Kidney stones is a composed of mineral salts formed in
the kidneys. Men account for the 80% of those with kidney stones and
are at risk of the formings between 30 and 40 years of age. About 75% of
kidney stones are calcium stones.
Treatment
A. In conventional medicine perspective
Most kidney with diameter less than 5 mm (0.20 in) may pass through the
urinary tract through urination within days of the onset of symptoms
A.1. Medications
The aims of medication is to manage pain or assist the speed up the spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi
1. Analgesia
Medication used to relieve pain.
2. Expulsion therapy
a. In the study to evaluate the efficacy of alfuzosin as medical expulsive therapy
for distal ureteral stone passage od a total of 76 patients with a
distal ureteral calculus, showed that the overall spontaneous stone
passage rate was 75%, including 77.1% for
placebo and 73.5% for alfuzosin (p = 0.83). Mean +/- SD time needed to
pass the stone was 8.54 +/- 6.99 days for placebo vs 5.19 +/- 4.82 days
for alfuzosin. (p = 0.003). There was no difference in the size or
volume of stones
that passed spontaneously between the placebo and alfuzosin arms, as
measured on baseline computerized tomography (4.08 +/- 1.17 and 3.83 +/-
0.95 mm, p = 0.46) and by a digital caliper after stone expulsion
(3.86 +/- 1.76 and 3.91 +/- 1.06 mm, respectively, p = 0.57). When
comparing the improvement from the baseline pain score, the alfuzosin
arm experienced a greater decrease in pain score in the days after the
initial emergency department visit to the date of stone passage (p =
0.0005)(18).
A.2. Non invasive treatment and surgery
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy does not require anaesthesia and requires little analgesia
so that treatment can be given on an outpatient basis, and there is no
wound to heal. Only a small puncture site is needed for percutaneous
endoscopic lithotomy, and with the advent of prophylactic antibiotics
there are few complications. Of renal stones, about 85% can now be
successfully treated by extracorporeal lithotripsy alone, and almost all
of the stones too large or hard for lithotripsy can be treated
endoscopically, with ultrasonic or electrohydraulic probes being used to
fragment the stone(19).
A.3. Recurrent treatments
2.1. Recurrent cystine renal stones
In the report of using ureterorenoscopy (URS) for the treatment of recurrent renal cystine stones. From 2003 to 2007, 10 patients (4 males and 6 females) with one or multiple recurrent renal cystine stones underwent URS. Overall, 21 procedures have been performed. Mean maximum diameter of stones was 11.2 mm (range 5-30 mm). Either 8-9.5 F semirigid or 7.9 F flexible ureteroscopes were used. In 6 cases, stones were removed using a basket; in 9 procedures laser lithotripsy with flexible scope was performed; in 6 cases renal calculi
were pulled down in the ureter using flexible instrument and then
shattered with laser introduced by semirigid instrument. Stone-free
status was defined as the absence of any residual fragment. A complete
stone clearance was obtained in 15 out of 21 procedures (71%). In 5
cases (24%) significant residual fragments occurred; in the remaining
case (5%) URS was ineffective. In 5 out of these unsuccessful
procedures, stone clearance was obtained with auxiliary treatments. The
last patient has not been treated yet(20).
2.2. In general
Patients with kidney stones are highly motivated to prevent
recurrence and were more amenable to fluid intake change than to
another dietary or pharmaceutical intervention. Barriers preventing
fluid intake success aligned into 3 progressive stages.
a. Stage 1 barriers included not knowing the benefits of fluid or not
remembering to drink.
b. Stage 2 barriers included disliking the taste of
water, lack of thirst and lack of availability.
c. Stage 3 barriers
included the need to void frequently and related workplace disruptions.
Tailoring fluid
intake counseling based on patient stage may improve fluid intake
behavior(21).
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Sources
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423747
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8274898
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193905
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341296
Monday, 2 December 2013
Kidney stones (Renal calculus) Prevention - The do's and do not list
Kidney stones is a composed of mineral salts formed in
the kidneys. Men account for the 80% of those with kidney stones and
are at risk of the formings between 30 and 40 years of age. About 75% of
kidney stones are calcium stones.
Prevention
The do's and do not list
1. Fluid intake, protein and sodium restriction, and thiazide will be effective in ICSFs and IPSFs by decreasing urine calcium concentration and CaOx and CaP SS and may also decrease plaque formation by increased PT calcium reabsorption. Citrate may be detrimental for IPSFs if urine pH rises greatly, increasing CaP SS. Future trials should examine the question of appropriate treatment for IPSFs(13).
