabolic syndrome(3), including cardiovascular disease.


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References
(a) Leung's Encyclopedia of Natural Ingredients:Chemical Composition of Avocado
(1) Cardiovascular effects of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) (avocado) aqueous leaf extract in experimental animals by Ojewole JA¹, Kamadyaapa DR, Gondwe MM, Moodley K, Musabayane CT.(PubMed)
(2) Hass avocado composition and potential health effects by Dreher ML¹, Davenport AJ.(PubMed)
(3) Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008 by Fulgoni VL 3rd¹, Dreher M, Davenport AJ.(PubMed)

Herbal cayenne and Cholesterol

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

Capsaicinoids, the active compounds in chili pepper, showed to reduce plasma total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol being unaffected, according to The Chinese University of Hong Kong, in hamsters study(1), as well as prevent ovarian hormone deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the hepatic cholesterol synthesis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats(2). These anti Hypocholesterolemic effect may be as a result of stimulating conversion of cholesterol to bile acids by upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression (cholesterol regulator) and the increase in fecal total bile acid excretion, some researchers suggested(3).


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References
(1) Capsaicinoids lower plasma cholesterol and improve endothelial function in hamsters by Liang YT¹, Tian XY, Chen JN, Peng C, Ma KY, Zuo Y, Jiao R, Lu Y, Huang Y, Chen ZY.(PubMed)
(2) The hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in ovariectomized rats fed with a cholesterol-free diet was mediated by inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis by Zhang L¹, Fang G, Zheng L, Chen Z, Liu X.(PubMed)
(3) Hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids by increased bile acids excretion in ovariectomized rats by Zhang L¹, Zhou M, Fang G, Tang Y, Chen Z, Liu X.(PubMed)

Simple and Quick recipe - Chili and sugar-bake bacon

Recipe contributed by 4 Ingredients by Kim McCosker and Rachael Bermingham (Atria Books))

Serve 4
2 tsp. mild chili powder
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
12 thick slices smoked bacon
Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper. Mix chili powder and brown sugar in a shallow bowl. bury each pieces of bacon in the mix and rub both side to coat well. Place bacon on baking sheet and bake for 30 minutes without turning until nice and crispy.


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Herbal Dang Qui (Angelica root) & Diabetes

By Kyle J. Norton

Dang Qui (Angelica root) may be used alone and conjunction with other herbs in reduced blood glucose of patient with diabetes new study suggested.

According to the 2011 statistic from National Diabetes InformationClearinghouse (NDIC), among U.S. residents ages 65 years and older, 10.9 million, or 26.9 percent, had diabetes in 2010, about 215,000 people younger than 20 years had diabetes—type 1 or type 2—in the United States in 2010 and approximately,  1.9 million people ages 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 in the United States.

Beside acting as a queen herb in balancing the hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation, Dang Qui also used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gynecological ailments, fatigue, mild anemia and high blood pressure. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc.(1)

Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang (DBT), an aqueous extract of Radix Astragali and Radix Angelica sinensis of Chinese herbal formula, showed to significantly alleviate the hyperglycemia but made no influence on plasma lipid profiles nor weight gain in fructose chow-fed rats when applied alone, through  increased post-receptor insulin signaling(2). Together with Panax notoginseng (RRP), the extract showed to reverse high glucose-induced inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, through decreased the expression of inflammatory factors(3).

Decursin, an active compound isolated from Angelica gigas, also showed a significantly reduced the secretion of HFD-induced adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, IL-6 and MCP-1 associated to diabetes and obesity(4)

Angelica Keiskei, another member of  Angelica improved  insulin resistance  in diabetes of rats  induced by streptozotocin with intraperitoeal injection as well as with high-fat diet feeding through upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of PI3K and Akt(5).

Dr, Zhao Y. and the research team at the Medical College of Qingdao University also in the study of the effect of Angelica Keiskei in diabetes told PubMed " Angelica keiskei chalcone (the extract) may increase the expression levels of Glut2 in liver and Glut4 in skeletal muscle cells, decrease fasting blood glucose and insulin of type 2 diabetic rats and improve their insulin resistance condition"(6).

Unfortunately, oral administration of angelica have linked to proliferation of the breast cancer for women with history of breast cancer and gene mutation Her-2(7)(8).

Taken altogether, Dang Qui may be effective in reduced glucose level of patients with type II diabetes and can be considered for prevention of diabetic complications. Due to its conflict results in breast cancer studies, it is advisable that women with mutation gene Her or with history of breast cancer should consult their Doctor & Related field specialist before applying. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only,


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References
(1) Popular #Herbs - #Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis)
(2) A Chinese Herbal Decoction, Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang, Prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae sinensis, Ameliorates Insulin Resistance Induced by A High-Fructose Diet in Rats by Liu IM¹, Tzeng TF, Liou SS(PubMed)
(3) An Aqueous Extract of Radix Astragali, Angelica sinensis, and Panax notoginseng Is Effective in Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy by Gao D¹, Guo Y, Li X, Li X, Li Z, Xue M, Ou Z, Liu M, Yang M, Liu S, Yang S.(PubMed)
(4) [Effect of ashitabe chalcones on the mRNA expression of PI3K and Akt in hepatocytes of rats with diabetes].[Article in Chinese] by Liu B¹, Sun J, Zhao Y, Li L, Zhong J.(PubMed)
(5) Decursin, an active compound isolated from Angelica gigas, inhibits fat accumulation, reduces adipocytokine secretion and improves glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet by Hwang JT¹, Kim SH, Hur HJ, Kim HJ, Park JH, Sung MJ, Yang HJ, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Cha MR, Kim MS, Kwon DY.(PubMed)
(6) [Effects of angelica keiskei chalcone on expression of glucose transporter proteins in liver and skeletal muscle cells of type 2 diabetic rats].[Article in Chinese] by Zhao Y¹, Liu B, Li L, Zhong J.(PubMed)
(7) Use of dong quai (Angelica sinensis) to treat peri- or postmenopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer: is it appropriate? by Lau CB¹, Ho TC, Chan TW, Kim SC.(PubMed)
(8) Modulation of HER2 expression by ferulic acid on human breast cancer MCF7 cells by Chang CJ¹, Chiu JH, Tseng LM, Chang CH, Chien TM, Wu CW, Lui WY.(PubMed)