Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematuria
Hematuria is defined as a medical condition with the presence of blood in the urine.
Symptoms and signs
1. There is a report of healthy 60-year-old man presented with urinary
urgency and microhematuria, The workup revealed no urothelial lesions,
but did suggest a calcified
intraperitoneal mass causing extrinsic compression of the bladder.
Laparoscopic exploration revealed a glistening, spherical mass attached
by a stalk to the sigmoid colon. Removal and histologic examination of
the mass revealed calcified fat necrosis, most likely due to the
spontaneous torsion and calcification of an appendix epiploicae(10).
2. Blood clots
Massive hematuria of renal origin was diagnosed in 4 dogs. In all dogs, blood and blood clots were clearly visible in the urine, according to study by Stone EA and researcher team(11).
3. Burning sensation
It may be result of inflammation or infection of the urinary track.
4. Pain when urinating (dysuria)
Telephone and clinic interviews identified 21 patients (36%) with symptoms of the dysuria and hematuria syndrome. The most common symptoms were hematuria (71%) and bladder or suprapubic pain (76%). Of the patients 18 (86%)
ranked the severity of symptoms as mild to moderate and 3 (14%) ranked
them as severe, according to the study by the University of Washington(12).
5. Fever
As a result of infection or inflammation
6. Weight loss and flank pain
There is a report of 37-year-old man with a history of bladder augmentation presented with gross hematuria, weight loss
and flank pain, according to thye study of Department of Clinical
Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
7. Etc.
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Sources
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880093
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6629996
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8326629
Monday, 2 December 2013
Hemorrhaging: Hematuria - the Causes and Risk factors
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematuria
Hematuria is defined as a medical condition with the presence of blood in the urine.
C.1 Causes and Risk factors
C.1. Causes
1. According to to the study at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, bladder cancer based on > or = 10 years of smoking or environmental exposure with microscopic hematuria are rarely evaluated thoroughly and only 12.8% were referred for urologic evaluation. Further studies are needed to evaluate both the utilization and effectiveness of guidelines for hematuria(1).
2. Kidney cancer
Tumor compresses onto capillary ot blood vessel can cause blood in the urine.
3. Inflammation
In the study of 82 of 1209 patients (6.8%), follow-up evaluation was available for 43 of 85 (50.6%) findings by histologic diagnosis (n = 9), imaging evaluation (n = 31), or clinical information (n = 3). There were 11 (0.9%) examinations with acute findings, of which acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreaticobiliary system were the most common. Seventy-two (5.9%) examinations revealed 74 nonacute but important findings(2).
4. Sickle cell disease
There is a report of a case of recurrent gross hematuria, sickle cell trait and von Willebrand's disease is reported. The gross hematuria abated promptly after the institution of cryoprecipitate therapy(3).
Oral anticoagulation (OA) is a common treatment with a known risk of fatal or major bleeding, but also minor bleeding symptoms and menorrhagia can cause substantial discomfort and necessitate medical or surgical interventions(4).
6. Vigorous exercise
There is a report of during a 6-month Amphibious Task Force deployment to the Mediterranean Sea, five sailors and Marines were admitted to the ship's ward with severe upper extremity pain, elevated serum muscle enzymes, and a urinalysis dip positive for blood in the absence of microscopic hematuria-a finding highly suggestive of myoglobinuria(5).
7. Sexual activity
In the study to assess the relationship between sexual behaviour, urinary symptoms, urinalysis and bacteriuria in men attending STD clinics of 704 patients had had sexual intercourse (SI) within 14 days of testing, 424 had urinary symptoms and 122 had pyuria. All 13 patients with positive culture had SI < 14 days before testing, urinary symptoms and pyuria. No association was found between sexual orientation, type of SI, number of sexual partners, condom usage and bacteriuria(6).
8. Hemorrhagic cystitis
In the study to evaluate the association between the prevalence of viral infections and hemorrhagic cystitis in pretransplant and posttransplant recipients and donors, showed that detection of single and multiple infections of BK virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus in blood and/or urine samples of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, in combination with 1 or more inducing factors of hemorrhagic cystitis were enforced on the important role these risk factors play in the cause of hemorrhagic cystitis(7).
