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Kyle J. Norton
The prevention and
management and treatment In Herbal
Medicine Perspective(Unedited)
Polycystic
ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unpreventable in Western medicine. Early diagnosis and
treatment may reduce risk of its complications, including infertility,
metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, etc.
Reduce
fat intake less than 30% of total calories with a low proportion of saturated
fat and high in fiber from predominantly low-glycaemic-index-carbohydrate foods
for patients with PCOs(827a). Calorie intake should be distributed between
several meals per day with restricted intake of snacks and drinks(827)(828).
The fertility herbs
Chaste tree berry
Chaste
tree berry is a species of
Vitex agnus-castus, genus Vitex, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to
the Mediterranean region used in herbal medicine for thousands
of year as anaphrodisiac herb and considered as Queen herb in tonifying female
reproductive systems(869), including premenstrual problems(865) and menopause
symtoms(866)(867)(868)(869). There was report that reports chaste tree berry
stems and leaves used by women as bedding "to cool the heat of lust"
during the time of the Thesmophoria(870),
1.
Androstenedione
Chaste
berry tree contains androstenedione which is the common precursor of female sex
hormone by converting to testosterone and the estrogens. through the enzyme
aromatase(871) by acting as a as a weak partial agonist(872) of the androgen
receptor to reduce risk of hormone imbalance that causes infertility.
Unfortunately, Epidemioligical evidences suugested that androstenedione may
contribute to the worsening of PCOS features as women with PCOs are found
to associate to high concentration of androstenedione(873)(874)(875).
2.
Epitestosterone
Epitestosterone
is an inactive epimer of the hormone testosterone which has been used to
enhance athletic performance for some athelic during competition(876)(877). The
phytochemical is also found to to improve sexual development(878), sexual desire
and sexual arousal(879) induced fertility.
3.
Hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone
Chaste
tree contains plant hydroxyprogesterone which is a steroid hormone produced
during the synthesis of glucocorticoids and sex steroids(880), including the
corticosteroids and the androgens and the estrogens(881). The phytochemical
also raises the levels of progesterone if it is loo low and reduces it when it
is too high in the women body(882), induced fertility.
4.
Iridoid
The
herb also contaaining iridoid as a intermediator of the biosynthesis of
alkaloids improves the immune system in fighting against inflammation(883) and
lessens the risks of immune system abnormal function in production of antibody
against sperm invasion(884).
5.
Glycoside
Glycoside
is a flavonoid acted as an antioxidant in increasing the immune system in
fighting against forming of free radical as well as guarding our body against
irregular cell browth infection and inflammation(885)(886), and reducing the
risk of abnormal function of immune system in production of antibody against
sperm invasion(884).
Side
effects
According
to Drug.com the most common side effects of taking chaste berry tree include
Acne;
cramping; diarrhea; hair loss; headache; increased menstrual flow; stomach
pain; tiredness, etc....(887).
Angelica
sinensis
Dang
Qui (Angelica sinensis) is a
herb of Genus Angelica from the family Apiaceae, indigenous
to China, used as a Queen herb in traditional Chinese medicine as anti inflammatory(889),
antispasmodic(890) and vasodilatory agent(891)(890), and to balance the
hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation(890), reduce
menopausal syndromes(888) and improve digestive system(890) and immunity(890).
1.
Reproductive organs tonic
Traditional
Chinese medicine views angelica roots as queen herb which has been used to
enhance the productive system(892) for treatment of gynecological diseases(897)
such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhoea, menopause and promote menstrual health(892).
It is said that angelica roots has the power to restore any deficiency caused
by hormone imbalance(894)(895)(896).
2.
Blood tonic
A
reproductive blood tonic herb(894) not only help to increase blood
production(895) to replace blood loss for women after menstruation(893), but
also increases the blood flow to abdominal region(890)(891), for induction of
healthy conception.
3.
Digestive system
Dangqui
consists a didestice system protective effects(898) against gastrointestinal
damage, but also increases the digestive system function(890) in absorbing
essential vitamins and minerals(890), thereby reducing the risks of infertility
caused by nutrients deficiency(899).
4.
Blood and qi deficiency
Blood(896)
and qi(890)deficiency may lead to irregular menstrual cycle, absence of period
or painful period(896). Angelica roots increase blood and qi flow(890),
resulting in normalizing the function of reproductive organs(892)(897).
5. Kidney tonic
It
is said that angelica root also helps to improve kidney function not only in
regulating water and fluid through urinary extraction(900), but also improving
kidney normal function in regulating the natural menstrual process(900) of the
reproductive organs, induced fertility.
