Herbal Cat's claw and Osteoarthritis

Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.

 Osteoarthritis is a group of diseases involved progressive denegation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone.

In the study to understand the effect of Cat's claw isolated active compounds against the pivotal molecular targets involved in inflammation and the joint destruction process and to summarize their toxicities and efficacy,  showed a positive effect in alleviation pain with no adverse effect(1).
Dr. Chrubasik S. at Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Freiburg, in the study of Cat's claw analgesics, found a the positive effect of the herb extract (Doloteffin (extraction solvent water))in relieving symptoms of chronic pain with at least 50 mg harpagoside in the daily dose(2).
Further more, the reviews of 16 clinical studies (11 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, three crossover trials, one case-controlled study, and one open-label study) at Bethesda North Hospital Pharmacy, showed the support of cat's claw alone or in combination for OA in 3 studies(3).

These effectiveness may be coincided with the use of herb in herbal medicine over thousand of year in treating disorders such as arthritis, gastritis and osteoarthritis(4).

Unfortunately, the study in reviews the data base by the University of Southampton, showed a doubt
of the methodological quality of the existing clinical trials and insisted that clinical evidence to date cannot provide a definitive answer to the two questions posed: (1) Does it work? And (2) is it safe?, although these trials may provide certain supports for effectiveness of the herb(5).


Side effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction, including itching, rash and allergic inflammation of the kidneys, etc. to certain people, according to the article of `Uncaria Tomentosa`by Wikipedia(a)
2. If you are taking blood pressure medicines, blood-thinning medications, hormones, or insulin do not take cat's claw
3. Do not take Cat's claw if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of your related field specialist
4. Do not take cat’s claw if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease (such as lupus or multiple sclerosis) or have had an organ or bone marrow transplant.
5. Etc.

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References
(1) Current nutraceuticals in the management of osteoarthritis: a review by Akhtar N¹, Haqqi TM.(PubMed)
(2) [Devil's claw extract as an example of the effectiveness of herbal analgesics].[Article in German]

 by Chrubasik S.(PubMed)

(3) Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis by Rosenbaum CC¹, O'Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K.(PubMed)

(4) Cat's claw: an Amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis by Hardin SR.(PubMed)

(4) Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety by Brien S¹, Lewith GT, McGregor G.(PubMed)

Easy and Quick recipe - Party Tortilla Wraps

Recipe by Quick and easy family favorites( by Vickie and JoAnn)

Talk about versatile. These wraps are a great go-to for a tasty appetizer. a special treat for the lunch box or a handy afternoon snack.
8 oz. container chive cream cheese
4(10 inches) flour tortillas
1 Lb. sliced cooked ham
8 oz. pkg. shredded American cheese
Spread craem cheese evenly over tortillas. Place several slices of ham on each tortilla, sprinkle with shredded cheese
Roll up tortillas. Place in refrigerator for 15 minutes. Cut into one-inch piece. make 40 appetizers.

Manly Hardy
Middleville, MI

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Food therapy - Avocado and Prostate Cancer

Avocados are a commercially valuable fruit cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world. The fruit has a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting, native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Nutrients
1. Vitamin K
2. Dietary fiber
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin C
5. Folate
6. Copper
7. Potassium
8. Amino acid
9. Others
a) Vitamin A
b) Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B12
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin E
e) Carotenoid
f) Pantothenic acid
g) Calcium
h) Chromium
Chemical constituents
The fruit contains campesterol, high amounts of β-sitosterol; fatty acids (approximately 60% monounsaturated, 20% saturated, and 20% unsaturated); high amounts of glutathione (27.7 mg/100 g); approximately 2% protein; 6–9% carbohydrates and sugars (glucose, fructose, d-mannoheptulose, a taloheptulose, and an alloheptulose); two bitter substances (1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene and 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene); carnitine; proanthocyanidins; persenones A and B(a).

Intake of dietary MUFA from whole fruit of avocado are associated to reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer, the new study at the University of the West Indies suggested(1). In support of the above, the University of California study showed that the anti prostate cancer effect are not as result of a single ingredient such as related carotenoids (zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene), lutein but the interaction of all ingredients in the whole fruit in combination with other det-derived phytochemicals through cell cycle arrest and  G(2)/M cell cycle arrest accompanied by an increase in p27 protein which involves function as tumor suppressor in controlling the cell cycle progression, in incubated PC-3 cells(3). The Purdue University study in the evaluation of the anti cancers effect of avocado also showed a positive effect of the whole fruit in inhibition of six human tumor cell lines in culture, including human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cells(4).

