Sunday, 1 December 2013

Angina pectoris - The Phytochemicals

Angina pectoris, also known as Angina, a symptoms of  Ischemic heart disease, is defined as a condition of chest pain caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries resulting of lack of blood that lead to lack of oxygen supply and waste removal. 
Preventions
Phytochemicals to prevent angina
1. 1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
a. Systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol
In the ccomparison of the cardiovascular risk-reduction potential of three major polyunsaturated fatty acids in a double-blind study. showed that for the diet supplemented with EPA plus DHA compared with the linoleic acid diet systolic blood pressure fell 5.1 mm Hg (p = 0.01); plasma triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol fell by 39% (p = 0.001) and 49% (p = 0.01), respectively; and LDL cholesterol rose by 9% (p = 0.01). There were no significant changes with the diet supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid. The net effect on cardiovascular risk therefore is complex and the systolic blood pressure reduction was substantial, according to "n-3 fatty acids of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from plants" by Kestin M, Clifton P, Belling GB, Nestel PJ.(34)

b. Cardiovascular effects
In the comparison of the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) to those of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects, found that Both n-3 fatty acid diets did not change concentrations of total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and apoA-1 when compared with the oleic acid-rich diet. However, after the EPA/DHA-rich diet, LDL-cholesterol increased by 0.39 mmol/l (P = 0.0323, 95% CI (0.030, 0.780 mmol/l)) when compared with the ALA-rich diet. Intake of EPA/DHA also increased apoB concentrations by 14 mg/dl (P = 0.0031, 95% CI (4, 23 mg/dl)) and 12 mg/dl (P = 0.005, 95% CI (3, 21 mg/dl)) versus the oleic acid and ALA-rich diet, respectively. Except for an EPA/DHA-induced increase in tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) of 14.6% (P = 0.0184 versus ALA diet, 95% CI (1.5, 18.3%)), changes in markers of hemostasis and endothelial integrity did not reach statistical significance following consumption of the two n-3 fatty acid diets, according to "Effects of alpha-linolenic acid versus those of EPA/DHA on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects" by Goyens PL, Mensink RP.(35)
c. Obesity
in the determination of whether obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants, found that the modifying effect of obesity on the association of plasma PUFAs with IL-6 and sICAM-1 suggests differences in fatty acid metabolism and may also have implications in dietary fatty acid intake for obese individuals, particularly for linoleic and EPAs. Further study is warranted to confirm and explain the strong associations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) with inflammatory and endothelial activation markers, according to "Obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and markers of inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis" by Steffen BT, Steffen LM, Tracy R, Siscovick D, Hanson NQ, Nettleton J, Tsai MY.(36)
3. Catechin
Catechin is phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in white tea, green tea, black tea, grapes, wine, apple juice, cocoa, lentils, etc.
a.  Body-weight regulation
Green tea has been proposed as a tool for obesity management as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance, as researchers found that a green tea-caffeine mixture improves weight maintenance, through thermogenesis, fat oxidation, and sparing fat free mass. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the regulation of lipolysis, and the sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of total body fat in general, according to "Green tea catechins, caffeine and body-weight regulation" by Westerterp-Plantenga MS.(37)

b. Antioxidant activity
In the research on polyphenolic compounds (included catechins) in the berries of edible honeysuckle and their biological effects, including recommended utilization, are reviewed found that These berries seem to be prospective sources of health-supporting phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial anti-adherence and chemo-protective activities, thus they may provide protection against a number of chronic conditions, e.g., cancer, diabetes mellitus, tumour growth or cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, according to "Phenolic profile of edible honeysuckle berries (genus lonicera) and their biological effects" by Jurikova T, Rop O, Mlcek J, Sochor J, Balla S, Szekeres L, Hegedusova A, Hubalek J, Adam V, Kizek R.(38)