9. Etc.
C.2. Risk factors
1. Family history
PKD1 gene abnormality is responsible for 85% of cases of ADPKD, patients with PKD2 mutations typically present later and progress more slowly. Patients with ADPKD can present with a positive family history, hypertension, flank pain, haematuria, renal insufficiency or proteinuria(8).
2. Other risk factors
In the study to determine the prevalence of urological pathology in a retrospective and prospective study of patients with microscopic haematuria attending a haematuria clinic, between January 1998 and May 2001, 781 patients attended the haematuria clinic; of these, 368 (47%; median age 60 years, range 18-90) had a history of microscopic haematuria, as detected by urine dipstick testing, showed that Urine cytology showed no malignant cells in any patient with a history of microscopic haematuria. In 143 patients (39%), urine cytology showed no red blood cells and all other investigations were normal. Of the remaining 225 patients, IVU showed a tumour in one (bladder), renal stones in 15 and an enlarged prostate in two. Renal ultrasonography detected no additional pathology. Urine analysis showed one urinary tract infection. Flexible cystoscopy detected five patients with a bladder tumour (all G1pTa), two urethral strictures, five bladder stones and enlarged prostates, six enlarged prostates only, and nine red patches in the bladder, showing one patient with carcinoma in situ. No PSA levels were suggestive of prostate cancer(9).
3. Etc.
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Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564400
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22915402
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/313457
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260163
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7816216
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8976831
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142049
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22497104
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12175388
Hematuria
Hematuria is defined as a medical condition with the presence of blood in the urine.
C.1 Causes and Risk factors
C.1. Causes
1. According to to the study at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, bladder cancer based on > or = 10 years of smoking or environmental exposure with microscopic hematuria are rarely evaluated thoroughly and only 12.8% were referred for urologic evaluation. Further studies are needed to evaluate both the utilization and effectiveness of guidelines for hematuria(1).
2. Kidney cancer
Tumor compresses onto capillary ot blood vessel can cause blood in the urine.
3. Inflammation
In the study of 82 of 1209 patients (6.8%), follow-up evaluation was available for 43 of 85 (50.6%) findings by histologic diagnosis (n = 9), imaging evaluation (n = 31), or clinical information (n = 3). There were 11 (0.9%) examinations with acute findings, of which acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreaticobiliary system were the most common. Seventy-two (5.9%) examinations revealed 74 nonacute but important findings(2).
4. Sickle cell disease
There is a report of a case of recurrent gross hematuria, sickle cell trait and von Willebrand's disease is reported. The gross hematuria abated promptly after the institution of cryoprecipitate therapy(3).
5. Oral anticoagulation (OA)
Oral anticoagulation (OA) is a common treatment with a known risk of fatal or major bleeding, but also minor bleeding symptoms and menorrhagia can cause substantial discomfort and necessitate medical or surgical interventions(4).
6. Vigorous exercise
There is a report of during a 6-month Amphibious Task Force deployment to the Mediterranean Sea, five sailors and Marines were admitted to the ship's ward with severe upper extremity pain, elevated serum muscle enzymes, and a urinalysis dip positive for blood in the absence of microscopic hematuria-a finding highly suggestive of myoglobinuria(5).
7. Sexual activity
In the study to assess the relationship between sexual behaviour, urinary symptoms, urinalysis and bacteriuria in men attending STD clinics of 704 patients had had sexual intercourse (SI) within 14 days of testing, 424 had urinary symptoms and 122 had pyuria. All 13 patients with positive culture had SI < 14 days before testing, urinary symptoms and pyuria. No association was found between sexual orientation, type of SI, number of sexual partners, condom usage and bacteriuria(6).
8. Hemorrhagic cystitis
In the study to evaluate the association between the prevalence of viral infections and hemorrhagic cystitis in pretransplant and posttransplant recipients and donors, showed that detection of single and multiple infections of BK virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus in blood and/or urine samples of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, in combination with 1 or more inducing factors of hemorrhagic cystitis were enforced on the important role these risk factors play in the cause of hemorrhagic cystitis(7).
9. Etc.
C.2. Risk factors
1. Family history
PKD1 gene abnormality is responsible for 85% of cases of ADPKD, patients with PKD2 mutations typically present later and progress more slowly. Patients with ADPKD can present with a positive family history, hypertension, flank pain, haematuria, renal insufficiency or proteinuria(8).
