Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Wednesday 19 June 2019

Phytochemical Betacyanins, the Anti Cancer Natural Remedy In Vitro

By Kyle J. Norton

Cancer is a class of chronic diseases caused by cells growth and multiplies disorderedly and uncontrollably in the body.

Depending on the types and grade of cancer, some cancers can be progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues. Sometimes cancers can spread to other tissues and organs in the body via lymph or blood.

Under normal circumstance, cell growth is a natural process. Every day millions of cell grow to replace millions of dead cells and to keep our body in balance and healthy.

Sometimes, acceleration of cells growth is necessary to prevent further damage to the body organ, such as cut, injure, etc., but after fulfilling their purposes, the growth of cells are back to a normal rate again.

In other words, cell growth or cell division limit to a number of cycles due to our body growth inhibitors, before replacing by the new cells.

In cancer cells, the cycle of cell growth can be indefinite.

Depending on the type of cells that initiates cancer, cancers can be classified into

* Carcinoma
Carcinoma is a malignant tumor found in anywhere of epithelial tissues lining the cavities, surfaces of structures and glands. Although the forming of the malignant tumor in the epithelium is still unknown, it possesses and associates the characteristics of epithelial cells, including those of the breast, prostate, lung, and colon.

* Sarcoma
Sarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from malignantly connective tissue cells originated from embryonic germ cells or bone, cartilage, and fat tissues and cells.

* Lymphoma and leukemia:
Hematopoietic cells are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all types of the blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets become cancerous.

* Germ cell tumor
Cancer is derived from pluripotent cells. In adults, these are most often found in the testicle and ovary but are more common in babies and young children.

* Blastoma
Cancer is derived from immature "precursor" or embryonic tissue. These are also commonest in children.

According to the statistics provided by the National Cancer Institute, approximately 38.4% of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetimes. In 2017, an estimated 15,270 children and adolescents ages 0 to 19 were diagnosed with cancer and 1,790 died of the disease.

Betacyanins are phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.

With an aim to find a potential and natural compound for the treatment of cancer with no side effects, researchers examined the soluble natural food colors betacyanins and anthocyanins isolated from Beta vulgaris.

Based on the results of these natural pigments, alone and in combination, evaluated for their relative potencies using MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), AGS (stomach), CNS (central nervous system), and NCI-H460 (lung) tumor cell lines, betacyanins and anthocyanins showed a significant effects in the inhibition of enzyme COX-2 associated with the promotion of tumor growth and suppression of tumor apoptosis.

Furthermore, the COX-1 associated with the promotion of overexpression of the enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis in tumor onset and progression also inhibited by the administration of betacyanins and anthocyanins.

Moreover, betacyanins showed a dose-dependent growth inhibition against breast, colon, stomach, central nervous system, and lung tumor cells.

Interestingly, in the chemical analysis, researchers found that the combination exerted the synergistic effects, chemical interactions at various concentrations against tested cancer cell lines.

Finally, Only the mixture of anthocyanin and betanin negated their efficacy in the cell growth inhibitory assay and did not enhance the COX enzyme inhibitory activity.

Based on the findings, researchers wrote, "This is the first report of a comparative evaluation and the impact on biological activities of these pigments alone and in combination".

Taken altogether, betacyanins used alone or combined with other herbal remedies may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of betacyanins in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Sources
(1) Relative inhibition of lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes, and human tumor cell proliferation by natural food colors by Reddy MK1, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nair MG. (PubMed)
(3) Most common Types of Cancer - What is Cancer? by Kyle J. Norton

Tuesday 18 June 2019

Turmeric Improves Impaired Glucose Tolerance

By Kyle J. Norton

Turmeric may be used for the prevention and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with no side effects, according to studies.

Impaired glucose tolerance is a condition found in prediabetes and type II diabetes associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

In other words, people with impaired glucose tolerance are less sensitive to the effects of insulin, leading to high blood glucose that is not high enough in the range of diabetes.

According to epidemiological studies, most people with impaired glucose tolerance are more like to develop diabetes and high blood pressure and cholesterol.

According to the statistics, approximately 11.2% of Americans age between 20-74 have IGT many of them do not know they have it, compared to 6.6% with diabetes.