c. Cholesterol and glucose levels
In the examination of the effect of the main green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), taken in a green tea extract, Polyphenon E (PPE) and their effect on circulating hormone levels, an established breast cancer risk factor, found that Glucose and insulin levels decreased nonsignificantly in the PPE groups but increased in the placebo group; statistically significant differences in changes in glucose (P=0.008) and insulin (P=0.01) were found. In summary, green tea (400 and 800 mg EGCG as PPE; ~5-10 cups) supplementation for 2 months had suggestive beneficial effects on LDL cholesterol concentrations and glucose-related markers, according to "Effect of 2-month controlled green tea intervention on lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and hormonal levels in healthy postmenopausal women" by Wu AH, Spicer D, Stanczyk FZ, Tseng C, Yang CS, Pike MC.(39)
3. Theaflavin with reddish in color, is a phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), formed in tea leaves during fermentation.
a. Cholesterol
In the investigation of 240 men and women 18 years or older on a low-fat diet with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing theaflavin-enriched green tea extract (375 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks, found that after 12 weeks, the mean ± SEM changes from baseline in total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels were -11.3% ± 0.9% (P = .01), -16.4% ± 1.1% (P = .01), 2.3% ± 2.1% (P = .27), and 2.6% ± 3.5% (P = .47), respectively, in the tea extract group. The mean levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides did not change significantly in the placebo group. No significant adverse events were observed, according to "Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of a Theaflavin-Enriched Green Tea Extract" by David J. Maron, MD; Guo Ping Lu, MD; Nai Sheng Cai, MD; Zong Gui Wu, MD; Yue Hua Li, MD; Hui Chen, MD; Jian Qiu Zhu, MD; Xue Juan Jin, MS; Bert C. Wouters, MA; Jian Zhao, PhD.(40)

b. Antioxidant effects
In the investigation of four main TF derivatives (theaflavin (TF(1)), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF(2)A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF(2)B), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF(3))) in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, their properties of inhibiting superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical, and their effects on hydroxyl radical-induced DNA oxidative damage, found that compared with (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), TF derivatives were good antioxidants for scavenging ROS and preventing the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in vitro. TF(3) was the most positive in scavenging hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, and TF(1) suppressed superoxide. Positive antioxidant capacities of TF(2)B on singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in vitro were found, according to "Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses" by Wu YY, Li W, Xu Y, Jin EH, Tu YY.(41)

c. Cardio-protective activities
In the analyzing the protective effect of theaflavin (TF1) and its underlying mechanism,
found that (1) compared with the control group, TF1 (10, 20, 40 μmol/l) displayed a better recovery of cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion in a concentration-dependent manner. At 60 min of reperfusion, LVDP, ± LVdP/dt (max) and CF in the TF1 group were much higher than those in the control group, whereas left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in the TF1 group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). (2) Pretreatment with glibenclamide (10 μmol/l), a K(ATP) antagonist, completely abolished the cardioprotective effects of TF1 (20 μmol/l). Also, most of the effects of TF1 (20 μmol/l) on cardiac function after 60 min of reperfusion were reversed by 5-HD (100 μmol/l), a selective mitochondria K(ATP) antagonist. (3) Atractyloside (20 μmol/l), a mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opener, administered at the beginning of 15 min of reperfusion completely abolished the cardioprotection of TF1 (20 μmol/l), according to "ATP-dependent potassium channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores play roles in the cardioprotection of theaflavin in young rat" by Ma H, Huang X, Li Q, Guan Y, Yuan F, Zhang Y.(42)

4. Resveratrol is a type of natural phenol in the group of Stilbenoids, produced naturally by many plants when under attack by bacteria or fungi. It has been studied by many researchers for it health benefits in treating chronic diaereses, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc.
a. In a study of "Resveratrol: a promising agent in promoting cardioprotection against coronary heart disease." by Penumathsa SV, Maulik N. (Source from Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA.), posted in PubMed, researchers indicated in abstract that many studies have provided evidence that resveratrol possesses antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects apart from activation of longevity proteins (such as SIRT-1). We have recently reported the angiogenic, antihypercholesterolemic, and antihypercholesterolemic, antihypercholesterolemic, antidiabetic effects of resveratrol and the mechanisms involved in reduced ventricular remodeling and increased cardiac functions. We have also shown different strategic target molecules involved in resveratrol-mediated.
cardioprotection.

b. Lipid metabolism
in a study of " [Effects of resveratrol on lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice]."[Article in Chinese]
by Ren Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Yu F, Zhan Z, Yuan Y, Yang J. (Source from Department of Nutrition and Food hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. renyahao0512@sohu.com) researchers found that The serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C levels of high-fat diet and resveratrol groups were higher than those of control group (P < 0.05), and the serum TC and LDL-C levels of high-fat diet were also higher than those of resveratrol group (P < 0. 05). But the serum TG levels of high-fat diet and resveratrol groups were lower than those of control group (P < 0.05). The TC content of liver in high-fat diet group were higher than those of control and resveratrol groups (P < 0.05), and concluded that The TC content in C57BL/6J mice can be decreased by resveratrol (22.5 mg/kg BW).
c. Diabetes and Obesity
According to the study of " Resveratrol, obesity and diabetes." by Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. (Source from Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland. tszkudel@jay.up.poznan.pl) posted in PubMed, researchers found that The accumulating evidence also indicates the benefits of resveratrol in diabetes and diabetic complications. It is known that resveratrol affects insulin secretion and blood insulin concentration. In animals with hyperinsulinemia, resveratrol was found to reduce blood insulin. Moreover, numerous data indicate that in diabetic rats, resveratrol is able to reduce hyperglycemia. The mechanism of resveratrol's action is complex and is demonstrated to involve both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects. These data point to the potential possibility of use of resveratrol in preventing and/or treating both obesity and diabetes.
 