6.
Immune system
Angelica
root containing variety chemicals strengthens the immune system(903) in
fighting against infection and inflammation(894)(889), thereby decreasing the
risk of yeast infection during menstruation(891) as well as forming of
irregular cell growth in the reproductive organs(901)(902)(903).
Side
effects
1.
It may cause skin inflammation and rashes, if it is taken in high dose(904)
2.
Since angelica root causes uterus constraction, the herb should be used on
pregnant(904) unless with the approval of her herbalist(904).
Black cohosh
Black
cohosh is a glabrous herbaceous perennial plant, producing
large, compound leaves from an underground rhizome and belongs to the family
Ranunculaceae used in traditional medicine in treating symptoms of all kinds of
gynaecological problems(905), including symptoms of premenstrual tension(907)
and menopause(906)
1.
Phytoestrogen
Phytoestrogen
found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor sites in women
body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic effects(909), to induce
hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of ovulation and
fertility(910)(911).
2.
Immunity
Black cohosh processes anti inflammatory(913)(914) and
anti oxidant(914) effect through enhancing immune system fighting against
microbial(915)(916) invasion and irregular cell growth(917)(918) and other
inflammatory diseases(913). According to School of Medicine, Wuhan University black cohosh may be beneficiary for patient with
patients with coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, pulmonary heart disease
and thrombosis throught its anti inflammatory effects(912).
3.
Metabolic Syndrome
In
rat model study, black cohosh and its triterpene-saponins showed to reduce high
load with fat tissue in the PFD and in the knee joints, body weight, serum
leptin and cholesterol and glucose levels caused by metabolic syndrome,
according to University Medical Center Göttingen(919). The consumption of black
cohost also effectively decreases enhanced pituitary LH secretion, attenuates
body weight gain, plasma lipids and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) accumulation,
lowers FPI and has no effects on uterine mass(920).
4.
Fertility
Use
conjunction with clomiphene citrate, black cohosh induced endometrial
thickness, serum progesterone and clinical pregnancy rate and cycle outcomes in
some infertile couples(921). According to Assiut University, in the
differentiation of relatively low pregnancy rates in CC induction cycles
of clomiphene citrate in infertile couple, follicular-phase supplements imicifuga racemosa or ethinyl oestradiol needed
significantly fewer days for adequate follicular maturation, had a thicker
endometrium and higher oestradiol concentration at the time of human chorionic
gonadotrophin injection with better outcome of pregnancy rate(922)(923).
5.
Condense Tannins
It
also contains condense tannin, a type of proanthocyanidin which has been used
as nutritional and therapeutic supplements in Europe in promoting the function
of flavonoids as an antioxdant(924)(925) to improve Immunity(926)(927)
against auto immune response induced infertility(962)(933) and microbial
invasion(928)(929), but also maintain DNA integrity about irregular cell
growth(930)(931).
6.
Nervous Symptoms
Back
cohost is said to contain chemical agent to bind the activities to
serotonin receptors(939) in decreasing the risk of depression(936),
anxiety(934), sleep problem(935) and emotional and physical stress(937)induced
risk of infertility(938).
side
effects
1.
Common side effects include
In
high doses of black cohosh may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness,
headaches, joint pains, nausea, slow heart rate, tremors, visual dimness,
vomiting, and weight gain, according to
University of Maryland Medical Center(941)(943)
2.
Liver damage
Over
dose of back cohosh may cause liver damage(940).
3.
Digestive system
Over
dose may cause occasional
gastrointestinal discomfort, such as diarrhea;
nausea and vomiting. sweating; constipation(942).
4.
Etc.
Red Clover
Red
clover is an herbaceous,
perennial plant, native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa,
used traditional in treating whooping cough(945), respiratory problems, and
skin inflammations(945). menopause symptoms(945)(946)(947) and inflammatory
diseases such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease(944) by purifying
the blood and clearing mucus from the lungs(948).
1.
Isoflavones
Red
clover contains isoflavonoid, one type of phytoestrogen used in regulating the
levels of estrogen in the body by occupying the estrogen receptor
site(949)(950)(951), through its estrogenic(951) and anti estrogenic(952)
effects in hormonal balancing for a better chance for fertility(953).
2.