2. Other risk factors
In the study to determine the prevalence of urological pathology in a retrospective and prospective study of patients with microscopic haematuria attending a haematuria clinic, between January 1998 and May 2001, 781 patients attended the haematuria clinic; of these, 368 (47%; median age 60 years, range 18-90) had a history of microscopic haematuria, as detected by urine dipstick testing, showed that Urine cytology showed no malignant cells in any patient with a history of microscopic haematuria. In 143 patients (39%), urine cytology showed no red blood cells and all other investigations were normal. Of the remaining 225 patients, IVU showed a tumour in one (bladder), renal stones in 15 and an enlarged prostate in two. Renal ultrasonography detected no additional pathology. Urine analysis showed one urinary tract infection. Flexible cystoscopy detected five patients with a bladder tumour (all G1pTa), two urethral strictures, five bladder stones and enlarged prostates, six enlarged prostates only, and nine red patches in the bladder, showing one patient with carcinoma in situ. No PSA levels were suggestive of prostate cancer(9).
3. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564400
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22915402
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/313457
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260163
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7816216
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8976831
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142049
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22497104
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12175388
Hemorrhaging: Hematochezia (rectal bleeding) -Treatments and Managements
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Treatments and managements
5.1. Severe hematochezia
In the study to evaluate (a) the diagnosis and treatment of 80 consecutive patients with severe, ongoing hematochezia from unknown source and (b) the effectiveness and safety of urgent colonoscopy after oral purge, researcher wrote that because of ongoing severe hematochezia in the intensive care unit, urgent diagnosis and treatment was recommended by the attending physicians and surgeons. Emergency panendoscopy was performed before purge. Urgent colonoscopy was performed in the intensive care unit after patients received oral purge and their gut was cleared of blood, clots, and stool. The final diagnosis in these patients was 74% colonic lesions (30% angiomata, 17% diverticulosis, 11% polyps or cancer, 9% focal ulcers, 7% other), 11% upper gastrointestinal lesions, and 9% presumed small bowel lesions. No lesion site was identified in 6%. Clinically significant fluid retention (medically controlled) occurred in 4% of patients after purge. Sixty-four percent of patients had intervention for control of bleeding: 39% had therapeutic endoscopy, 24% surgery, and 1% therapeutic angiography. For 22 patients who also had emergency visceral angiography, the diagnostic yield was 14% and the complication rate was 9%. and suggested that (a) Oral purge was effective and safe for cleansing the colon of stool, clots, and blood. Sulfate purge appeared to be safer than saline purge. (b) Before urgent colonoscopy and purge, emergency panendoscopy was indicated to exclude an upper gastrointestinal bleeding source. (c) Urgent colonoscopy after purge was effective, safe, and often diagnostic. (d) Compared with urgent colonoscopy, urgent visceral angiography was often nondiagnostic. However, the examinations may be complementary. (e) Hemostasis via colonoscopy has a definitive role in the treatment of some focal colonic lesions such as bleeding angiomata(15).
5.2. In Stable patients
In the study of to examine 58 patients, presenting with clinical signs of lower GI hemorrhage, through a 24-month period. Preliminary endoscopy was either negative or unfeasible. Images were obtained with a four-detector row CT with an arterial (4 x 1 mm collimation, 0.8 mm increment, 1.25 mm slice width, 120 kV, 165 mAs) and portal venous series (4 x 2,5 mm collimation, 2 mm increment, 3 mm slice width, 120 kV, 165 mAs). Time interval between endoscopy and CT varied between 30 minutes and 3 hours. The results of the multi-phase Multi-Slice-Computertomography (MSCT) were correlated with clinical course and surgical or endoscopical treatment(16).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Sources
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3263294
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16333787
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Treatments and managements
5.1. Severe hematochezia
In the study to evaluate (a) the diagnosis and treatment of 80 consecutive patients with severe, ongoing hematochezia from unknown source and (b) the effectiveness and safety of urgent colonoscopy after oral purge, researcher wrote that because of ongoing severe hematochezia in the intensive care unit, urgent diagnosis and treatment was recommended by the attending physicians and surgeons. Emergency panendoscopy was performed before purge. Urgent colonoscopy was performed in the intensive care unit after patients received oral purge and their gut was cleared of blood, clots, and stool. The final diagnosis in these patients was 74% colonic lesions (30% angiomata, 17% diverticulosis, 11% polyps or cancer, 9% focal ulcers, 7% other), 11% upper gastrointestinal lesions, and 9% presumed small bowel lesions. No lesion site was identified in 6%. Clinically significant fluid retention (medically controlled) occurred in 4% of patients after purge. Sixty-four percent of patients had intervention for control of bleeding: 39% had therapeutic endoscopy, 24% surgery, and 1% therapeutic angiography. For 22 patients who also had emergency visceral angiography, the diagnostic yield was 14% and the complication rate was 9%. and suggested that (a) Oral purge was effective and safe for cleansing the colon of stool, clots, and blood. Sulfate purge appeared to be safer than saline purge. (b) Before urgent colonoscopy and purge, emergency panendoscopy was indicated to exclude an upper gastrointestinal bleeding source. (c) Urgent colonoscopy after purge was effective, safe, and often diagnostic. (d) Compared with urgent colonoscopy, urgent visceral angiography was often nondiagnostic. However, the examinations may be complementary. (e) Hemostasis via colonoscopy has a definitive role in the treatment of some focal colonic lesions such as bleeding angiomata(15).