Sources

Angina pectoris - The Diet

Angina pectoris, also known as Angina, a symptoms of  Ischemic heart disease, is defined as a condition of chest pain caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries resulting of lack of blood that lead to lack of oxygen supply and waste removal. 
Preventions
Diet to prevent angina
The aims of the diet is to reduce the unhealthy diet and coronary artery disease risk factors causes of Angina pectoris, the symptom of Ischemic heart disease
1. Avocados are a commercially valuable fruit and are cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, it is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
a. Cholesterol
In the determination of the atherogenicity of avocado oil relative to saturated (coconut oil), monounsaturated (olive oil) and polyunsaturated (corn oil) fats found that Coconut oil was the most atherogenic fat. Corn oil was only slightly less atherogenic than either olive or avocado oils. Percentage of serum HDL cholesterol was highest in the rabbits fed the two monounsaturated fats, according to "Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis 24: avocado oil" by Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, Czarnecki SK, Wilson TA, Nicolosi RJ.(21)

b. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prevent and treat Diabetes. Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(22)

c. Heart diseases
c.1.The chemical compound Beta-Sitosterol is found effectively in reducing the bad cholesterol and leaving the good cholesterol untouched by inhibiting the amount our body can absorb, thus reducing the risk of plague building up in the arterial walls, leading to heart diseases, according to the study of "The Effect of Beta Sitosterol on the Serum Lipids of Young Men with Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease" by JOHN W. FARQUHAR M.D.; RALPH E. SMITH M.D.; MARY E. DEMPSEY M.S., posted in Circulation(23)



c.2. It also reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, according to the study of "Effect of vitamin D and β-sitosterol on immune function of macrophages" by Alappat L, Valerio M, Awad AB.(24)

2. Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae. They are anadromous, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within to five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die.
a. Triacylglycerols
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to "Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects" by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(25)

b. Weight loss
In the investigation of supplementation with n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA) and its effect in body weight, found that At the end of the 1-month period, 16 children lost weight and 27 children gained weight. Multiple analysis demonstrated that supplementation with n3-LCPUFA decreased HOMA-IR by 15% after adjusting for puberty, treatment adherence, changes in adipokines, and weight loss. Interaction between supplementation and weight loss was significant (p = 0.007), according to "Supplementation of n3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synergistically Decreases Insulin Resistance with Weight Loss of Obese Prepubertal and Pubertal Children" by López-Alarcón M, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J.(26)

c. Cholesterol
In the assessment of an increasing drive to replace fish oil (FO) in finfish aquaculture diets with vegetable oils (VO), driven by the short supply of FO derived from wild fish stocks,
found that these effects are most likely mediated by SREBP2, which responds to reductions in dietary cholesterol. These changes are sufficient to maintain whole body cholesterol levels but not HUFA levels, according to "Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" by Leaver MJ, Villeneuve LA, Obach A, Jensen L, Bron JE, Tocher DR, Taggart JB.(27)

d. Coronary heart disease
In determination of Omega-3-fatty acids play a protective role in the prevention of CHD,
found that The treatment with salmon oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. Following the increase of malondialdehyde as measure of the lipid peroxidation a substitution of antioxidants, like vitamin E and vitamin C, seems to be useful. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fish-oil capsules, not least to avoid side-effects, according to "[Changes in parameters of lipid metabolism and anti-oxidative potentials in elderly hyperlipoproteinemic patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids].[Article in German]" by Reuter W, Vorberg B, Sauer I, Krumpolt C.(28)

e. Antioxidants
In the research of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E after ingestion of salmon found that that megadoses of vitamin E, far from having pro-oxidative activity, actually increase the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver, especially after ingestion of salmon oil, according to "Effects of megadoses of dietary vitamin E on the antioxidant status of rats fed lard or salmon oil" by Flader D, Brandsch C, Hirche F, Eder K.(29)