Neuroprotective effects
Formononetin
(FMNT), an isoflavone found in red clover may be next potential candidate
used for neurodegenerative disorders(958)(959) in central nervous system as it
significantly attenuated the cell loss induced by induced by
N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) in primary-cultured cortical neurons, according to
the study by Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an(954). On central nervous
system, the herb also was found effective in improve anxiety(955)(856), profuse
sweating, insomnia, memory loss, decreased sexual drives(956), depression(957),
etc.
3.
Metabolic syndrome(967)
Women
with PCOs are associated to increased risk metabolic syndrome such as metabolic syndrome risk factors high
blood pressure, obesity, high cholesterol, and insulin resistance. Intake of
red clover has shown effectively in reduced
total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and
increased high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol(960)(961), lowered cardiovascular risk(962)(963),
improved obesity(964) and insulin resistance(965)(966).
4.
The weight loss vitamin C
Vitami
C found abundantly in red clover has shown strong evidneces epidemiologically
in reducing weight loss for obese population, espexially for obese women with
PCOs.
See The weight loss vitamin C for more
details
[Vitamin
C and other nutrients deficiency not only is associated to the risk
of Obesity(807) but also enhances the risk of lipids, inflammation and insulin
resistance(808).
According
to the research team at Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, there is an
associated link between Obesity and Zinc and vitamins A and C
concentration in in women from rural Mexico, in a fasting blood sample analysis (809).
Although
genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms
affecting biochemical pathways which also impacted by specific foods and
nutrients. According to Dr. Johnston CS., vitamin C depletion is associated to
positively related to body mass, individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a
moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status(810)
Vitamin
C, the protective effect against obesity
Endothelial
dysfunction has found to be associated to the
incidence of obesity(811). The study of 76 healthy subjects (50 men
and 26 women aged 21-45 years) obese subject, showed a positive effect of vitamin C and indomethacin in reduced oxidative
stress contributed to endothelial dysfunction in human obesity(812).
In
the evaluation of the potential inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and
pancreatic lipase by Citrus spp. fruits of Spanish origin,
grapefruit, contained higher contents of phytochemicals such as vitamin C, is found to have
a great value for nutrition and treatment of diet-related diseases(813).
L-Ascorbic
acid in the study,
whether would facilitate the anti-obesity effects of chitosan and psyllium husk
in vivo, showed addition of vitamin C in diet influenced the reduction in
body weight gain and food efficiency ratio, and the increase in total fecal
weight and fecal fat excretion in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet(814)]
5.
Immunity
Epidemiological
studies suggested that red clover processes tenacious anti oxidant(968)(969)
and anti inflmmatory(970)(971) effects in fighting against bacterial and viral
infection(972)(973) and inflammation(974), free radical(975)(976) causes of
irregular cell growth(970)(977) and protecting DNA integrity(979).
Side
effects
1.
There are no side effects from red clover, but people takes the herb for the
first time may experience headache, nausea, and rash(980).
2.
Do not use red clover during pregnancy as the herb may increase the risk for
vaginal prolapse before the term(981)
3.
Risk of bleeding due to its anticoagulant
effects(982).
Licorice
See
the common herbs used for treatment of PCO
[Gan
Cao is also known as Licorice
root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti allergy(856),
anti inflammation(855), anti ulcer(857), anti convulsion(858), oxidative
stress(858) and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength,
palpitation and short of breath, cough with abundance of phlegm, stomach and
solar plexus pain(859), etc., as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi,
moistens the Lungs, calms cough, deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12
channels(859). Licorice, in a review of 33 studies of herbal medicine for the
management of polycystic ovary
syndrome(PCOS), showed a stronge evidences in improved metabolic hormone
profile and improved fertility outcomes and regulation of ovulation and
inhibition of hyperandrogenism in PCOS(860). In model rats experiment, Ganshao
Paste (CGP), also decreased serum levels of LH, T, and FSH and increased
of serum estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P)(861)(860)(865). According to University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, licorice may have a
potential effect on metabolic syndrome(862) in women with PCOs.]
2.
Blow flow
Licorice
improves the blood flow in the body by exerting its anti thrombosis(983) and
inhibiting the levels of bad cholesterol(984)(985) and triglyceride levels(985)
and increasing HDL-cholesterolcontent(984) in reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease(985) and blood stagnation(897) in the abdominal region
induced induced infertility(986).
3.
Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin,
one of main ingredient from licorice, exhibited anti inflammatory effect
pharmacologically in treatment of inflammatory diseases(988)(989)(990), lowered
high serum testosterone levels in oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic women, and
induced conception in some women(991). As antioxidant, the phytochemical also
inhibit irregular cell growth(992)(993) and microbial invasion(994)(995) causes
of cancers(992)(993) and infection and inflammation(994)(995) respectively. in
adrenocortical function and behavour, it also regulated the levels of
cortisol(996), induced by over production of serotonin cause of hormone
imbalance(997).