2. Moderate exercise
Moderate exercise to reduce the loss of fluid. If you involve in the extreme exercise, please remember to enough fluid to avoid dehydration.
3. Prevent vitamin overdose as they can cause the forming of kidney stones.
4. If you live in far North with water hardness, use water filter
5. If you are over weight or obese, lose weight
6. Reduced consumption of grapefruit juice cola drinks.
Study showed that grapefruit juice and cola drinks significantly (p=0.021) increased urinary excretion of citrate (25.8+/-9.3 vs 18.7+/-6.2 mg/h), calcium (6.7+/-4.3 vs 3.3+/-2.3 mg/h, p=0.015) and magnesium (2.9+/-1.5 vs 1.0+/-0.7 mg/h, p=0.003) and in the prevention of calcium renal stones a reduced sugar content is desirable to avoid the increase of urinary calcium due to the effect of sugar supplementation(14).
7. Drink more juices (organic)
Researchers at the University of Bonn, in the study of influence of grapefruit-, orange- and apple-juice consumption on urinary variables and risk of crystallization, indicated that due to an increased pH value and an increased citric acid excretion after consumption of each juice, the RSCaOx decreased statistically significantly (P<0.05) for grapefruit juice, but not significantly for orange and apple juice. The BONN risk index yielded a distinct decrease in the crystallization risk. We showed that both grapefruit juice and apple juice reduce the risk of CaOx stone formation at a magnitude comparable with the effects obtained from orange juice(15).
7. Increased intake of fruits with high in magnesium and potassium
Grapefruit juice significantly (p=0.021) increased urinary excretion of citrate (25.8+/-9.3 vs 18.7+/-6.2 mg/h), calcium (6.7+/-4.3 vs 3.3+/-2.3 mg/h, p=0.015) and magnesium (2.9+/-1.5 vs 1.0+/-0.7 mg/h, p=0.003). Citrus fruit juices could represent a natural alternative to potassium citrate in the management of nephrolithiasis(16).
8. Reduce intake of foods containing high amount of oxalate such as spinach, rhubarb, nuts, wheat bran, etc.
9. Others
According to the study of Dietary Factors and Risk of Kidney Stone: A Case-Control Study in Southern China, researchers at the Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, indicated that positive associations of kidney stones include consumption of grains (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 4.02) and bean products (OR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.61, 7.59) in women. The variable "fluid drinking" showed a significant protective effect against kidney stones in men (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.36, 0.88). Consuming leafy vegetables more than 3 times per day was positively associated with stones in both men and women (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.04, 3.91 and OR = 3.86; 95% CI = 1.48, 10.04, respectively)(17).
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Sources
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825103
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408462
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908889
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408462
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658934
Prevention
The do's and do not list
1. Fluid intake, protein and sodium restriction, and thiazide will be effective in ICSFs and IPSFs by decreasing urine calcium concentration and CaOx and CaP SS and may also decrease plaque formation by increased PT calcium reabsorption. Citrate may be detrimental for IPSFs if urine pH rises greatly, increasing CaP SS. Future trials should examine the question of appropriate treatment for IPSFs(13).
2. Moderate exercise
Moderate exercise to reduce the loss of fluid. If you involve in the extreme exercise, please remember to enough fluid to avoid dehydration.
3. Prevent vitamin overdose as they can cause the forming of kidney stones.
4. If you live in far North with water hardness, use water filter
5. If you are over weight or obese, lose weight
6. Reduced consumption of grapefruit juice cola drinks.
Study showed that grapefruit juice and cola drinks significantly (p=0.021) increased urinary excretion of citrate (25.8+/-9.3 vs 18.7+/-6.2 mg/h), calcium (6.7+/-4.3 vs 3.3+/-2.3 mg/h, p=0.015) and magnesium (2.9+/-1.5 vs 1.0+/-0.7 mg/h, p=0.003) and in the prevention of calcium renal stones a reduced sugar content is desirable to avoid the increase of urinary calcium due to the effect of sugar supplementation(14).
7. Drink more juices (organic)
Researchers at the University of Bonn, in the study of influence of grapefruit-, orange- and apple-juice consumption on urinary variables and risk of crystallization, indicated that due to an increased pH value and an increased citric acid excretion after consumption of each juice, the RSCaOx decreased statistically significantly (P<0.05) for grapefruit juice, but not significantly for orange and apple juice. The BONN risk index yielded a distinct decrease in the crystallization risk. We showed that both grapefruit juice and apple juice reduce the risk of CaOx stone formation at a magnitude comparable with the effects obtained from orange juice(15).