3. Soy sauce is a seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans and filamentous fungus, along with water and salt after a period of sometime, it yields a moromi or thick mash of cereal to obtain soy sauce by pressing it to liquid form. Tamari is made by collecting the liquid which was pressed and the liquid drained drains from miso after a certain time of fermentation. 
a. Cardiovascular health
In the investigation of dietary proteins and their effect in heart diseases found that a direct cholesterol lowering effect of proteins has not been shown. Despite earlier research indicating that soy protein has cardioprotective effects as compared to other proteins, these observations have not been confirmed by randomized placebo-controlled trials. However, most experts recommend the consumption of foods rich in plant proteins as alternatives to meat and dairy products rich in saturated fat and containing cholesterol, according to "Dietary proteins and atherosclerosis" by Darioli R.(30)

b.  Hypolipidemic effect
In the observation of Soy sauce (Shoyu), a traditional Japanese fermented seasoning and its effect on cholesterol level found that in a 4-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study, hyperlipidemic men (TG >150 mg/dl) were treated with 600 mg of SPS (n=15) or placebo (n=15) daily. After 4 weeks, serum TG levels in the SPS-treated group were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the baseline (0 week). In conclusion, SPS of soy sauce reduce lipid absorption, and soy sauce is a potentially promising seasoning for the treatment of hyperlipidemia through food, according to "Hypolipidemic effect of Shoyu polysaccharides from soy sauce in animals and humans" by Kobayashi M, Magishi N, Matsushita H, Hashimoto T, Fujimoto M, Suzuki M, Tsuji K, Saito M, Inoue E, Yoshikawa Y, Matsuura T.(31)

4. Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belongs to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose
and often in green house.
a. Cardiovascular diseases
In the review of patents and products within the context of lycopene and CVD prevention and health claims indicated that in vitro data and results from animal experiments partly showed promising preventive mechanisms of lycopene. In contrast, until now, human intervention studies mostly failed to show any CVD prevention. However, there is still an encouraging situation, giving hints for antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory effects of lycopene. These mechanisms could be the background for cardio-protective effects of tomatoes and tomato products, according to "Lycopene and heart health" by Böhm V.(32)

b. Antioxidative and Cancer Cell-Inhibiting Activities
In the research of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) plants synthesize nutrients, pigments, and bioactive compounds and their benefit in nutrition and human health found that Tomato extracts promoted growth in normal liver (Chang) cells, had little effect in normal lung (Hel299) cells, mildly inhibited growth of lung cancer (A549) cells, and first promoted and then, at higher concentrations, inhibited growth in lymphoma (U937) cells. The relationship of cell growth to measured constituents was not apparent, according to "Free Amino Acid and Phenolic Contents and Antioxidative and Cancer Cell-Inhibiting Activities of Extracts of 11 Greenhouse-Grown Tomato Varieties and 13 Tomato-Based Foods" by Choi SH, Kim HR, Kim HJ, Lee IS, Kozukue N, Levin CE, Friedman M.(33).

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Sources
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569114
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713332
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728596
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728596
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139893
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136960
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577222
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091840
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12951900

(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139566
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18813866
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076972
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070764 

Angina pectoris - The do and do not list

Angina pectoris, also known as Angina, a symptoms of  Ischemic heart disease, is defined as a condition of chest pain caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries resulting of lack of blood that lead to lack of oxygen supply and waste removal. 