Side effects
 1. Skin product of avocado oils may contain latex which can cause skin side effect in certain people with hypersensitivity to latex, leading to symptoms of reddening of the skin, itching, hives, or eczema.
2. Liver damage
Certain types of avocado may cause liver damage as a result of collagen accumulation in the liver
3. Breastfeeding
Some types of Avocado may be unsafe during breastfeeding as it can cause problems of upset stomachs in babies.
4. Drugs
Avocado may decrease the effect of "blood thinning" or anti-inflammatory medications.
5. It may cause symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhoea, respiratory distress, congestion, fluid accumulation due to toxic fatty acid derivative, Persin.
6. Etc.


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References
(a) Leung's Encyclopedia of Natural Ingredients:Chemical Composition of Avocado
(1) Associations of whole-blood fatty acids and dietary intakes with prostate cancer in Jamaica by Jackson MD¹, Walker SP, Simpson-Smith CM, Lindsay CM, Smith G, McFarlane-Anderson N, Bennett FI, Coard KC, Aiken WD, Tulloch T, Paul TJ, Wan RL.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. by Lu QY¹, Arteaga JR, Zhang Q, Huerta S, Go VL, Heber D.(PubMed)
(3) Cytotoxic and insecticidal constituents of the unripe fruit of Persea americana by Oberlies NH¹, Rogers LL, Martin JM, McLaughlin JL.(PubMed)
12. Avocado and Skin health
13. Avocado and Cadiovascular diseases

Simple and Easy recipe - Blue Cheese Cut-Out Crackers

Recipe by Quick and easy family favorites (by Vickie and JoAnn)
These delicate cheese wafers carry a touch of hot pepper... but you can season to your own taste.
1 c. all purpose flour
7 T. crumbled blue cheese
1 egg yolk
4 t. whipping cream
7 T. butter, softened
1/2 dried parsley
1/8 tsp. salt
cayenne pepper tto taste
Mix all ingredients in a bowl; let rest for 80 minutes. Roll dough out to 1/8 inch thickness. Use your favorite cookie cutter shapes to cut out the crackers. bake on ungreased baking sheet at 400 degrees
for 8 to 10 minutes or just until golden. Carefully remove the delicate crackers when cool.
Make 11/2 to 2 dozen.
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Cayenne and Breast cancer

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

The benefits
Capsaicin found in red peppers of the genus Capsicum has been effectively exerting its biological activities (anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic and chemopreventive) in many cancer cell lines. 
In breast cancer cell line MCF-7, treatment with capsaicin for 24 h resulted cells apoptosis in dose dependent manner through a caspase-independent pathway, which plays an important role in ensuring the effective removal of defective cells(5) MCF-7 cells. Other, in the study of the same showed that Capsaicin extract induced significant growth arrest and apoptosis in human breast and leukemia cancer cell lines in vitro with no significant effect on normal breast epithelial cells. These result suggested cayenne may be a potential agent in treating breast cancer.

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertensive response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.


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References
(1) "Severe pepper allergy in a young child" by Gimenez L, Zacharisen M(PubMed))
(2) Mechanisms underlying the hypertensive response induced by capsaicin" by Dutta A, Deshpande SB.(PubMed)
(3) Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures" by Gupta PJ.(PubMed)
(4) Tumor cell growth inhibition is correlated with levels of capsaicin present in hot peppers by Dou D, Ahmad A, Yang H, Sarkar FH.(PubMed)(5) Capsaicin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through caspase-independent pathway by Chou CC, Wu YC, Wang YF, Chou MJ, Kuo SJ, Chen DR.(PubMed)
(5) Caspase-independent pathways of programmed cell death: the unraveling of new targets of cancer therapy? by Constantinou C¹, Papas KA, Constantinou AI.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Allyl isothiocyanate and liver cancers

Allyl isothiocyanate is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in horseradish, mustard, wasabi, etc.
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of irregular cell growth in the liver.

In SK-Hep1 human hepatoma cells, Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) showed to exhibit its anti liver cancer effect through suppressing tumor cell migration and cell behaviors via MMP expression, which plays an important role in breaking down of different human cancers with poor disease prognosis(1).
The phytochemical together with its N-acetylcysteine conjugate also showed the reversal of transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in dose-dependent manner through inhibition of MMP-2/-9 messenger RNA levels which involves in cell proliferation (2). Unfortunately, some researchers suggested that Organosulfur compounds, may induced histone acetylation expression, the enzymes fundamental roles in developmental processes and their deregulation has been linked to the progression of diverse human disorders, such as cancers(4) and thereby favor cell differentiation(3).