5.2. In Stable patients
In the study of to examine 58 patients, presenting with clinical signs of lower GI hemorrhage, through a 24-month period. Preliminary endoscopy was either negative or unfeasible. Images were obtained with a four-detector row CT with an arterial (4 x 1 mm collimation, 0.8 mm increment, 1.25 mm slice width, 120 kV, 165 mAs) and portal venous series (4 x 2,5 mm collimation, 2 mm increment, 3 mm slice width, 120 kV, 165 mAs). Time interval between endoscopy and CT varied between 30 minutes and 3 hours. The results of the multi-phase Multi-Slice-Computertomography (MSCT) were correlated with clinical course and surgical or endoscopical treatment(16).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3263294
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16333787
Hemorrhaging: Hematochezia (rectal bleeding) - Diagnosis
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Diagnosis
4.1. Colonoscopy and arteriography
In the study of Diagnosis and treatment of hematochezia: guideline for clinical practice, DR. Wandono H. at the Department of Internal Medicine, Hajj Hospital Surabaya wrote that there are difficulties in clinical practice to find the cause and making the diagnosis and therapy for hematochezia. Fortunately, the progress and development in medical technology, especially colonoscopy and arteriography, has assisted in clinical practice(12).
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Diagnosis
4.1. Colonoscopy and arteriography
In the study of Diagnosis and treatment of hematochezia: guideline for clinical practice, DR. Wandono H. at the Department of Internal Medicine, Hajj Hospital Surabaya wrote that there are difficulties in clinical practice to find the cause and making the diagnosis and therapy for hematochezia. Fortunately, the progress and development in medical technology, especially colonoscopy and arteriography, has assisted in clinical practice(12).
4.2. Blood test
The aim of blood test is to determine the hemoglobin concentration, coagulation and and
tests of liver and renal function are useful in checking for factors
that may exacerbate bleeding.
4.3. In stable patients
a. In younger patients
If the physical examination or anoscopy
reveals a bleeding hemorrhoid or other cause of local anal pathology, no other test is necessary as the possibility
of colon cancer is fewer than 1% in those
younger than age 30 years.
b. In older patients
80% of colorectal malignancies are found in patients older than
the age of 50 years. Even if a
local lesion such as a hemorrhoid is discovered. Twenty-seven percent of
patients with carcinoma of the rectum and 10% of those with carcinoma
of the sigmoid have been noted to have coincidental hemorrhoids. Most patients older than the age of 40 years with rectal
bleeding are candidates for colonoscopy.
4.2, 4.3,(13)
4.5. Computed tomography (CT) angiography
CT angiography is an accurate, cost-effective tool in the diagnosis
of acute GI bleeding and can show the precise location of bleeding,
thereby directing further management, according to the study by
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(14).