Preventions
A. The do and do not list
1. Life style change
a. Relaxation
Stress and emotion may increase the risk of Angina pectoris, a symptoms of schemic heart disease. According to the study of Emotional triggering of cardiac events at the University College London. Dr Steptoe A, and the research team indicated that the psychobiological processes underlying emotional triggering may include stress-induced haemodynamic responses, autonomic dysfunction and parasympathetic withdrawal, neuroendocrine activation, inflammatory responses involving cytokines and chemokines, and prothrombotic responses, notably platelet activation. These factors in turn promote coronary plaque disruption, myocardial ischaemia, cardiac dysrhythmia and thrombus formation(9). Music listening may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and pain in persons with CHD. However, the quality of the evidence is not strong and the clinical significance unclear. Most studies examined the effects of listening to pre-recorded music. More research is needed on the effects of music offered by a trained music therapist(10). Other researchers in the study to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients referred to a cardiology outpatient clinic for performing the stress test suggested that the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms was estimated to be 42% and 31%, respectively, in the total chest pain population. Males with abnormal test were depressed but females experienced more anxiety symptoms. Patients with negative tests had significantly higher scores for anxiety and higher depression scores than those with positive tests. Eleven percent of the patients with positive tests were women and 23% were men(11).
b. If the disease is caused by physical activity, slow down or take rest more often can be helpful
2. Healthy diet
In the study to compare two strategies for atherosclerosis treatment: drugs and healthy lifestyle, found that Statins act mainly as lipid-lowering drugs but pleiotropic actions are also present. Healthy lifestyle, on the other hand, is effective and inexpensive and has no harmful effects. Five items are associated with lower cardiac risk: non-smoking, BMI ≤25, regular exercise (30 min/day), healthy diet (fruits, vegetables, low-saturated fat, and 5-30 g alcohol/day)(12).
a. Low intake of saturated and trans fats
High levels of bad cholesterol and triglyceride partial block the blood flow in the vessels, it not only increases the risk of high blood pressure but also the risk of ischemia if the blood circulation diminishes.
d. Increase intake fish and olive oil
Studies indicate that the use of fish oil is associated with coronary heart disease risk reduction. A number of mechanisms may be responsible for such effects. These include prevention of arrhythmias as well as lowering heart rate and blood pressure, decreasing platelet aggregation, and lowering triglyceride levels. The latter is accomplished by decreasing the production of hepatic triglycerides and increasing the clearance of plasma triglycerides(19). Other researchers indicated that in both sexes consumption of olive oil and vegetable oil was inversely associated with serum cholesterol and glucose levels and systolic blood pressure(13). 
c. High amount intake of in fiber 
Consumption of dietary fiber from cereals and fruits is inversely associated with risk of coronary heart disease. In a study of over 6 to 10 years of follow-up, 5249 incident total coronary cases and 2011 coronary deaths occurred among 91058 men and 245186 women. After adjustment for demographics, body mass index, and lifestyle factors, each 10-g/d increment of energy-adjusted and measurement error-corrected total dietary fiber was associated with a 14% (relative risk [RR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.96) decrease in risk of all coronary events and a 27% (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.87) decrease in risk of coronary death. For cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake (not error corrected), RRs corresponding to 10-g/d increments were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.77-1.07), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70-0.99), and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.88-1.13), respectively, for all coronary events and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63-0.
Fiber is found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. A fiber-rich diet not only helps lower your LDL cholesterol level, but also provides nutrients that may help protect against CHD(14).
d. Low intake of salt and sugar
d.1. Manage your blood pressure and reduce intake of salt, beverage and sugar
The worldwide increase in the incidence of metabolic syndrome correlates with marked increase in total fructose intake in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, beverage and table sugar. Increased dietary fructose intake in rodents has been shown to recapitulate many aspects of metabolic syndrome by causing hypertension, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia(15).
d.2. Prevent weight gain and control diabetes and prediabetes
In the study to test a 16-week group-based weight reduction intervention combining exercise, diet and behaviour change strategies aimed to increase self-efficacy (Healthy Eating and Exercise Lifestyle Program-HEELP) on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and exercise, found that The HEELP resulted in weight loss and improved exercise behaviour in obese people with CHD and T2DM(16).
d.3. Mediterranean style low-carb diet
The best approach to the dietary prevention of CVD is a Mediterranean style low-carb diet represented in the LOGI pyramid. Dietary guidelines for the prevention of CVD should to be revised accordingly(17).
2. Tobacco
Cigarette contains high levels of cadmium, inhaling the chemical during smoking or second hand smoke can cause building up of plaque along to the arterial walls as a result of oxidation.

3. Moderate consumption of Green tea, coffee and alcohol
Regular consumption of moderate quantities of coffee and (green) tea seems to be associated with a small protection against CAD, results from randomized clinical trials about their beneficial effects are less evident. As for other diffuse consumption habits, such as that of alcohol, moderation is the key word. In fact, both for coffee and chocolate, the optimal healthy effects on CAD have been observed to be associated with a moderate intake, while healthy outcomes vanish at heavy consumption(18).
4. Maintaining a healthy weight
Obesity increases the risk of ischemia as it is normally associated with high levels of cholesterol, high blood pressure.
5. Managing stress
Music listening may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and pain in persons with CHD. However, the quality of the evidence is not strong and the clinical significance unclear. Most studies examined the effects of listening to pre-recorded music. More research is needed on the effects of music offered by a trained music therapist(19). Other researchers in the study to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients referred to a cardiology outpatient clinic for performing the stress test suggested that the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms was estimated to be 42% and 31%, respectively, in the total chest pain population. Males with abnormal test were depressed but females experienced more anxiety symptoms. Patients with negative tests had significantly higher scores for anxiety and higher depression scores than those with positive tests. Eleven percent of the patients with positive tests were women and 23% were men(20).
6. Etc.