4. Phytoestrogen
See
phytoestrogen in black cohosh
[Phytoestrogen found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor
sites in women body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic
effects(909), to induce hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of
ovulation and fertility(910)(911)].
5. Lecithin
Lecithin
is a fat like substance called a phospholipid improved lipid transfer,
cholesterol efflux, HDL genesis and and remodeling at the blood-brain barrier (BBB)(998). against cells from
oxidation surrounding the brain(999), in reducing psychotic symptoms(1002) such as stress(1000)(1001), and
depression(1002) .
Side
effects
1.
It may raise blood pressure(1003)(1004(1006)
2.
Long term usage of large dosage can also cause edema(1004)(1006) and
hypokalemia(1004)(1005)(1006).
3.
Overdose can be toxic(106), in inducing rhabdomyolysis or myoglobinuria(1006).
4.
Etc.
White willow
White willow is also known as salix
alba in herbal medicine, native to Europe and western and central Asia, used in
traditional medicine as pain reliever(1007)(1008), anticancer(1009)(1010),
antimicrobial(1013), antioxidant(1014)(1015), anti-inflammatory(1011)(1012)
and fertility enhancing herb(1016).
1,
Antiestrigenic effects
White
willow processes antiestrigenic effects(1017) by blocking proliferation in
hypersensitive cells (1018) which cause estrogenic diseases, including breast
cancer(1019) and metabolism imbalance(1020) diseases, such as obesity and
diabetes(1021).
2.
Salicylic acid
Salicylic
acid, a chemical compound converted from salincin found abundantly in white
willow has shown to process anti acne(1022)(1023) one of many symptoms of PCOs)
effects, probably through its antioxidant activity(1026) in blocking elevated
production of sebum by hyperactive sebaceous glands and blockage of the follicle(1022).
According to Telemark Hospital, the acid may also be beneficiary for increased the
clinical pregnancy rate when used conjunction with vitro
fertilisation (IVF)/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)(1024) and
protective against fetal losses(1025), through its anti antithrombotic
property(1025). The synthetic version of salicylic acid has also shown to
consisting aspirin's cardioprotective effects through its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory
actions(1027).
3.
Immune system
The
antioxidant(1028)(1029) and anti inflammatory(1030)(1031) effects of white
willow enhance immune system fighting against microbial invasion and guarding
our body DNA integrity(1033) against irregular cell growth(1032)(1033) through
inhibiting the effect of intermediate enzymes and other mechanisms(1027)
d.
Vitamin C
Natural
vitamin polypeptide C white willow found in white willow not only is found to
consist the weight loss property(See the weight loss vitamin C)[
Vitami
C found abundantly in red clover has shown strong evidneces epidemiologically
in reducing weight loss for obese population, espexially for obese women with
PCOs.
See The weight loss vitamin C for more
details
[Vitamin
C and other nutrients deficiency not only is associated to the risk
of Obesity(807) but also enhances the risk of lipids, inflammation and insulin
resistance(808).
According
to the research team at Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, there is an
associated link between Obesity and Zinc and vitamins A and C
concentration in in women from rural Mexico, in a fasting blood sample analysis (809).
Although
genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms
affecting biochemical pathways which also impacted by specific foods and
nutrients. According to Dr. Johnston CS., vitamin C depletion is associated to
positively related to body mass, individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a
moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status(810)
Vitamin
C, the protective effect against obesity
Endothelial
dysfunction has found to be associated to the
incidence of obesity(811). The study of 76 healthy subjects (50 men
and 26 women aged 21-45 years) obese subject, showed a positive effect of vitamin C and indomethacin in reduced oxidative
stress contributed to endothelial dysfunction in human obesity(812).
In
the evaluation of the potential inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and
pancreatic lipase by Citrus spp. fruits of Spanish origin,
grapefruit, contained higher contents of phytochemicals such as vitamin C, is found to have
a great value for nutrition and treatment of diet-related diseases(813).
L-Ascorbic
acid in the study,
whether would facilitate the anti-obesity effects of chitosan and psyllium husk
in vivo, showed addition of vitamin C in diet influenced the reduction in
body weight gain and food efficiency ratio, and the increase in total fecal
weight and fecal fat excretion in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet(814)]
but also improves the immune function in fighting against the forming of free
radicals(1034) and foreign invasion(1035) but also increases the blood flow to
the reproductive organ(1036)(1037)(1038) through reducing oxidant stress,
increasing NO bioavailability(1037) of which may reduce risk sexual
libido(1038) and enhance the chance of conception(1039)(1040)(1041).
