Avocado and Cardiovascular disease

Avocado is commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, it is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Nutrients
1. Vitamin K
2. Dietary fiber
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin C
5. Folate
6. Copper
7. Potassium
8. Amino acid
9. Others
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B12
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin E
e) Carotenoid
f) Pantothenic acid
g) Calcium
h) Chromium
Chemical constituents
The fruit contains campesterol, high amounts of β-sitosterol (average 76.4 mg/100 g); fatty acids (approximately 60% monounsaturated, 20% saturated, and 20% unsaturated); high amounts of glutathione (27.7 mg/100 g); approximately 2% protein; 6–9% carbohydrates and sugars (glucose, fructose, d-mannoheptulose, a taloheptulose, and an alloheptulose); two bitter substances (1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene and 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene); carnitine; proanthocyanidins; persenones A and B(a).


Heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure that contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) building up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat.
In animal study,  Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) aqueous leaf extract (PAE) showed an significant effect in reduced risk and treatment of heart diseases, through its hypotensive (antihypertensive) effects(1). According to Nutrition Science Solutions LLC, consumption of one-half an avocado (68 g), not only provided many nutrients which are necessary for body needed, but also supported cardiovascular health(2).
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008, suggested that avocado consumption is associated with improved overall diet quality, nutrient intake, and reduced risk of metabolic syndrome(3), including cardiovascular disease.


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References
(a) Leung's Encyclopedia of Natural Ingredients:Chemical Composition of Avocado
(1) Cardiovascular effects of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) (avocado) aqueous leaf extract in experimental animals by Ojewole JA¹, Kamadyaapa DR, Gondwe MM, Moodley K, Musabayane CT.(PubMed)
(2) Hass avocado composition and potential health effects by Dreher ML¹, Davenport AJ.(PubMed)
(3) Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008 by Fulgoni VL 3rd¹, Dreher M, Davenport AJ.(PubMed)

Herbal cayenne and Cholesterol

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

Capsaicinoids, the active compounds in chili pepper, showed to reduce plasma total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol being unaffected, according to The Chinese University of Hong Kong, in hamsters study(1), as well as prevent ovarian hormone deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the hepatic cholesterol synthesis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats(2). These anti Hypocholesterolemic effect may be as a result of stimulating conversion of cholesterol to bile acids by upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression (cholesterol regulator) and the increase in fecal total bile acid excretion, some researchers suggested(3).


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References
(1) Capsaicinoids lower plasma cholesterol and improve endothelial function in hamsters by Liang YT¹, Tian XY, Chen JN, Peng C, Ma KY, Zuo Y, Jiao R, Lu Y, Huang Y, Chen ZY.(PubMed)
(2) The hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in ovariectomized rats fed with a cholesterol-free diet was mediated by inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis by Zhang L¹, Fang G, Zheng L, Chen Z, Liu X.(PubMed)
(3) Hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids by increased bile acids excretion in ovariectomized rats by Zhang L¹, Zhou M, Fang G, Tang Y, Chen Z, Liu X.(PubMed)

Simple and Quick recipe - Chili and sugar-bake bacon

Recipe contributed by 4 Ingredients by Kim McCosker and Rachael Bermingham (Atria Books))

Serve 4
2 tsp. mild chili powder
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
12 thick slices smoked bacon
Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper. Mix chili powder and brown sugar in a shallow bowl. bury each pieces of bacon in the mix and rub both side to coat well. Place bacon on baking sheet and bake for 30 minutes without turning until nice and crispy.


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Herbal Dang Qui (Angelica root) & Diabetes

By Kyle J. Norton

Dang Qui (Angelica root) may be used alone and conjunction with other herbs in reduced blood glucose of patient with diabetes new study suggested.

According to the 2011 statistic from National Diabetes InformationClearinghouse (NDIC), among U.S. residents ages 65 years and older, 10.9 million, or 26.9 percent, had diabetes in 2010, about 215,000 people younger than 20 years had diabetes—type 1 or type 2—in the United States in 2010 and approximately,  1.9 million people ages 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 in the United States.

Beside acting as a queen herb in balancing the hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation, Dang Qui also used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gynecological ailments, fatigue, mild anemia and high blood pressure. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc.(1)

Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang (DBT), an aqueous extract of Radix Astragali and Radix Angelica sinensis of Chinese herbal formula, showed to significantly alleviate the hyperglycemia but made no influence on plasma lipid profiles nor weight gain in fructose chow-fed rats when applied alone, through  increased post-receptor insulin signaling(2). Together with Panax notoginseng (RRP), the extract showed to reverse high glucose-induced inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, through decreased the expression of inflammatory factors(3).

Decursin, an active compound isolated from Angelica gigas, also showed a significantly reduced the secretion of HFD-induced adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, IL-6 and MCP-1 associated to diabetes and obesity(4)

Angelica Keiskei, another member of  Angelica improved  insulin resistance  in diabetes of rats  induced by streptozotocin with intraperitoeal injection as well as with high-fat diet feeding through upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of PI3K and Akt(5).

Dr, Zhao Y. and the research team at the Medical College of Qingdao University also in the study of the effect of Angelica Keiskei in diabetes told PubMed " Angelica keiskei chalcone (the extract) may increase the expression levels of Glut2 in liver and Glut4 in skeletal muscle cells, decrease fasting blood glucose and insulin of type 2 diabetic rats and improve their insulin resistance condition"(6).

Unfortunately, oral administration of angelica have linked to proliferation of the breast cancer for women with history of breast cancer and gene mutation Her-2(7)(8).