Angina pectoris - The Diagnosis

Angina pectoris, also known as Angina, a symptoms of  Ischemic heart disease, is defined as a condition of chest pain caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries resulting of lack of blood that lead to lack of oxygen supply and waste removal.
Diagnosis

Chest pain is not always as a indication of angina. Certain medication and medical conditions can cause chest pain, including Pleuritis ( Inflammation of the lining of the lungs), long term smoking cause depletion of lung function, Pericarditis: Pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart), Shingles (Nerve irritation), etc. If you are exoerience chest pain or discomfort, several tests can help to determine the causes
1. Blood test
Blood test may be to rule out other conditions causes of angina or to check for levels of  fats,
C-reactive protein (CRP), high levels of CRP may be a sign of CVD,
2. Chest X ray
the aim of the test is to show the structure of the chest to rule out other causes of angina, as it can reveal the sign of heart failure and lung disorder cause of chest pain, etc.
3. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 
Electrocardiogram or electrocardiography (ECG) is the test to diagnose the heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart and highly recommendation for patients showing symptoms of severe chest pain. An abnormal patterns on the EKG may be an indication of Ischemia. In some cases, exercise testing, an exercise ECG test or 'stress test' as ECG recording is taken while you are exercising  to induce the symptoms of chest pain in finding the causes.
4. Stress test 
 An exercise stress test such as walk or run on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike is a screening tool used to test how your heart function under exercise stress. Medications can be necessary to simulate the stress on the heart normally brought on by exercise, if patient can not undergo exercise as a result of certain condition
5. Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography is an imaging test that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see inside the arteries and how blood flows through your heart with the a mild sedative to help you relax. 
6.  Heart CT scan
Heart CT scan  is a computed tomography (CT) scan of the heart with the use of uses x-rays to create detailed pictures of the heart and its blood vessels. 
7.  Computed Tomography angiography 
A noninvasive way 3D technique with  a contrast material to produce pictures of major blood vessels throughout the body with the use of x-rays with catheters, or computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
8. Etc. 

Angina pectoris - Symptoms, Causes and Risk Factors

Angina pectoris, also known as Angina, a symptoms of  Ischemic heart disease, is defined as a condition of chest pain caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries resulting of lack of blood that lead to lack of oxygen supply and waste removal. 

Types of Angina pectoris
1. Stable angina res
Stable angina is the chest pain occurred after physical activity or stress and may last up to 10 minutes. the symptoms may improve or go away when stop or slow down the exercise.

2. Unstable angina 
Unstable angina is a type of angina with chest pain occurs even at rest, with Crescendo angina and/or new-onset angina(1)

Symptoms
Beside chest pain or discomfort, patients with angina may also experience heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation of the chest and pain in the back, neck area, jaw, or shoulders. These are results of the pain perceived at a location other than the chest depending to the spinal level that receives visceral sensation.

Causes and risk factors 
A. Causes
A.1. Stable angina
Physical exertion is the most common cause of stable angina as a result of severely narrowed arteries of that interfere with the blood flow to the heart.


A.2. Unstable angina
Unstable angina is a condition of blood clots causes of  partially or totally block of an artery as a result of rupture of an artery. If severe case, large blood clot can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases,
Blood clots may form, partially dissolve, and later form again. Angina can occur each time a clot blocks an artery.

B. Risk factors
1. Cigarette smoking
Men who are smokers are at higher risk to develop angina. According to the study of Framingham Heart Study, posted by Harvard University, indicated that those less than 60 years of age at angina onset who were nonsmokers or quitters during follow-up had a definite prognostic advantage over similarly aged continuing smokers. These results could not be explained by differences in coronary risk factors prior to symptom onset or by changes in factors other than smoking during follow-up. The findings suggest that stopping the cigarette smoking habit can improve both short-term and long-term prognosis in the younger patient and angina pectoris(2).