Side
effects
1. Risk of anaphylactic reaction
to patients with a history of allergy to salicylates(1042).
2.
Over dose of white willow may cause digestive disorder such as nausea and
stomachache(1044)
3.
Do not use the herb(1043)
4.
If you are aspirin allergy/sensitivity,
5.
If you are taking anticoagulants or "blood thinners," and
6.
On children with flu-like symptoms or Reye's syndrome.
(4,5,6)
According to author of the PCOS section in Dr. Romm’s 2010 book Botanical
Medicine for Women’s Health (Churchill Livingstone, 2010), Angela Hywood, ND,
illustrates the potential that herbs offer for this complex condition by
discussing a successful case report.
The
insulin resistance improvement and/or anti metabolic
syndrome herbs
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)(1045)
Huang
Qi or Bei Qi is also known as Astragalus root. The sweet herb has been used as
diuretic agent and to lower blood pressure, increase blood pressure, lessens
proteinuria, improve endurance, protect liver function, regulate blood sugar,
etc. as it tonifies Qi, raises Yang, strengthens the Defensive-Qi and the
Exterior, expels toxins, etc. by enhancing the functions of lung and spleen
channels(1045).
Ingredients
1.
Astragaloside I,
2.
Astragaloside II,
3.
Daucosterol,
3.
Beta-sitosterol,
4.
Palmitic acid
5.
Astragalus saponin A,B,C
6.
Astramenbrangenin
7.
Kumatakenin,
8.
Choline,
9.
Betaine,
10.
Folic acid
11.
Calyxosin,
12.
Formononetin,
13.
Cycloastragenol,
14.
Astragaloside III,IV
15.
Antibacterial ingredient,
16.
L-3-hydroxy-9-methoxpterocarpan
17.
Etc.
Epidemiological
studies showed that stragalus polysaccharides (APS) ameliorates insulin resistance(1046)(1047) (IR) in
rat cells and to elucidate the associated mechanisms, including increasing
adiponectin secretion and reducing IL-6 secretion(1046), decreasing myostatin
expression(1047), improving beta cell function(1049), regulating insulin signaling in insulin-resistant skeletal
muscle(1047)(1048). insulin resistance related mRNA expression(1049), etc.
In
metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight(1050), mild
hypertension(1050), hyper insulinemia(1050), hyper triglyceridemia(1050),
impaired glucose tolerance(1050)(1053) and impaired endothelium-dependent
vasorelaxation(1050)(1051)(1052), astragaloside IV, a major constituent found
in astragalus showed effectively
in ameliorating metabolic syndrome(1050)(1052), probably through its
antioxidant(1051), inhibition of abnormal TNF-alpha-induced intracellular free
Ca(2+) accumulation in endothelial cells(1052), decreasing the elevated
expression and activity in the skeletal muscles(1053).
Alfalfa(1054)
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family
Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding.
The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional
medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma,
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system,
bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North American
aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush(1054).
Nutrients
1.
Essential amino acids
2.
Calcium
3.
Magnesium
4.
Potassium
5.
Iron
6.
Phosphorus
7.
Zinc
8.
Beta carotene
9.
vitamin C
10.
vitamins D
11.Vitamin
E
12.
Vitamin K
13.
Flavones
14.
Isoflavones
15.
Sterols
16.
Derivatives of coumarin
17.
Etc.
In
diabetes, alfalfa exhibited prevention of the onset of developing
Type 1 Diabetes(1056)
diabetogenic
or anti-diabetic potentials(1055), through its estrogenic activity in
modulation of diabetes(1055),
protection against pancreas from autoimmune destruction(1056),
antihyperglycaemic(1057), insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity(1057).
The
Insulin resistance improvement and/or anti metabolic
syndrome herbs: Licorice
See
fertility herbs Licorice for more infomation
[Gan
Cao is also known as Licorice
root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti allergy(856),
anti inflammation(855), anti ulcer(857), anti convulsion(858), oxidative
stress(858) and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength,
palpitation and short of breath, cough with abundance of phlegm, stomach and
solar plexus pain(859), etc., as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi,
moistens the Lungs, calms cough, deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12
channels(859). Licorice, in a review of 33 studies of herbal medicine for the
management of polycystic ovary
syndrome(PCOS), showed a stronge evidences in improved metabolic hormone
profile and improved fertility outcomes and regulation of ovulation and
inhibition of hyperandrogenism in PCOS(860). In model rats experiment, Ganshao
Paste (CGP), also decreased serum levels of LH, T, and FSH and increased
of serum estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P)(861)(860)(865). According to University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, licorice may have a
potential effect on metabolic syndrome(862) in women with PCOs.