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References

References
(1) Allyl isothiocyanate influences cell adhesion, migration and metalloproteinase gene expression in SK-Hep1 cells by Hwang ES¹, Kim GH.(PubMed)
(2) Allyl isothiocyanate and its N-acetylcysteine conjugate suppress metastasis via inhibition of invasion, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 activities in SK-Hep 1 human hepatoma cells by Hwang ES¹, Lee HJ.(PubMed)
(3) Induction of histone acetylation in rat liver and hepatoma by organosulfur compounds including diallyl disulfide by Lea MA¹, Randolph VM.(PubMed)(1).
the phytochemical together with its N-acetylcysteine conjugate also showed the reversal of transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in dose-dependent manner also through inhibition of MMP-2/-9 messenger RNA levels(2). Unfortunately, some researchers suggested that Organosulfur compounds, may induced histone acetylation expression and thereby favor cell differentiation(3).
(4) Role of histone acetylation in the control of gene expression by Verdone L¹, Caserta M, Di Mauro E.(PubMed)

Herbal Cinnamon and Infertility

Kyle J. Norton

Cinnamon, a kitchen spice in many cultures, may be best known for its effect in reduced levels of blood glucose in diabetics and lipid peroxidation through its antioxidant activity(4) . Its underline mechanisms in enhancing fertility in both sexes are unknown.

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse or the cannot carry the pregnancy full term. It affects over 5 million couples alone in the U. S. and many times more in the world. Because of an unawareness of treatments, only 10% seek help from professional specialists. In fact, about 35% of infertility is caused by the male's inability to fertilize. 35% is caused by the female's inability to conceive, 10% attributes to both, and 10 % is considered a failure with an unknown cause.

A 45 women randomized, 26 women completed 3 months of the study, and 17 women completed the entire 6 months of the study, with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, showed a positive effect in improvement of menstrual cyclicity associated to Luteal phase progesterone levels and ovulatory menses without altering insulin resistance or serum androgen levels(1). Cinnamaldehyde, a major chemical compound of cinnamon, also showed to enhance fertility through selectively induced progesterone production and inhibited production of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in human adrenal cells(3).

Its extract in PCOs study not only showed to reduce insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo  by increasing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in the insulin signaling pathway, but also improved menstrual cyclicity through significant reductions in insulin resistance(8).

In infertile male rat study conducted by Fırat University, long-term cinnamon bark oil(CPO) improved the effect on testicular oxidant-antioxidant balance and sperm quality with significantly decreasing the abnormal sperm rate and apoptotic germ cell count(2).
The study in male rat reproductive system induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ), the cinnamon bark oil(CPO), also showed a significant improvements in absolute weights of testis and epididymis, all sperm quality parameters, LPO level, apoptotic index and testicular(6)

Taken altogether, Cinnamon may be effective in promoting fertility in both sexes through enhancing the menstrual cycle in women and improving sperm performance in men. Unfortunately, according to DR. Georgakopoulou EA(6),  Oral intake of Cinnamon may cause Stomatitis, and burning sensation in mouth with large amount. The traditional Chinese medicine also insisted that Overdoses of cinnamon can be toxic and damaged to liver(5).

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References
(1) Preliminary Evidence that Cinnamon Improves Menstrual Cyclicity in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: a Randomized Controlled Trial by Kort DH¹, Lobo RA.(PubMed)
(2) Effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark oil on testicular antioxidant values, apoptotic germ cell and sperm quality by Yüce A¹, Türk G, Çeribaşi S, Sönmez M, Çiftçi M, Güvenç M.(PubMed)
(3) Selective stimulation by cinnamaldehyde of progesterone secretion in human adrenal cells by Iwaoka Y¹, Hashimoto R, Koizumi H, Yu J, Okabe T.(PubMed)
(4) Preventive effect of cinnamon essential oil on lipid oxidation of vegetable oil by Keshvari M¹, Asgary S, Jafarian-Dehkordi A, Najafi S, Ghoreyshi-Yazdi SM(PubMed)
(5) Popular #Herbs - #Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis)
(6) Chromium and polyphenols from cinnamon improve insulin sensitivity by Anderson RA.(PubMed)
(7) Effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark oil in the prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced damages on the male reproductive system by Yüce A¹, Türk G, Çeribaşı S, Güvenç M, Çiftçi M, Sönmez M, Özer Kaya Ş, Çay M, Aksakal M.(PubMed)
(8) The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study by Wang JG¹, Anderson RA, Graham GM 3rd, Chu MC, Sauer MV, Guarnaccia MM, Lobo RA.(PubMed)