Taken altogether, Dang Qui may be effective in reduced glucose level of patients with type II diabetes and can be considered for prevention of diabetic complications. Due to its conflict results in breast cancer studies, it is advisable that women with mutation gene Her or with history of breast cancer should consult their Doctor & Related field specialist before applying. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only,


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References
(1) Popular #Herbs - #Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis)
(2) A Chinese Herbal Decoction, Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang, Prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae sinensis, Ameliorates Insulin Resistance Induced by A High-Fructose Diet in Rats by Liu IM¹, Tzeng TF, Liou SS(PubMed)
(3) An Aqueous Extract of Radix Astragali, Angelica sinensis, and Panax notoginseng Is Effective in Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy by Gao D¹, Guo Y, Li X, Li X, Li Z, Xue M, Ou Z, Liu M, Yang M, Liu S, Yang S.(PubMed)
(4) [Effect of ashitabe chalcones on the mRNA expression of PI3K and Akt in hepatocytes of rats with diabetes].[Article in Chinese] by Liu B¹, Sun J, Zhao Y, Li L, Zhong J.(PubMed)
(5) Decursin, an active compound isolated from Angelica gigas, inhibits fat accumulation, reduces adipocytokine secretion and improves glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet by Hwang JT¹, Kim SH, Hur HJ, Kim HJ, Park JH, Sung MJ, Yang HJ, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Cha MR, Kim MS, Kwon DY.(PubMed)
(6) [Effects of angelica keiskei chalcone on expression of glucose transporter proteins in liver and skeletal muscle cells of type 2 diabetic rats].[Article in Chinese] by Zhao Y¹, Liu B, Li L, Zhong J.(PubMed)
(7) Use of dong quai (Angelica sinensis) to treat peri- or postmenopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer: is it appropriate? by Lau CB¹, Ho TC, Chan TW, Kim SC.(PubMed)
(8) Modulation of HER2 expression by ferulic acid on human breast cancer MCF7 cells by Chang CJ¹, Chiu JH, Tseng LM, Chang CH, Chien TM, Wu CW, Lui WY.(PubMed)

Herbal chamomile and Anxiety disorder

Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.

Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).

According to the Canadian mental health association, Anxiety disordered is a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and other individual factors(1a).
Anxiety is the most commonly reported psychiatric conditions and frequently occur as comorbid disorders.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and tolerability trial of Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) showed to be  effective of modest anxiolytic activity with patient mild to moderate GAD(1). The University of Ottawa study of Matricaria recutita (German chamomile) and Humulus lupulus (hops) showed significant inhibition of GAD activity at doses of 0.11-0.65 mg/mL(2). The study containing 57 participants in the 2009 trial, 19 had anxiety with comorbid depression; 16 had anxiety with a past history of depression; and 22 had anxiety with no current or past depression, chamomile showed a clinically meaningful antidepressant activity to its previously observed anxiolytic activity(3). Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, in in mice study, exerted its anxiolytic and slight sedative effects through the central benzodiazepine receptors(4).


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References
(a) Guaianolides and volatile compounds in chamomile tea by Tschiggerl C¹, Bucar F.(PubMed)
(b) Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds by UHPLC-UV-MS and use of partial least-square discriminant analysis to differentiate chemo-types of Chamomile/Chrysanthemum flower heads by Avula B¹, Wang YH, Wang M, Avonto C, Zhao J, Smillie TJ, Rua D, Khan IA.(PubMed)
(1a) Anxiety disorder(Canadian mental health association)
(1) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder by Amsterdam JD¹, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J.(PubMed)
(2) Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Awad R¹, Levac D, Cybulska P, Merali Z, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT.(PubMed)
(3) Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: an exploratory study by Amsterdam JD¹, Shults J, Soeller I, Mao JJ, Rockwell K, Newberg AB.(PubMed)

(4) Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects by Viola H¹, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC.(PubMed) 

Quick Recipe - Chestnut topping

Recipe By 4 Ingredients by Kim McCosker and Rachael Bermingham (Atria Books))
Serve 2
3 tsp. butter
1 tsp. brown sugar
4 - 5 ounces cooked peeled chestnuts, finely chopped
Melt butter in a small skillet. Add brown sugar and stir until dissolved. Add chestnuts and sauté until barely browned.


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Herbal Cayenne and Non Allergic Rhinitis

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
 Nonallergic rhinitisis defined as condition with symptoms resemble an allergy causes of ahiitis but  without a known cause. Chronic forms of rhinitis occurred in the absence of any detectable specific IgE against relevant aeroallergens in its broadest sense can be called chronic nonallergic rhinitis(1).

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

Non allergic rhinitis
 ICX72 or Sinus Buster, a proprietary homeopathic preparation of Capsicum annum, showed to exhibit significant differences in changes from baseline and improvement in nasal congestion, sinus pain, sinus pressure, and headache, at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes, persisting at 60 minutes for nasal congestion and sinus pain in patients with Nonallergic rhinitis(2).
The intranasal capsaicin spray, also showed a significant and long-term reduction of symptoms in nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis patients, and five treatments of capsaicin on a single day at least is comparable to five treatments of capsaicin in 2 weeks, in a 30 nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis patients randomized into two different treatment regimens: one group received capsaicin five times on the first day at 1-h intervals(3).

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertensive response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.


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References
(1) Nonallergic rhinitis by Lieberman P¹, Pattanaik D.(PubMed)
(2) A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis by Bernstein JA¹, Davis BP, Picard JK, Cooper JP, Zheng S, Levin LS.(PubMed)
(3) Intranasal capsaicin reduces nasal hyperreactivity in idiopathic rhinitis: a double-blind randomized application regimen study by Van Rijswijk JB¹, Boeke EL, Keizer JM, Mulder PG, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ.(PubMed)