7. Increased intake of fruits with high in magnesium and potassium
Grapefruit juice significantly (p=0.021) increased urinary excretion of citrate (25.8+/-9.3 vs 18.7+/-6.2 mg/h), calcium (6.7+/-4.3 vs 3.3+/-2.3 mg/h, p=0.015) and magnesium (2.9+/-1.5 vs 1.0+/-0.7 mg/h, p=0.003). Citrus fruit juices could represent a natural alternative to potassium citrate in the management of nephrolithiasis(16).
8. Reduce intake of foods containing high amount of oxalate such as spinach, rhubarb, nuts, wheat bran, etc.
9. Others
According to the study of Dietary Factors and Risk of Kidney Stone: A Case-Control Study in Southern China, researchers at the Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, indicated that positive associations of kidney stones include consumption of grains (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 4.02) and bean products (OR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.61, 7.59) in women. The variable "fluid drinking" showed a significant protective effect against kidney stones in men (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.36, 0.88). Consuming leafy vegetables more than 3 times per day was positively associated with stones in both men and women (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.04, 3.91 and OR = 3.86; 95% CI = 1.48, 10.04, respectively)(17).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
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Sources
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825103
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408462
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908889
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408462
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658934
Kidney stones (Renal calculus) - The Diagnosis
Kidney stones is a composed of mineral salts formed in
the kidneys. Men account for the 80% of those with kidney stones and
are at risk of the formings between 30 and 40 years of age. About 75% of
kidney stones are calcium stones.
Diagnosis
If you are experience tenderness over the back and groin or pain in the genital area without an obvious cause, it can be renal colic. After a complete physical examination and recorded family history, the most common test which your doctor order is CT scan.
1. CT scan and Ultrasound
The aim of CT scan is to detect the stones or obstruction within the urinary tract.In pregnant women, CT scan can be replaced by ultrasound to reduce the risk of radiation. Helical (also called spiral) computed tomography (CT) is considered as the best to locate and reveal the degree to which the stone is blocking the urinary tract.
2. Urinalysis
Urinalysis is important to detect blood or pus in the urine and determine whether or not symptoms are present.
According to the study by University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Current diagnostic evaluation of recurrent Ca oxalate nephrolithiasis should be conducted while the patients follow their usual diets and includes the following:
1. Analysis of stone composition by polarization microscopy.
2. Measurement of serum Ca, phosphate, uric acid, 1,25(OH)2D3, and creatinine.
3. Twenty-four-hour urine collection for an analysis of volume, pH, and excretion of Ca, phosphorus, magnesium, uric acid, citrate, sodium, oxalate, and creatinine(12).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
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Sources
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671093
Diagnosis
If you are experience tenderness over the back and groin or pain in the genital area without an obvious cause, it can be renal colic. After a complete physical examination and recorded family history, the most common test which your doctor order is CT scan.
1. CT scan and Ultrasound
The aim of CT scan is to detect the stones or obstruction within the urinary tract.In pregnant women, CT scan can be replaced by ultrasound to reduce the risk of radiation. Helical (also called spiral) computed tomography (CT) is considered as the best to locate and reveal the degree to which the stone is blocking the urinary tract.
2. Urinalysis
Urinalysis is important to detect blood or pus in the urine and determine whether or not symptoms are present.
According to the study by University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Current diagnostic evaluation of recurrent Ca oxalate nephrolithiasis should be conducted while the patients follow their usual diets and includes the following:
1. Analysis of stone composition by polarization microscopy.
2. Measurement of serum Ca, phosphate, uric acid, 1,25(OH)2D3, and creatinine.
3. Twenty-four-hour urine collection for an analysis of volume, pH, and excretion of Ca, phosphorus, magnesium, uric acid, citrate, sodium, oxalate, and creatinine(12).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671093
Kidney stones (Renal calculus) - The Risk Factors
Kidney stones is a composed of mineral salts formed in
the kidneys. Men account for the 80% of those with kidney stones and
are at risk of the formings between 30 and 40 years of age. About 75% of
kidney stones are calcium stones.
Risk factors
1. Gender
If you are men, you are at higher risk to develop kidney stones. In the study to determine gender differences in the symptomatic presentation of kidney and ureteral stones among the Hispanic population and compared it with presentation in the Caucasian population, found that the male-to-female ratio of the symptomatic patients with kidney stones was 1.48 for both Hispanic and Caucasian patients. The male-to-female ratio for ureteral stones was 1.06 and 2.48 for the Hispanic and Caucasian patients, respectively (P < 0.05)(4).
