Broccoli Processes Anti-Metastatic Activities Via Innate Immune Cell Activation

By Kyle J. Norton

The immune system is biological structures of an organism that protects us against disease by identifying and killing pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc. and tumor cells, including irregular cell growth, cancer cells.

In most cases, the immune system does a great job to keep us healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and infection.

However, during the process of their functions, they may induce the production of free radicals and a chain of free radicals that can be harmful to our bodies. including the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the acute phase of infection.

In other words, through the expression of the lines of defense, depending on the stage of pathogenic invasion, the innate immune response protects the body via a different set of interactions.

In the acute phase of infection, the macrophages in the immune system stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines to the site of the damage.

The inflammatory cytokines not only play a critical role in stopping the stimuli from entering into the body but also speeds up the wound healing through growth factors.

The innate immune system also can destroy the damaged cells such as cancer cells through the T cell activation of B cells which in turn stimulates the production of a protein associated with the production of antibody p53, a tumor suppressor.

Some researchers suggested immune system also can kill cancer cells by reacting to activating cytokines (IFN-α/β, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21) produced by tumor cells or by other immune cells stimulated by tumor cells.

Metastasis is the process to induce the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance away from primary cancer.

Metastatic cancer also shares the characteristics of primary cancer. Breast cancer that spreads to the lung is called metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer.

According to statistics, in 2018, approximately over1,700,000 cases of cancer were diagnosed worldwide. The lifetime probability of being diagnosed with cancer is 39.7% for men and 37.6% for women.

Believe it or not, some metastatic cancer may have an unknown primary origin or CUP, secondary cancer without a primary cancer site.

Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belong to the family Brassicaceae. The veggie has large flower heads, usually green in color and the mass of flower heads surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant on the continent of Europe.

On finding a potential plant that processes anticarcinogenic activity, researchers examined the anti-metastatic activities of polysaccharides in broccoli, purified polysaccharides (BCE-I, -II, and -III) isolated by fractionation of broccoli enzyme extracts and subsequent ethanol precipitation.

More precisely, BCE-I mainly consisted of galactose and arabinose, whereas BCE-II mainly consisted of galacturonic acid and rhamnose, and BCE-III mainly consisted of rhamnose and galactose.

According to the results of the analysis, compared to other compounds, BCE-I showed the greatest enhancement of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-6 secretion in the induction of cytotoxicity on stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophages.

Furthermore, intravenous (i.v.) administration of BCE-I enhanced the lethal activity of natural killer (NK) cells on YAC-1 tumor cells significantly and dose-dependently in an ex vivo experiment.

Moreover, Ii an experimental model using lung metastasis of Colon26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, prophylactic i.v., oral administration of BCE-I significantly and dose-dependently inhibited lung metastatic activity.

Based on the evidence, researchers said, "These results indicated that BCE-I has potent antitumor metastatic activity and that its anti-metastatic activity has relevance to the stimulation of NK and other immune cells".

Taken altogether,  broccoli processes anti-metastatic activities via innate immune cell activation, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Rhamnogalacturonan-I-Type Polysaccharide Purified from Broccoli Exerts Anti-Metastatic Activities Via Innate Immune Cell Activation by Kwak BS1, Hwang D2,3, Lee SJ1, Choi HJ4, Park HY5, Shin KS. (PubMed)