4.6. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity ReversalUse The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
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Sources
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046067
(13) http://www.dermaamin.com/site/images/stories/fruit/Primarycaremedicine/sid436397.html
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712058
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046067
(13) http://www.dermaamin.com/site/images/stories/fruit/Primarycaremedicine/sid436397.html
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712058
(13) http://www.dermaamin.com/site/images/stories/fruit/Primarycaremedicine/sid436397.html
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712058
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046067
(13) http://www.dermaamin.com/site/images/stories/fruit/Primarycaremedicine/sid436397.html
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712058
Hemorrhaging: Hematochezia (rectal bleeding) - The Risk Factors
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Risk Factors
3.1. Aging
Risk of rectal bleeding increase with age as the result of weakened intestinal blood vessels. In the study of the group consisted of 102 patients (50 years of age or less) with a flexible endoscope and an anoscopethat presented for evaluation of rectal bleeding, showed that six patients had colitis; all but one of these patients were less than 40 years of age. Flexible endoscopy and anoscopy provide complimentary information in middle-aged adults with rectal bleeding(10)
3.2. Family history of gastrointestinal disease
People with the family of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are at increased risk of rectal bleeding
3.3. Others, according to American Journal of Gastroenterology (1998) 93, 2179–2183; doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00530.x
*
p < 0.05.
HS = high school; IBS = irritable bowel syndrome; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7628276
(11) http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v93/n11/fig_tab/ajg1998500t1.html#figure-title
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Risk Factors
3.1. Aging
Risk of rectal bleeding increase with age as the result of weakened intestinal blood vessels. In the study of the group consisted of 102 patients (50 years of age or less) with a flexible endoscope and an anoscopethat presented for evaluation of rectal bleeding, showed that six patients had colitis; all but one of these patients were less than 40 years of age. Flexible endoscopy and anoscopy provide complimentary information in middle-aged adults with rectal bleeding(10)
3.2. Family history of gastrointestinal disease
People with the family of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are at increased risk of rectal bleeding
3.3. Others, according to American Journal of Gastroenterology (1998) 93, 2179–2183; doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00530.x
FROM: Self-reported rectal bleeding in a United States community:
prevalence, risk factors, and health care seeking by Nicholas J Talley
and Michael Jones(11)
Table 1. Association of Rectal Bleeding With Potential Risk Factors Based on Univariate Logistic Regression
Figure and tables index
| Any Rectal Bleeding | Blood Coating the Stools | Blood on Toilet Paper | Dark Blood Viewed in Stools | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Age  45 yr | 0.54* | 0.41–0.72 | 1.19 | 0.67–2.12 | 1.64 | 0.43–6.23 | 0.60 | 0.29–1.23 |
| Sex (male) | 0.95 | 0.72–1.26 | 0.56 | 0.32–0.98 | 1.30 | 0.40–4.22 | 1.10 | 0.58–2.11 |
| Marital status | 0.82 | 0.55–1.22 | 3.0* | 1.11–8.11 | 3.26 | 0.92–11.51 | 0.43 | 0.19–0.98 |
| Employment (yes vs no) | 0.55 | 0.31–0.96 | 0.59 | 0.16–2.18 | 0.55 | 0.06–4.72 | 1.67 | 0.50–5.63 |
| Education (< HS vs HS + tertiary) | 1.19 | 0.93–1.52 | 1.14 | 0.69–1.87 | 2.46 | 0.86–7.06 | 0.33 | 0.18–0.62 |
| Aspirin (none, some) | 1.08 | 0.82–1.42 | 1.06 | 0.61–1.84 | 1.52 | 0.47–4.94 | 0.75 | 0.39–1.44 |
| Ulcer history (yes) | 1.12 | 0.72–2.02 | 1.61 | 0.62–4.18 | 0.42 | 0.09–2.09 | 1.47 | 0.50–4.32 |
| Gastric surgery | 1.58 | 0.89–2.79 | 1.64 | 0.55–4.92 | 0.29 | 0.06–1.48 | 2.36 | 0.75–7.41 |
| IBS (yes) | 1.48* | 1.04–2.10 | 1.06 | 0.54–2.05 | 1.07 | 0.28–4.15 | 1.65 | 0.78–3.50 |
| Constipation (yes) | 3.09* | 2.33–4.10 | 1.51 | 0.86–2.67 | 0.24 | 0.05–1.14 | 2.30* | 1.14–4.65 |
| Diarrhea (yes) | 2.08* | 1.51–2.85 | 0.71 | 0.38–1.33 | 2.08 | 0.44–9.75 | 4.12* | 2.10–8.11 |