2. Family history
You are more likely to develop (more) kidney stones, if one the your directed family member have itor you already have them as a result of genetic factors, environmental exposures, or others(5).
3. Hyperuricemia
If you have hyperuricemia, you are at invreased risk to develop kidney stone as the result of the elevation of uric acid levels. Uric acid stones occur in 10% of all kidney stones and are the second most-common cause of urinary stones after calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate calculi(6).
4. Pregnancy
Although the risk is low, increased progesterone levels and decreased fluid intake during pregnancy may be associated with the increased risk of the development of kidney stones. According to the study of 22,843 newborns or fetuses with CAs, 69 (0.30%) had mothers with KS during pregnancy. Of 38,151 matched control newborns without any abnormalities, 147 (0.39%) had KS during pregnancy. KS were associated with an adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR) with 95% CI of 0.8, 0.6-1.0 for CAs(7).
5. Low urine pH (below 5.5)
For uric acid crystallization and stone formation, low urine pH (below 5.5) is a more important risk factor than increased urinary uric acid excretion. Main causes of low urine pH are tubular disorders (including gout), chronic diarrheal states or severe dehydration(8).
6. Infection of urinary track
In the study of total of 100 kidney stone formers (59 males and 41 females) admitted for elective percutaneous nephrolithotomy who were recruited and microorganisms isolated from catheterized urine and cortex and nidus of their stones by Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, showed that from 100 stone formers recruited, 36 cases had a total of 45 bacterial isolates cultivated from their catheterized urine and/or stone matrices. Among these 36 cases, chemical analysis by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed that 8 had the previously classified 'infection-induced stones', whereas the other 28 cases had the previously classified 'metabolic stones'. Calcium oxalate (in either pure or mixed form) was the most common and found in 64 and 75% of the stone formers with and without bacterial isolates, respectively. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium (approximately one-third of all bacterial isolates) found in urine and stone matrices (both nidus and periphery). Linear regression analysis showed significant correlation (r = 0.860, P < 0.001) between bacterial types in urine and stone matrices. Multidrug resistance was frequently found in these isolated bacteria. Moreover, urea test revealed that only 31% were urea-splitting bacteria, whereas the majority (69%) had negative urea test(9).
7. Water hardness
In the study to evaluate whether the hardness of extra meal drinking water modifies the risk for calcium stones, showed that the main urinary risk factors for calcium stones, were measured in 18 patients with idiopathic nephrolithiasis, maintained at fixed dietary intake of calcium (800 mg/day), after drinking for 1 week 2 liters per day, between meals, of tap water and at the end of 1 week of the same amount of bottled hard (Ca2+ 255 mg/l) or soft (Ca2+ 22 mg/l, Fiuggi water) water, in a double-blind randomized, crossover fashion(10).
8. Obesity and diabetes
Obesity and diabetes were strongly associated with a history of kidney stones in multivariable models. The cross-sectional survey design limits causal inference regarding potential risk factors for kidney stones(11).
9. Etc.
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Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15865513
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9335385
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493118
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17096158
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649987
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461670
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9873217
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498635
Risk factors
1. Gender
If you are men, you are at higher risk to develop kidney stones. In the study to determine gender differences in the symptomatic presentation of kidney and ureteral stones among the Hispanic population and compared it with presentation in the Caucasian population, found that the male-to-female ratio of the symptomatic patients with kidney stones was 1.48 for both Hispanic and Caucasian patients. The male-to-female ratio for ureteral stones was 1.06 and 2.48 for the Hispanic and Caucasian patients, respectively (P < 0.05)(4).
2. Family history
You are more likely to develop (more) kidney stones, if one the your directed family member have itor you already have them as a result of genetic factors, environmental exposures, or others(5).
3. Hyperuricemia
If you have hyperuricemia, you are at invreased risk to develop kidney stone as the result of the elevation of uric acid levels. Uric acid stones occur in 10% of all kidney stones and are the second most-common cause of urinary stones after calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate calculi(6).
4. Pregnancy
Although the risk is low, increased progesterone levels and decreased fluid intake during pregnancy may be associated with the increased risk of the development of kidney stones. According to the study of 22,843 newborns or fetuses with CAs, 69 (0.30%) had mothers with KS during pregnancy. Of 38,151 matched control newborns without any abnormalities, 147 (0.39%) had KS during pregnancy. KS were associated with an adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR) with 95% CI of 0.8, 0.6-1.0 for CAs(7).
5. Low urine pH (below 5.5)
For uric acid crystallization and stone formation, low urine pH (below 5.5) is a more important risk factor than increased urinary uric acid excretion. Main causes of low urine pH are tubular disorders (including gout), chronic diarrheal states or severe dehydration(8).