The exact causes of IGT are unidentified. Some risk factors such as being overweight or obese, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity, high blood pressure or high cholesterol and gestational diabetes are found to induce a substantial risk of IGT.

Some researchers suggested that aging-induced the decrease of production of hormone and reduced function of body organ may have a strong implication to cause the condition developing.

Dr. Ervin Szoke, MD, the lead scientists in the examined the hyperglycemia in a total of 266 individuals with NGT and 130 individuals with IGT, ranging in age from ∼20 to ∼70 years, said, " In people with NGT, the disposition index for first- and second-phase insulin release decreased similarly at a rate of ∼0.7% per year. In people with IGT, the disposition indexes for first- and second-phase insulin release decreased at greater rates (∼2.2 and 1.4% per year, P = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively, vs. NGT), with the decrease in the first phase being greater than that of the second phase (P = 0.025)".

These results suggested that although aging does not correlate to insulin sensitive, it has a significant effect on insulin secretion. Over time, the condition may overwork the β-cell function that increases the risk of IGT.

Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia.

The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and for the treatment of flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.

Researchers on finding a potential compound for the prevention of diabetes evaluated the effect of turmeric on patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

The study included a review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with a minimum follow-up period of 6weeks, according to the standard guideline and the Cochrane tool of risk of Bias Tool.

According to the results of the selected trials, curcumin extract intervention showed statistical significance after 3, 6 and 9months on the two-hour fasting plasma glucose.

Curcumin extract injection showed statistical significance in the reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin levels A1c (HbA1c) values after 3, 6 and 9 months.

Furthermore, curcumin extract administration also exerted a statistical significance against insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) after 6months and after 9months.

Compared to the effects of other herbal medicines used in the selected trials, curcumin is effective for the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance.

In order to understand more information about curcumin anti-IGT property, researchers conducted a double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial in 40 adults affected by impaired fasting glucose (FPG = 100-125 mg/dL) in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The results of the experiment included 2 weeks of dietary habits correction than patients continued the diet and began a period of 8 weeks of treatment with nutraceutical (combination of Lagerstroemia speciosa, Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, Alpha-lipoic acid, Chrome picolinate, and Folic acid,) or placebo suggested

* Nutraceutical treatment showed a significant improvement in TG (-34.7%), HDL-C (+13.7), FPI (-13.4%), and HOMA-Index (-25%) versus the baseline values compared to placebo.

* Both treatments showed no effect on body mass Index, LDL-C and hsCRP.

* No adverse effects were found in neither group.

In other words, the combination improved the IGT by selectively inducing the decrease of certain parameters without affecting the levels of LDL-C.

Taken altogether, turmeric processed a high amount of bioactive compound curcumin used alone or combined with other herbal medicines may be considered supplements for the prevention of IGT, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of turmeric in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Effects of medicinal food plants on impaired glucose tolerance: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials by Demmers A1, Korthout H2, van Etten-Jamaludin FS3, Kortekaas F4, Maaskant JM. (PubMed)
(2) Nutraceutical Effects on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Impaired Fasting Glucose: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial on a Combined Product by Cicero AFG1,2, Fogacci F3, Morbini M3, Colletti A3, Bove M3, Veronesi M3, Giovannini M3, Borghi C. (PubMed)

Healthy Food Tomatoes Inhibit Parameters Associated with the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

By Kyle J. Norton

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases associated with the blood vessels. Depending on the types of blood vessel damage or blocked, CVD can be a coronary artery disease caused by the hardening of the arteries that interfere with the blood flow to the heart.

Heart failure, a major health problem associated with the reduced function of the heart that affects more than 6.5 million Americans is also a leading cause of hospitalization in people older than age 65.

According to the statistics provided by the CDC, every year, heart disease causes the death of 610,000 people in the United States. In other words, every year, 1 in every 4 deaths in the US are caused by heart disease.

Believe it or not, every year about 735,000 Americans have a heart attack including the first attack of 525,000 patients.

Epidemiologically, risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease include family history, age ethnicity, gender, medical conditions such as cholesterol high blood pressure and diabetes.

Out of many risk factors, some researchers suggested the widespread obesity caused by the promotion of a high-fat diet over the past few decades may be one major condition that causes the onset of CVD.