2. Obesity
in the study to evaluate the effects of moderate weight loss, in overweight patients with angina, on plasma coagulation, fibrinolytic indicies and pain frequency, at the University of Glasgow, researchers found that after the 12-week dietary intervention period, mean body weight fell by 3.5 (s.d. 2.6) kg or 4.3% (P=0.0001), range -11.7 to +1.7 kg. Mean angina frequency fell by 1.8 (s.d. 3.6) from 3.2 to 1.4 episodes/week (P=0.009) and plasma cholesterol by 0.4 (s.d. 0.7) from 6.3 to 5.9 mmol/l (P=0.0001). HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were unchanged. Of the coagulation and fibrinolytic factors, factor VII activity and RCA were significantly reduced by 5 (s.d. 20), IU/dl (P=0.04) and 1.3 (s.d. 1.3) arbitrary units (P=0.014), respectively(3).

3. Diabetes 
In the study of nineteen diabetic and 25 nondiabetic patients with exertional angina were exercised on a treadmill to measure anginal perceptual threshold, researchers at the Newham General Hospital found that the diabetic group had a longer anginal perceptual threshold (138 +/- 64 seconds vs 34 +/- 51 seconds, p less than 0.001), which correlated positively with the somatic pain threshold (r = 0.5, p = 0.03); patients with more prolonged anginal perceptual thresholds tended to have higher somatic pain thresholds. In the diabetic group anginal perceptual (r = -0.3, p = NS) and somatic pain (r = -0.4, p = 0.05) thresholds tended to increase as the ratio of peak to minimal heart rate during the Valsalva maneuver fell below 1.21, but these variables were unrelated in the nondiabetic group(4).

4. High cholesterol 
According to the study of The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospita of 34 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients showed that these patients had unstable plaques (UPs) (61.6±9.2 years, 24 males, 12.8%). The percentage of plaque area in the minimum luminal area in high low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio patients was significantly higher than in low LDL-C/HDL-C ratio patients (72.7±9.5% vs. 69.9±9.3%, p=0.035). An LDL-C/HDL-C ratio >2.0 was an independent predictor for UPs in SAP patients (odds ratio 5.252, 95% confidence interval 1.132-24.372, p=0.034)(5).

5. High blood pressure
Hypertension is associated to increased risk of Angina pectoris. In the study ofManagement of patients with hypertension and angina pectoris, reserachers showed that in managing the patient with hypertension and angina pectoris, it is important to determine whether the angina occurs in the setting of hypertensive hypertrophic disease alone or coexists with coronary arterial stenoses(6).

6. Sedentary lifestyle and Unhealthy diet
Lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity is associated with increased risk of Angina pectoris. Diet high in saturated and trans fat with less fruits and vegetables enhances the building up of blood cholesterol of that increase the risk of angina.

7. Family history of early heart disease
If you have a family history of early heart disease, you are at higher risk to develop angina pectoris as family history of premature coronary artery disease increase the risk of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand that may result of angina.

8.  Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease can cause decreased blood flow to the coronary arteries from the heart as a result of narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.

9. Other heart diseases
Increased blood flow for patients with preexisting ischemic heart disease may reduced the risk of angina pertoris, according to the study of Efficacy of early invasive strategy of diagnostics and treatment of unstable angina at the background of preexisting ischemic heart disease, indicated that detection of indications for myocardial revascularization in patients with unstable angina including those at medium and low risk confirms necessity of application of early invasive strategy as conventional strategy ensuring timeliness of pathogenetic treatment. Absence of indications to myocardial revascularization in a limited group of patients gives an opportunity to clarify diagnosis, prescribe drug therapy and prevent unjustified hospitalizations(7)

10. Previous heart attack
Heart attack victims may experience a diversity of symptoms, including chest pain, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation of the chest and pain in the back, neck area, jaw, or shoulders.

11.  Age and lower socioeconomic status
According to the study of Dr. Sekhri N, and the research team at the Barts and the London NHS Trust, here is evidence of underutilisation of chest pain clinics by older people and those from lower socioeconomic status. More robust and patient focused administrative pathways need to be developed to detect inequity, correction of which has the potential to substantially reduce coronary mortality(8).

12. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7785791
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7058782
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12373626
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2035379 
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22563337 
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6148886
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22839708 
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700834 

Bladder Stone (Vesical calculi) - Treatment In Traditional Chinese Medicine perspective

Bladder Stones (calculus) is a composed of mineral masses formed in the bladder as a result of Concentrated, stagnant urinary, dehydrated causes of crystallization. Small bladder stones in most cases, pass on their own in the flow of urine.
Treatments
In TCM perspective
C.1. According to the article of Chinese medicine Hospital for Chronic and Difficult diseases(25), traditional Chinese medicine defined formation of stones is a condition caused by
1. Qi stagnation
a. The aim of the herbal treatment is to Promotethe circulation of qi, inducing diuresis, relieving strangury and removing the stones.
b. Herbal formula: Modified Pyrrosia Decoction 
Lysimachia, Pyrrosia leaf, Plantago seed, Cluster mallow fruit, Oriental water plantain rhizome, Citron fruit, Vaccaria seed, Radish seed and Rhubarb.
 