6. Infection of urinary track
In the study of total of 100 kidney stone formers (59 males and 41 females) admitted for elective percutaneous nephrolithotomy who were recruited and microorganisms isolated from catheterized urine and cortex and nidus of their stones by Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, showed that from 100 stone formers recruited, 36 cases had a total of 45 bacterial isolates cultivated from their catheterized urine and/or stone matrices. Among these 36 cases, chemical analysis by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed that 8 had the previously classified 'infection-induced stones', whereas the other 28 cases had the previously classified 'metabolic stones'. Calcium oxalate (in either pure or mixed form) was the most common and found in 64 and 75% of the stone formers with and without bacterial isolates, respectively. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium (approximately one-third of all bacterial isolates) found in urine and stone matrices (both nidus and periphery). Linear regression analysis showed significant correlation (r = 0.860, P < 0.001) between bacterial types in urine and stone matrices. Multidrug resistance was frequently found in these isolated bacteria. Moreover, urea test revealed that only 31% were urea-splitting bacteria, whereas the majority (69%) had negative urea test(9).
7. Water hardness
In the study to evaluate whether the hardness of extra meal drinking water modifies the risk for calcium stones, showed that the main urinary risk factors for calcium stones, were measured in 18 patients with idiopathic nephrolithiasis, maintained at fixed dietary intake of calcium (800 mg/day), after drinking for 1 week 2 liters per day, between meals, of tap water and at the end of 1 week of the same amount of bottled hard (Ca2+ 255 mg/l) or soft (Ca2+ 22 mg/l, Fiuggi water) water, in a double-blind randomized, crossover fashion(10).
8. Obesity and diabetes
Obesity and diabetes were strongly associated with a history of kidney stones in multivariable models. The cross-sectional survey design limits causal inference regarding potential risk factors for kidney stones(11).
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15865513
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9335385
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493118
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17096158
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649987
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22461670
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9873217
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498635
Kidney stones (Renal calculus) - Symptoms and Causes
Kidney stones is a composed of mineral salts formed in
the kidneys. Men account for the 80% of those with kidney stones and
are at risk of the formings between 30 and 40 years of age. About 75% of
kidney stones are calcium stones.
I. Symptoms
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649987
(1a) http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney_and_urinary_tract_disorders/stones_in_the_urinary_tract/stones_in_the_urinary_tract.html?qt=&sc=&alt=
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218117
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420802
(3a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341269
(3b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253722
(3c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6269684
(3d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10203369
I. Symptoms
Some people with kidney stones may not experience any symptom at all. Renal colic is
characterized by an excruciating intermittent pain, usually in the flank
(the area between the ribs and hip), that spreads across the abdomen,
often to the genital area and inner thigh. The pain tends to come in
waves, gradually increasing to a peak intensity, then fading, over about
20 to 60 minutes. The pain may radiate down the abdomen toward the
groin or testis or vulva.
Other symptoms include nausea and vomiting,
restlessness, sweating, and blood in the urine. A person may have an
urge to urinate frequently, particularly as a stone passes down the
ureter. Chills, fever, and abdominal distention sometimes occur.(1a)
Causes
1. Dehydration
Dehydration or strenuous exercise without adequate fluid can cause the forming of kidney stones as a result of low levels of urine pH (below 5.5)(1).
2. Ramadan fasting ( food restriction)
Ramadan fasting are associated with risk of kidney stones forming. In the study to evaluate the effects of fluid and food restriction in Ramadan fasting on urinary factors in kidney and urinary calculus formation, researchers at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, found that fasting during Ramadan has different effects on total excretion and concentrations of urinary precipitate and inhibitory factors contributing to calculus formation(2).
3. Rotavirus infection
There is a report of 4 patients with RV infection who developed postrenal renal failure induced by urinary tract obstruction with uroammoniac calculi or crystals... Uric acid stone formation was considered to have originated from the low pH caused by dehydration and the increase of urinary uric acid excretion from damaged cells(3).
4. Calcium
In the study to explore the relationship among intestinal fractional calcium absorption, calcium intake and nephrolithiasis in a prospective cohort of 9,704 postmenopausal women recruited from population based listings in 1986 and followed for more than 20 years, showed that fractional calcium absorption is higher in women with a history of nephrolithiasis. Higher intestinal fractional calcium absorption is associated with a greater risk of historical nephrolithiasis. Dietary and supplemental calcium decrease fractional calcium absorption, and may protect against nephrolithiasis(3a).
5. Gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor
Intestinal malabsorption can cause urinary stone disease via enteric hyperoxaluria. The use of lipase inhibitors, especially under a diet rich in oxalate alone or associated with fat, leads to a significant and marked increase in urinary oxalate and a slight reduction in uCa and uMg that, taken together, resulted in an increase in AP (CaOx) index(rat), elevating the risk of stone formation(3b).
6. High fat intake
A comparison of the dietary intake per kilogram body weight in each group was made using standard statistical procedures. None of the nutrient intakes showed a significant difference, but dietary fibre intake and the percentage of energy provided by carbohydrate were consistently higher in the control group, whereas the percentage of energy provided by fat was consistently higher in the renal stone group(3c).
7. Vitamins
In the study of a total of 1078 incident cases of kidney stones was documented during the 14-yr follow-up period. A high intake of vitamin B6 was inversely associated with risk of stone formation. After adjusting for other dietary factors, the relative risk of incident stone formation for women in the highest category of B6 intake (> or =40 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<3 mg/d) was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.98). In contrast, vitamin C intake was not associated with risk. The multivariate relative risk for women in the highest category of vitamin C intake (> or =1500 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<250 mg/d) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.64). Large doses of vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of kidney stone formation in women. Routine restriction of vitamin C to prevent stone formation appears unwarranted(3d).
8. Etc.
1. Dehydration
Dehydration or strenuous exercise without adequate fluid can cause the forming of kidney stones as a result of low levels of urine pH (below 5.5)(1).
2. Ramadan fasting ( food restriction)
Ramadan fasting are associated with risk of kidney stones forming. In the study to evaluate the effects of fluid and food restriction in Ramadan fasting on urinary factors in kidney and urinary calculus formation, researchers at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, found that fasting during Ramadan has different effects on total excretion and concentrations of urinary precipitate and inhibitory factors contributing to calculus formation(2).
3. Rotavirus infection
There is a report of 4 patients with RV infection who developed postrenal renal failure induced by urinary tract obstruction with uroammoniac calculi or crystals... Uric acid stone formation was considered to have originated from the low pH caused by dehydration and the increase of urinary uric acid excretion from damaged cells(3).
4. Calcium
In the study to explore the relationship among intestinal fractional calcium absorption, calcium intake and nephrolithiasis in a prospective cohort of 9,704 postmenopausal women recruited from population based listings in 1986 and followed for more than 20 years, showed that fractional calcium absorption is higher in women with a history of nephrolithiasis. Higher intestinal fractional calcium absorption is associated with a greater risk of historical nephrolithiasis. Dietary and supplemental calcium decrease fractional calcium absorption, and may protect against nephrolithiasis(3a).
5. Gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor
Intestinal malabsorption can cause urinary stone disease via enteric hyperoxaluria. The use of lipase inhibitors, especially under a diet rich in oxalate alone or associated with fat, leads to a significant and marked increase in urinary oxalate and a slight reduction in uCa and uMg that, taken together, resulted in an increase in AP (CaOx) index(rat), elevating the risk of stone formation(3b).
6. High fat intake
A comparison of the dietary intake per kilogram body weight in each group was made using standard statistical procedures. None of the nutrient intakes showed a significant difference, but dietary fibre intake and the percentage of energy provided by carbohydrate were consistently higher in the control group, whereas the percentage of energy provided by fat was consistently higher in the renal stone group(3c).
7. Vitamins
In the study of a total of 1078 incident cases of kidney stones was documented during the 14-yr follow-up period. A high intake of vitamin B6 was inversely associated with risk of stone formation. After adjusting for other dietary factors, the relative risk of incident stone formation for women in the highest category of B6 intake (> or =40 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<3 mg/d) was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.98). In contrast, vitamin C intake was not associated with risk. The multivariate relative risk for women in the highest category of vitamin C intake (> or =1500 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<250 mg/d) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.64). Large doses of vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of kidney stone formation in women. Routine restriction of vitamin C to prevent stone formation appears unwarranted(3d).
8. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649987
(1a) http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney_and_urinary_tract_disorders/stones_in_the_urinary_tract/stones_in_the_urinary_tract.html?qt=&sc=&alt=
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218117
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420802
(3a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341269
(3b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253722
(3c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6269684
(3d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10203369
Trigeminal neuralgia - Treatments in Traditional Chinese medicine perspective
Trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a condition of episodes of
intense facial pain as a result of the affect of trigeminal nerve,
containing 3 branches. The first (upper) branch includes the eye,
eyebrow, and forehead. The second (middle) branch corresponds to the
upper lip, upper teeth, upper gum, cheek, lower eyelid, and side of the
nose. The third (lower) branch involves the lower lip, lower teeth,
lower gum, and one side of the tongue. It also includes a narrow area
that extends from the lower jaw in front of the ear to the side of the
head(1). The pain is nearly always unilateral, and it may occur
repeatedly
throughout the day(2).