| Urgency (yes) | 1.55* | 1.11–2.15 | 1.24 | 0.66–2.35 | 0.94 | 0.25–3.60 | 3.25* | 1.68–6.48 |
| Dyspepsia (yes) | 1.31 | 0.83–2.04 | 1.48 | 0.63–3.47 | 0.59 | 0.12–2.86 | 1.29 | 0.49–3.45 |
| Smoking (never vs current) | 0.96 | 0.67–1.39 | 0.41 | 0.18–0.97 | 0.74 | 0.18–3.09 | 3.67* | 1.65–8.12 |
| Alcohol (0–6 vs 7 drinks wk) | 1.34 | 0.92–1.93 | 1.02 | 0.49–2.11 | 0.55 | 0.14–2.15 | 3.51 | 1.67–7.38 |
| Bowel surgery | 1.03 | 0.60–1.76 | 1.17 | 0.42–3.30 | 0.81 | 0.10–6.73 | 1.36 | 0.42–4.42 |
| Physician visits (bowel trouble) | 5.26* | 3.19–8.65 | 1.17 | 0.53–2.57 | 0.82 | 0.17–3.93 | 2.93* | 1.30–6.61 |
HS = high school; IBS = irritable bowel syndrome; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
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Sources
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7628276
(11) http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v93/n11/fig_tab/ajg1998500t1.html#figure-title
Hemorrhaging: Hematochezia (rectal bleeding) - The Causes
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Causes
2.1. Ectopic pregnancy
There is a report of case of severe rectal bleeding due to an ectopic pregnancy in the wall of the cecum is reported. The usual preoperative studies for rectal bleeding were performed but did not yield a definitive diagnosis. At laparotomy the right side of the uterus was found to be adherent to the cecum(1).
2.2. Abdominal colic and major gastrointestinal haemorrhage
There is a report of a case of massive rectal bleeding resulting from the placental attachment of an abdominal pregnancy to the sigmoid colon is reported. Both mother and infant survived this rare complication which should be considered when abdominal colic and major gastrointestinal haemorrhage occur in a pregnant patient(2). Other researchers also report of a case of an unusual case of massive bleeding per rectum caused by erosion into the caecum of placental tissue from an ectopic pregnancy is presented. Despite its rarity, abdominal pregnancies may have to be considered in sexually active fertile women presenting with difficult torrential bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract(3).
2.3. Angiodysplastic lesions (vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal tract)
In the study of a single angiodysplasias demonstrated by preoperative angiography in four patients and the review of the literature on intestinal angiodysplastic lesions, found that the relative frequency of angiodysplasias in the right side of the colon is noted. Visceral angiography is an important investigation in cases where there is persistent or recurrent bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, especially when barium studies and laparatomy have been negative(4).
2.4. Coagulation disorder
In the study of Rectal bleeding, deep venous thrombosis, and coagulopathy in a patient with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome, reserachers indicated that this report validates the use of endorectal resection for venous malformation of the rectum in patients with KTS and highlights the difficult balance of controlling bleeding by correction of a consumptive coagulopathy and the increased risk of thromboembolic complications(5).
2.5. Hemostatic disorders
In the report of a 79-year-old woman (weight, 69 kg) was hospitalized in a gastroenterology unit for severe rectal bleeding. She had been treated for 2 months with dabigatran etexilate 110 mg twice daily for chronic atrial fibrillation. On admission, her creatinine clearance (CrCl) was 20.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2), prothrombin time (PT) less than 10% (reference range 70-130%), and international normalized ratio (INR) 14.5 (venous blood). Eleven days after admission, hematologic and renal function were normalized and rectal bleeding stopped. An 84-year-old man (weight, 71 kg) was admitted for rectal bleeding with acute renal failure and dehydration that began while he was treated with dabigatran etexilate 110 mg twice daily for atrial fibrillation. On admission, CrCl was 33.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2), PT 13%, and INR 7.53 (venous blood). Dabigatran etexilate was stopped on admission. At the end of the hospitalization, CrCl was 66.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2), PT 54%, and INR 1.53. In both cases, an objective causality assessment revealed that those adverse reactions were probably related to dabigatran etexilate(6).