Dr. Frank M. Sacks wrote, " Prospective observational studies in many populations showed that lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD and of other major causes of death and all-cause mortality. In contrast, replacement of saturated fat with mostly refined carbohydrates and sugars is not associated with lower rates of CVD and did not reduce CVD in clinical trials".

And, "Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a cause of atherosclerosis, linking biological evidence with the incidence of CVD in populations and in clinical trials".

Tomato is red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belongs to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, the tomato is grown worldwide for the commercial purpose
and often in the greenhouse.

With an aim to find a natural treatment of cardiovascular disease, researchers evaluated the state of the evidence from intervention trials on the effect of consuming tomato products and lycopene on markers of cardiovascular (CV) function.

By searching the medical literature database of Medline, Web of science, and Scopus from inception to August 2016, 21 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria out of 1189 publications were identified.

According to the results from the meta-analyses, overall, interventions supplementing tomato were associated with significant reductions in LDL-cholesterol, inflammatory cytokine IL-6.

Furthermore, tomato injection improved the arteries function in blood circulation (flow-mediated dilation (FMD).

Compared to tomatoes, lycopene supplementation only reduced systolic-BP.

In other words, with the exception of blood pressure management by lycopene supplementation, dietary tomato provided more favorable results on cardiovascular risk, compared to lycopene supplementation.

The results strongly support the use of dietary tomatoes for the prevention of CVD.

Dr. Cheng HM. after taking other factors into accounts said, "The available evidence on the effects of tomato products and lycopene supplementation on CV risk factors supports the view that increasing the intake of these has positive effects on blood lipids, blood pressure, and endothelial function".

Taken altogether, tomatoes may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of CVD, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of lycopene in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Sources
(1) Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Cheng HM1, Koutsidis G1, Lodge JK1, Ashor A2, Siervo M2, Lara J. (PubMed)
(2) Whole food versus supplement: comparing the clinical evidence of tomato intake and lycopene supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors by Burton-Freeman B, Sesso HD. (PubMed)
(3) Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart AssociationFrank M. Sacks, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Jason H.Y. Wu, Lawrence J. Appel, Mark A. Creager, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Michael Miller, Eric B. Rimm, Lawrence L. Rudel, Jennifer G. Robinson. (Circulation)

Bromelain Protects the Rotator Cuff Against the Onset of Tendinitis

By Kyle J. Norton

Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon as a result of overuse, infection or rheumatic disease.

In other words, people who have an occupation or sport that requires a repetition of particular movement putting stress on the tendons over time are associated with the risk of tendinitis, including the tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, swimmer's shoulder, and jumper's knee.

Most common symptoms of tendinitis are a dull pain that affects limb or joint, tenderness and mild swelling.

Most common prevalent factors of tendinitis are aging, sport, occupation.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the US, tendonitis (swelling of the tendons) is a fairly common problem, accounting for more than 70,000 people to miss work per year.

Tendinitis if untreated may induce complication of tendon rupture, a serious condition that may require surgery.

Long-term or persistently of tendon irritation has been found to induce tendinosis that leads to the degenerative changes in the tendon.

Conventionally, the immediate treatment for tendonitis caused by occupation is rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the injured tendon. pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed to ease inflammation and pain.

Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapples (Ananas comosus) has been used in traditional medicine as an inflammatory agent and to treat pains, strains, and muscle aches and pains and ease back pain and chronic joint pain, skin diseases, etc.

On finding a natural compound for the treatment of tendinitis, researchers examined the effect of bromelain on patients with rotator cuff tendinitis.

Tenosan * (arginine L-alpha-ketoglutarate, methylsulfonylmethane, hydrolyzed type I collagen and bromelain), a commercial supplement sold in Italy was used in the study to test for its activity in tendon healing and mitigating the pain due to tendonitis.

Participants in the study included 90 consecutive patients with a large, postero-superior rotator cuff tear (RCT). managed with an arthroscopic repair randomly assigned into either Group I with or Group II without the supplement.

Supplement treated group showed a significant effect on the shoulder pain (follow-up: 6 months) and repair integrity on the final follow-up.

In other words, supplement after 3 months and after cuff repair decreases shoulder post-operative pain and a slight improvement in repair integrity.