Treatment in traditional Chinese perspective
1. Siwei Shaoyao Decoction
Siwei Shaoyao Decoction possesses a marked effect on the alleviation of trigeminal neuralgia in rats caused by penicillin G potassium injection. As shown from the hot-plate test, it also has an obvious analgesic effect on mice. To some extent, the decoction has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on the acute edema in hind paws of rats and the effect is believed to be related to the reduction of capillary permeability, according to the study by Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(45)
2. Sanchaning
In an experimental study and the comparision of the effect of Sanchaning with that of distilled water as well as carbamazepine, a common Western medicine for curing PTN, Sanchaning differed significantly from distilled water in treating PTN (P < 0.01), but slightly differed from that of carbamazepine (P < 0.05). The sequential trial has identified that Sanchaning could be used effectively to inhibit PTN and has the same effect as carbamazepine. But further study should be carried out to investigate the mechanism of its function in relieving PTN(46).
3. Yokukansan (Yi-Gan San)
According to the report of Juntendo University School of Medicine, the efficacy of Yokukansan in patients with neuropathic pain, including acute herpetic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, central poststroke pain, post-traumatic spinal cord injury pain, thalamic syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. Yokukansan was more effective compared with traditional medicines, such as tricyclic antidepressants, carbamazepine, gabapentin, and opioids etc., which are recommended to treat neuropathic pain(47).
4. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Sources
(1) http://www.neurosurgery.ufl.edu/clinical-specialties/images/trigeminal_neuralgia_brochure_for_web.pdf
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540495
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173526
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9208559
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7640504
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19860227
Treatment in traditional Chinese perspective
1. Siwei Shaoyao Decoction
Siwei Shaoyao Decoction possesses a marked effect on the alleviation of trigeminal neuralgia in rats caused by penicillin G potassium injection. As shown from the hot-plate test, it also has an obvious analgesic effect on mice. To some extent, the decoction has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on the acute edema in hind paws of rats and the effect is believed to be related to the reduction of capillary permeability, according to the study by Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(45)
2. Sanchaning
In an experimental study and the comparision of the effect of Sanchaning with that of distilled water as well as carbamazepine, a common Western medicine for curing PTN, Sanchaning differed significantly from distilled water in treating PTN (P < 0.01), but slightly differed from that of carbamazepine (P < 0.05). The sequential trial has identified that Sanchaning could be used effectively to inhibit PTN and has the same effect as carbamazepine. But further study should be carried out to investigate the mechanism of its function in relieving PTN(46).
3. Yokukansan (Yi-Gan San)
According to the report of Juntendo University School of Medicine, the efficacy of Yokukansan in patients with neuropathic pain, including acute herpetic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, central poststroke pain, post-traumatic spinal cord injury pain, thalamic syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. Yokukansan was more effective compared with traditional medicines, such as tricyclic antidepressants, carbamazepine, gabapentin, and opioids etc., which are recommended to treat neuropathic pain(47).
4. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.neurosurgery.ufl.edu/clinical-specialties/images/trigeminal_neuralgia_brochure_for_web.pdf
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540495
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173526
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9208559
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7640504
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19860227
Trigeminal neuralgia - Treatments in Herbal medicine perspective
Trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a condition of episodes of
intense facial pain as a result of the affect of trigeminal nerve,
containing 3 branches. The first (upper) branch includes the eye,
eyebrow, and forehead. The second (middle) branch corresponds to the
upper lip, upper teeth, upper gum, cheek, lower eyelid, and side of the
nose. The third (lower) branch involves the lower lip, lower teeth,
lower gum, and one side of the tongue. It also includes a narrow area
that extends from the lower jaw in front of the ear to the side of the
head(1). The pain is nearly always unilateral, and it may occur
repeatedly
throughout the day(2).
Treatment in herbal medicine perspective
The aim of herbal treatment is to relieve pain or discomfort and support the function of the peripheral nerves.
1. Corydalis yanhusuo
In the study to evaluate the analgesic effect of Corydalis yanhusuo on trigeminal neuropathic pain.in a rat mode suggested that the analgesic effect of Yanhusuo involves the participation of CB1 receptors, suggesting that Yanhusuo may offer a useful therapeutic approach for trigeminal neuropathic pain(41).