2.6. Colon cancer
It can be with or without pain. In the study of 604 patients and 22 (3.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0% to 5.2%) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Significant predictors of colorectal cancer were found to be age (<50 years: odds ratio [OR] = 1; 50-69 years: OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.4 to 18.6; > or = 70 years: OR = 8.2, 95% CI = 2.1 to 31.8) and blood mixed with the stool (Likelihood ratio [LR] 1.5; adjusted OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.4 to 10.5). Presence of haemorrhoids associated with bright red bleeding not mixed with stool reduced the likelihood of cancer (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1 to 1.2) but did not eliminate it--a cancer was present in 2% of patients with these symptoms(7).
2.7. Colorectal polyps
In the conduction of two studies, the first in 1989, the second in 1991, in which we invited Danish general practitioners to register 3-4 patients aged 40 and over presenting with rectal bleeding, researchers found that study 1 among 208 patients aged 40 and over and presenting with a first episode of rectal bleeding, colorectal cancer and polyps were present in 15.4 and 7.7%, respectively. In Study 2 among 209 patients aged 40 and over and presenting with overt rectal bleeding, 156 reported a first bleeding episode or a change in their usual bleeding pattern, and in this group colorectal cancer and polyps were diagnosed in 14.1 and 11.5%, respectively. In the group with unchanged bleeding the cancer polyp prevalence was 6.7% (P < 0.05). The patients in both studies were followed through a yearly letter to the GP for at least 32 and 22 months, respectively(8).
2.8. Hemorrhoids
There is a report of within a period of 18 months, 387 patients were referred to the Proctologic Service at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center because of recurrent rectal bleeding. Hemorrhoids were found in 194 of these patients and further investigation showed that 45 of the 194 patients (23.2%) had other coexisting colonic pathology (12 cancers, 28 polyps, 4 inflammatory bowel diseases and 1 angiodysplasia). Sixteen of 40 patients with diverticulosis and 13 of 30 patients with hemoglobin less than 11 g/dl had additional colonic pathology(9).
2.9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/309659
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3875846
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295424
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4544790
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22424361
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669799
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007706
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8732328
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3872288
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Causes
2.1. Ectopic pregnancy
There is a report of case of severe rectal bleeding due to an ectopic pregnancy in the wall of the cecum is reported. The usual preoperative studies for rectal bleeding were performed but did not yield a definitive diagnosis. At laparotomy the right side of the uterus was found to be adherent to the cecum(1).
2.2. Abdominal colic and major gastrointestinal haemorrhage
There is a report of a case of massive rectal bleeding resulting from the placental attachment of an abdominal pregnancy to the sigmoid colon is reported. Both mother and infant survived this rare complication which should be considered when abdominal colic and major gastrointestinal haemorrhage occur in a pregnant patient(2). Other researchers also report of a case of an unusual case of massive bleeding per rectum caused by erosion into the caecum of placental tissue from an ectopic pregnancy is presented. Despite its rarity, abdominal pregnancies may have to be considered in sexually active fertile women presenting with difficult torrential bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract(3).
2.3. Angiodysplastic lesions (vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal tract)
In the study of a single angiodysplasias demonstrated by preoperative angiography in four patients and the review of the literature on intestinal angiodysplastic lesions, found that the relative frequency of angiodysplasias in the right side of the colon is noted. Visceral angiography is an important investigation in cases where there is persistent or recurrent bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, especially when barium studies and laparatomy have been negative(4).
2.4. Coagulation disorder
In the study of Rectal bleeding, deep venous thrombosis, and coagulopathy in a patient with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome, reserachers indicated that this report validates the use of endorectal resection for venous malformation of the rectum in patients with KTS and highlights the difficult balance of controlling bleeding by correction of a consumptive coagulopathy and the increased risk of thromboembolic complications(5).
2.5. Hemostatic disorders
In the report of a 79-year-old woman (weight, 69 kg) was hospitalized in a gastroenterology unit for severe rectal bleeding. She had been treated for 2 months with dabigatran etexilate 110 mg twice daily for chronic atrial fibrillation. On admission, her creatinine clearance (CrCl) was 20.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2), prothrombin time (PT) less than 10% (reference range 70-130%), and international normalized ratio (INR) 14.5 (venous blood). Eleven days after admission, hematologic and renal function were normalized and rectal bleeding stopped. An 84-year-old man (weight, 71 kg) was admitted for rectal bleeding with acute renal failure and dehydration that began while he was treated with dabigatran etexilate 110 mg twice daily for atrial fibrillation. On admission, CrCl was 33.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2), PT 13%, and INR 7.53 (venous blood). Dabigatran etexilate was stopped on admission. At the end of the hospitalization, CrCl was 66.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2), PT 54%, and INR 1.53. In both cases, an objective causality assessment revealed that those adverse reactions were probably related to dabigatran etexilate(6).