Additional observation of the results, researchers suggested that these improvements may have a strong impact on the postoperative rehabilitation program and reduced the re-rupture rate.

Taken altogether, bromelain used alone or combined with other herbal remedies may be considered supplements for the treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of bromelain in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Sources
(1) Arginine L-alpha-ketoglutarate, methylsulfonylmethane, hydrolyzed type I collagen and bromelain in rotator cuff tear repair: a prospective randomized study by Gumina S1, Passaretti D, Gurzì MD, Candela V. (PubMed)
(2) Naturopathic treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis among Canadian postal workers: a randomized controlled trial by Szczurko O1, Cooley K, Mills EJ, Zhou Q, Perri D, Seely D. (PubMed)

Antioxidants Carotenoids Protect the Colonic Cells Integrity Against Colon Cancer

By Kyle J. Norton

The colon or large intestine formed part of the digestive system plays a critical role to remove waste products from your body.

In other words, the colon works alongside with other digestive organs to remove stool and maintain your fluid and electrolyte balance.

The colon begins at the end of the small intestine and ends at the rectum.

More precisely, the large intestine can be broken into six sections including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum.

Colon cancer is a medical condition caused by irregular cell growth in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the colon tissues. At the early stage, most patients are assymptomatic.

Colon cancer can be classified depending on the location and cells origination

* Adenocarcinomas
Most cases of colon cancer are adenocarcinomas, originated in epithelium tissues, including the surface layer of skin, glands and their tissues that line the cavities and organs of the body.

* Squamous cell cancers
Squamous cells are the skin like cells that make up the colon lining together with the gland cells. Squamous cell cancers are rare with the risk of 25 per 100000.

Other colon tumors
* Carcinoid
Carcinoid is an unusual type of slow growth neuroendocrine tumor. It looks benign but might spread to other parts of the body as they grow in hormone-producing tissue in the digestive system.

* Leiomyosarcomas
Leiomyosarcomas are the rare and resistant types of colon cancer and generally not very responsive to chemotherapy or radiation. They are a malignant abnormal mass of tissue of smooth muscles of the colon, comprising between 5–10% of soft tissue sarcomas.

* Melanomas
Melanomas are a rare malignant tumor of cells that produce the dark pigment. This type of colon cancer usually originates from somewhere else before spreading to the colon.

According to the statistic provided by the American Cancer Society, in 2019, approximately, 101,420 new cases of colon cancer will be diagnosed in the US. The risk of colon cancer is slightly lower in women than in men.

Bowel cancer also known as colorectal cancer, is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix.

Carotenoids is a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including lycopene and carotene, found abundantly in ripe tomato, pumpkins, carrots, corn, and daffodils.

On finding a potential compound for the treatment of colon cancer, researchers investigated the antiproliferative activity of carotenoids separated from marine Chlorella ellipsoidea and freshwater Chlorella vulgaris on colon cancer cell line.

Based on the chemical analysis, the carotenoid from C. vulgaris was almost completely composed of lutein compared to carotenoid from C. ellipsoidea that was composed of violaxanthin with two minor xanthophylls, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin.

According to the tested assays, both semipurified extracts of C. ellipsoidea and C. vulgaris inhibited HCT116 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with the effective IC(50) values of 40.73 +/- 3.71 and 40.31 +/- 4.43 microg/mL, respectively.

In other words, both carotenoids even with different major chemical compound exerted a similar inhibitory activity in the tested cancer cell line.

Furthermore, both extracts also demonstrated a significant effect on inducing cancer cell apoptosis. However, C. ellipsoidea extract produced an apoptosis-inducing effect almost 2.5 times stronger than that of the C. vulgaris extract.

The results strongly suggested that there must be other unknown compounds found in C. ellipsoidea extract but not in C. vulgaris that causes the additional death of the cancer cell population.

Dr. Cha KH, the lead scientist after taking other factors into account wrote, "These results indicate that bioactive xanthophylls of C. ellipsoidea might be useful functional ingredients in the prevention of human cancers".