2. Damp-Heat Pattern
a. The aim of the herbal formula is to clear heat and dampness, relieve strangury and remove the stones.
b. Herbal formula: Modified Eight Health Restoring Powder
Lysimachia, Prostrate knotweed, Chinese pink herb, Talc, Phellodendron bark, Capejasmine fruit and Plantago seed , Rhubarb and Licorice root tip
3. Kidney deficiency
a. The aim of the herb used to treat kidney stones as a result of kidney deficiency is to tonify qi, reinforce the kidney, relieve stranguria and remove the stones.  
b. Herbal formula: Modified Kidney-Reinforcing Decoction
Prepared rehmannia root, Wolfberry fruit, Dogwood fruit, Achyranthes root,  Bighead atractylodes. Rhizome eucommia bark, Cinnamon bark, Pilose asiabell root, Lysimachia and Climbing fern spore
 
C.2. Chinese herbal formula Wu Ling San (Poria, Rhizoma Alismatis, Polyporus, Cortex Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (stir-baked))
In  the study to determine the effects of a traditional Chinese herbal formula, Wulingsan (WLS), on renal stone prevention using an ethylene glycol-induced nephrocalcinosis rat model. Forty-one male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 (n=8) was the normal control; group 2 (n=11) served as the placebo group, and received a gastric gavage of starch and 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) as a stone inducer; group 3 received EG and a low dose of WLS (375 mg/kg); and group 4 received EG and a high dose of WLS (1,125 mg/kg), found that the rats of placebo group gained the least significant body weight; in contrast, the rats of WLS-fed groups could effectively reverse it. The placebo group exhibited lower levels of free calcium (p=0.059) and significantly lower serum phosphorus (p=0.015) in urine than WLS-fed rats. Histological findings of kidneys revealed tubular destruction, damage and inflammatory reactions in the EG-water rats. The crystal deposit scores dropped significantly in the WLS groups, from 1.40 to 0.46 in the low-dose group and from 1.40 to 0.45 in the high-dose group. Overall, WLS effectively inhibited the deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal and lowered the incidence of stones in rats (p=0.035). In conclusion, WLS significantly reduced the severity of calcium oxalate crystal deposits in rat kidneys, indicating that Wulingsan may be an effective antilithic herbal formula(28). 

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

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Sources
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040675

Bladder Stone (Vesical calculi) - Treatment In Herbal Medicine perspective

Bladder Stones (calculus) is a composed of mineral masses formed in the bladder as a result of Concentrated, stagnant urinary, dehydrated causes of crystallization. Small bladder stones in most cases, pass on their own in the flow of urine.
F.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Asparagus racemosus Willd
In the study of the ethanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus Willd. for its inhibitory potential on lithiasis (stone formation), induced by oral administration of 0.75% ethylene glycolated water to adult male albino Wistar rats for 28 days, showed that the histopathological findings also showed signs of improvement after treatment with the extract. All these observations provided the basis for the conclusion that this plant extract inhibits stone formation induced by ethylene glycol treatment(26).

2. Goldenrod
Investigations in molecular pharmacology could show new mechanisms responsible for the biological effect of natural product from goldenrod extracts. The use of such herbal preparations with a rather complex action spectrum (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, antispasmodic, analgesic) is especially recommended for treatment of infections and inflammations, to prevent formation of kidney stones and to help remove urinary gravel. This therapy is safe at a reasonable price and does not show drug-related side-effects, according to the study of the Institut für Pharmazie der Freien Universität Berlin, Berlin(27).

3. Couch grass (Agropyrum repens)
Couch grass showed a significant reduction in the total number of stones (-1.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.0 +/- 0.2 stones) and in the larger diameter of the stones (-3.6 +/- 0.9 mm vs. 0.0 +/- 0.8 mm), as well as a statistically significant reduction of uric acid urinary excretion (-164.7 +/- 45.3 vs -38 +/- 42 mg/24 h)(25).

4. Etc. 
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca  
Sources
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908773
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=asparagus%20root%20and%20kidney%20stones
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15638071