2.6. Colon cancer
It can be with or without pain. In the study of 604 patients and 22 (3.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0% to 5.2%) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Significant predictors of colorectal cancer were found to be age (<50 years: odds ratio [OR] = 1; 50-69 years: OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.4 to 18.6; > or = 70 years: OR = 8.2, 95% CI = 2.1 to 31.8) and blood mixed with the stool (Likelihood ratio [LR] 1.5; adjusted OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.4 to 10.5). Presence of haemorrhoids associated with bright red bleeding not mixed with stool reduced the likelihood of cancer (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1 to 1.2) but did not eliminate it--a cancer was present in 2% of patients with these symptoms(7).
2.7. Colorectal polyps
In the conduction of two studies, the first in 1989, the second in 1991, in which we invited Danish general practitioners to register 3-4 patients aged 40 and over presenting with rectal bleeding, researchers found that study 1 among 208 patients aged 40 and over and presenting with a first episode of rectal bleeding, colorectal cancer and polyps were present in 15.4 and 7.7%, respectively. In Study 2 among 209 patients aged 40 and over and presenting with overt rectal bleeding, 156 reported a first bleeding episode or a change in their usual bleeding pattern, and in this group colorectal cancer and polyps were diagnosed in 14.1 and 11.5%, respectively. In the group with unchanged bleeding the cancer polyp prevalence was 6.7% (P < 0.05). The patients in both studies were followed through a yearly letter to the GP for at least 32 and 22 months, respectively(8).
2.8. Hemorrhoids
There is a report of within a period of 18 months, 387 patients were referred to the Proctologic Service at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center because of recurrent rectal bleeding. Hemorrhoids were found in 194 of these patients and further investigation showed that 45 of the 194 patients (23.2%) had other coexisting colonic pathology (12 cancers, 28 polyps, 4 inflammatory bowel diseases and 1 angiodysplasia). Sixteen of 40 patients with diverticulosis and 13 of 30 patients with hemoglobin less than 11 g/dl had additional colonic pathology(9).
2.9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/309659
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3875846
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295424
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4544790
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22424361
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22669799
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007706
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8732328
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3872288
Hemorrhaging: Hematochezia (rectal bleeding) - The Symptoms
Hemorrhaging is also known as bleeding or abnormal bleeding as a
result of blood loss due to internal.external leaking from blood
vessels or through the skin.
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Symptoms
1.1. Abdominal cramping and distention
In the some case the passing of large amount of blood is accompanied with abdominal cramping and distention as a result of colitis (inflammation of the large intestine).
1.2. Constipation
It is a result of severe rectal pain.
1.3. Dizziness and Fatigue
These may be result of the influence of the blood loss causing not enough oxygen to be transported.
1.4. Fever
This can be a result of inflammation or infection of the large intestine.
1.5. Body weakness
It is a result of not enough blood to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and organ needed.
1.7. Fainting or sudden changes in the level of consciousness
This is an result due to large volume of blood loss and considered to be life threatening.
1.8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
Hematochezia is defined as a condition of the passage of bright red, bloody stool. In most cases it is an indication of hemorrhoids (swollen veins in and around the rectum) or diverticulitis, a common digestive disease particularly found in the large intestine, as a result of infection or inflammation.
Symptoms
1.1. Abdominal cramping and distention
In the some case the passing of large amount of blood is accompanied with abdominal cramping and distention as a result of colitis (inflammation of the large intestine).
1.2. Constipation
It is a result of severe rectal pain.
1.3. Dizziness and Fatigue
These may be result of the influence of the blood loss causing not enough oxygen to be transported.
1.4. Fever
This can be a result of inflammation or infection of the large intestine.
1.5. Body weakness
It is a result of not enough blood to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and organ needed.
1.7. Fainting or sudden changes in the level of consciousness
This is an result due to large volume of blood loss and considered to be life threatening.
1.8. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
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