Taken altogether, carotenoids may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of carotenoids in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Sources
(1) Plasma and dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Leenders M1, Leufkens AM, Siersema PD, van Duijnhoven FJ, Vrieling A, Hulshof PJ, van Gils CH, Overvad K, Roswall N, Kyrø C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagerhazzi G, Cadeau C, Kühn T, Johnson T, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Trichopoulou A, Klinaki E, Androulidaki A, Palli D, Grioni S, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Bakker MF, Skeie G, Weiderpass E, Jakszyn P, Barricarte A, María Huerta J, Molina-Montes E, Argüelles M, Johansson I, Ljuslinder I, Key TJ, Bradbury KE, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Ferrari P, Duarte-Salles T, Jenab M, Gunter MJ, Vergnaud AC, Wark PA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. (PubMed)
(2) Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells by Cha KH1, Koo SY, Lee DU. (PubMed)
(2) Bowel (Colorectal ) Cancer by Kyle J. Norton

Monday 17 June 2019

Antioxidants Alliin Inhibits Disease Associated with Chronic Inflammation

By Kyle J. Norton

Inflammation is a natural defense of the immune system that protects the body against the invasion of harmful stimuli and pathogens.

In the acute phase of infection, the immune first line of defense white blood cells, macrophages stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines with an aim to destroy all invaders which try to enter the body.

Most cases of acute infection are stopped at this phase and the wound is healed itself quickly.

However, if the wound is too large, then the recovery may take a longer period of time and through 4 overlap recovery stages.

Any interruption in the overlapped recover stage may cause the formation of scars, similar to those of overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Diseases associated with chronic inflammation induced by protein, lipid and cellular damage include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease,... and cancers.

In other words, prolonged low-grade inflammation caused by continuing the production of proinflammatory cytokines due to an immune response that can not kill off all invaders in a set period between 3-8 weeks can result in serious and chronic diseases.

The results have been found to cause cell death and alternation of cell DNA.

Believe it or not people with low-grade chronic inflammation are prone to psychological stress that links to greater risk for depression, heart disease. particularly the body ability to regulate the inflammatory response and normal defense.

Out of many risk factors involved the onset of chronic inflammatory diseases, some researchers suggested the promotion of a high-fat diet in the Western world may correlate to the rise of the condition.

Dr. Yehui Duan, the lead scientist wrote, "In recent years, chronic overnutrition, such as consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), has been increasingly viewed as a significant modifiable risk factor for diseases such as diabetes and certain types of cancer".

And, "the recent scientific literature about HFD-induced inflammation and subsequent development of diseases and cancer, with an emphasis on mechanisms involved. Given the expanding global epidemic of excessive HFD intake, understanding the impacts of an HFD on these medical conditions, gaining great insights into possible underlying mechanisms, and developing effective therapeutic strategies are of great importance".

Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine-S-oxide) is a phytochemical compound sulfoxide,. a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, belonging to the class of sulfur compounds, found abundantly in fresh garlic and onion.

In the urgency to find a natural and potential compound for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation, researchers examined the active component is alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) anti-inflammatory activity.

Before incubated with alliin, lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed a significant increase in proteins involved in the production pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, MCP-1, and Egr-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to 100 ng/mL LPS for 1 hour.

According to the tested assay in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes incubated for 24 h with 100 μmol/L alliin, the bioactive compound inhibited such increase.

Furthermore, the overexpression of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 associated with cell differentiation including cell death caused by LPS-induced inflammation in adipocytes was also decreased following alliin treatment.

Additionally, alliin prevented the expression of inflammation in facilitating the alternation of cell DNA by modulating the gene expressions involved in immune response such as tumor suppressive gene and inhibiting the genes related to cancer.

Dr. Saray Quintero-Fabián, the lead scientist wrote, " The present results have shown that alliin is able to suppress the LPS inflammatory signals by generating an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile and by modifying adipocyte metabolic profile".

Taken altogether, alliin may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with inflammation, depending on the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of alliin in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Alliin, a Garlic (Allium sativum) Compound, Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Saray Quintero-Fabián,1,2 Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún,1 Manuel Vázquez-Carrera,3 and Rocío Ivette López-Roa. (Hindawi)
(2) Inflammatory Links Between High Fat Diets and Diseases by Yehui Duan,1,† Liming Zeng,2,† Changbing Zheng,3 Bo Song,3 Fengna Li,1 Xiangfeng Kong,1and Kang Xu. (PMC)

Phytochemical Betanin Modulates the Production of Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS)

By Kyle J. Norton

Reactive oxidative species or ROS are chemically reactive atoms containing oxygen

In other words, ROS includes a number of reactive molecules and free radicals derived from molecular oxygen, including peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and alpha-oxygen.