2. Uyakujunkisan (UJS)
There is a report of a 65-year-old female who developed right-sided trigeminal neuralgia that was partially responsive to carbamazepine (CZ). The pain gradually increased in intensity and at 72 years of age she presented for herbal medicine therapy. Cranial MRI demonstrated vascular compression of the right trigeminal nerve at the cerebellopontine angle by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Although microvascular decompression was considered, UJS was prescribed after informed consent. After 3 weeks of treatment with UJS, dramatic improvement of symptoms permitted a decrease in CZ dose(42).
3. Saiko-Keishi-To (TJ-10)
In the study to verify the effectiveness of TJ-10, Wistar rats with chronic neuralgia of the mandibular nerve were prepared and TJ-10 was administered to them for 4 weeks following the manifestation of pain in the mandibular region. The result reveals that the rise in the pain threshold in the mandibular region is more significant in the rats administered TJ-10 than in those in the control group. However, in the tail flick test, no significant change was observed in the pain threshold. These findings suggest that TJ-10 is effective for controlling the manifestation of pain in ligatured nerves, by local effect, not by general analgesic effect(43).
4. Herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, WTMCGEPP
Administration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, WTMCGEPP (Wisteria floribunda 0.38, Trapa natans 0.38, Miristica agrans 0.38, Coix lachryma-jobi 0.75, cultivated Ganoderma lucidum 0.75, Elfuinga applanata 0.38, tissue cultured Panax ginseng 0.3, and Punica granatum 0.38: numerals designate dry weight gram/dose), decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles. Pain relief started within a few days of intake and was almost complete within 10 days. Two acute herpes zoster with manifestations including trigeminal nerve ophthalmia (both 74 years old), lower body zoster (70 years old), herpes zoster oticus (17 years old), and leg herpes (28 years old), responded quickly to treatment and no patient developed post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) after more than one year of follow-up(44)
5. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.neurosurgery.ufl.edu/clinical-specialties/images/trigeminal_neuralgia_brochure_for_web.pdf
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540495
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855279
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694452
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424461
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173526
Treatment in herbal medicine perspective
The aim of herbal treatment is to relieve pain or discomfort and support the function of the peripheral nerves.
1. Corydalis yanhusuo
In the study to evaluate the analgesic effect of Corydalis yanhusuo on trigeminal neuropathic pain.in a rat mode suggested that the analgesic effect of Yanhusuo involves the participation of CB1 receptors, suggesting that Yanhusuo may offer a useful therapeutic approach for trigeminal neuropathic pain(41).
2. Uyakujunkisan (UJS)
There is a report of a 65-year-old female who developed right-sided trigeminal neuralgia that was partially responsive to carbamazepine (CZ). The pain gradually increased in intensity and at 72 years of age she presented for herbal medicine therapy. Cranial MRI demonstrated vascular compression of the right trigeminal nerve at the cerebellopontine angle by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Although microvascular decompression was considered, UJS was prescribed after informed consent. After 3 weeks of treatment with UJS, dramatic improvement of symptoms permitted a decrease in CZ dose(42).
3. Saiko-Keishi-To (TJ-10)
In the study to verify the effectiveness of TJ-10, Wistar rats with chronic neuralgia of the mandibular nerve were prepared and TJ-10 was administered to them for 4 weeks following the manifestation of pain in the mandibular region. The result reveals that the rise in the pain threshold in the mandibular region is more significant in the rats administered TJ-10 than in those in the control group. However, in the tail flick test, no significant change was observed in the pain threshold. These findings suggest that TJ-10 is effective for controlling the manifestation of pain in ligatured nerves, by local effect, not by general analgesic effect(43).
4. Herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, WTMCGEPP
Administration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, WTMCGEPP (Wisteria floribunda 0.38, Trapa natans 0.38, Miristica agrans 0.38, Coix lachryma-jobi 0.75, cultivated Ganoderma lucidum 0.75, Elfuinga applanata 0.38, tissue cultured Panax ginseng 0.3, and Punica granatum 0.38: numerals designate dry weight gram/dose), decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles. Pain relief started within a few days of intake and was almost complete within 10 days. Two acute herpes zoster with manifestations including trigeminal nerve ophthalmia (both 74 years old), lower body zoster (70 years old), herpes zoster oticus (17 years old), and leg herpes (28 years old), responded quickly to treatment and no patient developed post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) after more than one year of follow-up(44)
5. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.neurosurgery.ufl.edu/clinical-specialties/images/trigeminal_neuralgia_brochure_for_web.pdf
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540495
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855279
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694452
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424461
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173526
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