Free radicals used to interchange with ROS with unstable nature are atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost ring. Therefore, in order for them to maintain stable, free radicals must intercept or donate an electron to or from the stable atoms respectively, leading a domino's effect that can not be stopped until all outermost ring electrons are paired or inhibited by antioxidants.

Long-term overexpression of free radicals compared to antioxidants can result in oxidative stress, a leading cause of protein, lipid and cellular damage.

Believe it or not, free radical levels in a moderate amount are necessary to enhance the body functioning, including vascular relaxation.

By balancing the ratio of free radicals and antioxidant may be the best way to avoid the development of chronic illness associated with oxidative stress.

However, long-term expression of oxidative stress has been found to induce several chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.

Dr. RC Petersen, the lead scientist wrote, "When O2 is absent during periods of irregular hypoxia in mitochondrial energy synthesis, the generation of excess electrons can develop free radicals or excess protons can produce acid. Free radicals formed by limited O2 can damage lipids and proteins and greatly increase molecular sizes in growing vicious cycles to reduce oxygen availability even more for mitochondria during energy synthesis".

And, "Further, at adequate free-radical concentrations a reactive crosslinking unsaturated aldehyde lipid breakdown product can significantly support free-radical polymerization of lipid oils into rubbery gel-like solids and eventually even produce a crystalline lipid peroxidation with the double bond of O2".

The result clearly suggested developing free-radical inhibitor may some days be used for the medical treatments in many pathologies such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, infection/inflammation and also aging.

Betanin is phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.

With an aim to discover a potential ingredient for the inhibition of the expression of free radicals, researchers examined the effect of betanin, one of the beetroot major components, on ROS production.

In vitro, incubation of neutrophils with betanin in the concentration range 2-500 µM showed a significant reduction of ROS production by 15-46%, depending on the ROS detection assay and increase of antioxidant capacity.

Furthermore, betanin did not affect the activity of caspase-3 activity in programming cell death, in resting neutrophils, but significantly enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity in stimulated neutrophils.

In other words, betanin inhibited the free radical activity in the initiation of cytotoxicity through its antioxidant activity.

Based on the findings, researchers wrote, "The results indicate that betanin may be responsible for the effect of beetroot products on neutrophil oxidative metabolism and its consequences".

In organophosphates (OP), a pesticide commonly utilized in agricultural and domestic use, side effects in different body tissues, researchers conducted a joint study led by the Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, to assess whether betanin (a natural pigment) is able to mitigate some OPs-induced hepatotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes.

According to the outcome, betanin (25μM) significantly increased cell viability, plummeted ROS formation and LPO, restored cellular GSH reservoirs.

Betanin (25μM) not only protects the body tissue against the overexpression of free radicals induced by OP but also prevents the expression of oxidative stress in the liver tissues through stimulating the production of the antioxidant enzyme from the host.

Dr. Ahmadian E, the lead scientist wrote, "the potential protective role of betanin in OPs-induced hepatotoxicity in which the mechanism appears to be inhibition of ROS formation and mitochondrial protection".

Taken altogether, betanin may be considered supplements for the prevention of the overexpression ROS, pending to the confirmation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of betanin in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) The beetroot component betanin modulates ROS production, DNA damage and apoptosis in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by Zielińska-Przyjemska M1, Olejnik A, Kostrzewa A, Łuczak M, Jagodziński PP, Baer-Dubowska W. (PubMed)
(2) Betanin reduces organophosphate induced cytotoxicity in primary hepatocyte via an anti-oxidative and mitochondrial dependent pathway by Ahmadian E1, Khosroushahi AY2, Eghbal MA3, Eftekhari A. (PubMed)
(3) Advancements in Free-Radical Pathologies and an Important Treatment Solution with a Free-Radical Inhibitor by RC Petersen,1,* MS Reddy,2 and P-R Liu. (PMC)