2.
Blow flow
Licorice
improves the blood flow in the body by exerting its anti thrombosis(983) and
inhibiting the levels of bad cholesterol(984)(985) and triglyceride levels(985)
and increasing HDL-cholesterolcontent(984) in reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease(985) and blood stagnation(897) in the abdominal region
induced induced infertility(986).
3.
Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin,
one of main ingredient from licorice, exhibited anti inflammatory effect
pharmacologically in treatment of inflammatory diseases(988)(989)(990), lowered
high serum testosterone levels in oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic women, and
induced conception in some women(991). As antioxidant, the phytochemical also
inhibit irregular cell growth(992)(993) and microbial invasion(994)(995) causes
of cancers(992)(993) and infection and inflammation(994)(995) respectively. in
adrenocortical function and behavour, it also regulated the levels of
cortisol(996), induced by over production of serotonin cause of hormone
imbalance(997).
4. Phytoestrogen
See
phytoestrogen in black cohosh
[Phytoestrogen found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor
sites in women body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic
effects(909), to induce hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of
ovulation and fertility(910)(911)].
5. Lecithin
Lecithin
is a fat like substance called a phospholipid improved lipid transfer,
cholesterol efflux, HDL genesis and and remodeling at the blood-brain barrier (BBB)(998). against cells from
oxidation surrounding the brain(999), in reducing psychotic symptoms(1002) such as stress(1000)(1001), and
depression(1002).
Side
effects
1.
It may raise blood pressure(1003)(1004(1006)
2.
Long term usage of large dosage can also cause edema(1004)(1006) and
hypokalemia(1004)(1005)(1006).
3.
Overdose can be toxic(106), in inducing rhabdomyolysis or myoglobinuria(1006).
4.
Etc.]
Phytochemicals(1058)
1.
Glycyrrhizic acid
2.
Licochalcone A
3.
Licochalcone B
4.
Licoflavone
5.
Liquiritin
5.
Liquiritigenin
7.
Isoliquiritigenin
8.
Ononins
9.
4′，7-dihydroxyflavone
10.
Glycyrrhetinic acid
11.
11-deoxyglycyrrhetinic acid
12.
β-sitosterol
13.
Etc.
Licorice's
phytochemicals, especially glycyrrhizin, have shown efffectively in
ameliorated insulin
resistance(1059)(1061)(1063)(1064), hyperglycemia(1059)(1060),
dyslipidemia(1059)(1063) and oxidative stress(1064) in fructose-induced
metabolic syndrome(1059)(1061)(1063) in animal(1059)(1060)(1061)models,
probably through its interference of the development of visceral obesity(1064)
and cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic
syndrome(1062), anti inflammatory(1062), antioxidant(1062) and an
associated with a decrease in tissue lipid deposition(1063) effects.
Green Tea(1065)
Green
tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same
volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation
during processing, originated from China. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional
Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000
thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for
commercial purposes all over the world(1065).
Ingredients
1.
Epigallocatechin gallate
2.
Flavonoids
3.
Tannins
4.
Caffeine
5.
Polyphenols
6.
Boheic acid
7.
Theophylline
8.
Theobromine
9.
Anthocyanins
10.
Gallic acid
11.
Etc.
Epidemiological
studies, linking green tea in reduced risk of prevented the development of
insulin resistance(1066)(1067) and metabolic sundrome such as
obesity(1068)(1069)(1073), hypertension(1070)(1071) hypercholesterolemia
and hyperglycemia(1072)(1073), diabetes(1074)(1075)... have produced some
statistic results.
In
inslunin resistances, epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG), the major
chemical constituents of green tea effectively modulate of insulin productionb through inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose
uptake(1076)(1078)(1077) via some mechnisms, including attenuated inflammatory
cytokine levels(1076), inhibition of the GLUT4(the insulin-regulated glucose
transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal
and cardiac).) translocation(1077),
AMPK pathways(an enzyme that plays a role in cellular energy
homeostasis)(1078)....
In
metabolic synfrome, green tea extract, polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate significantly controled abnormalities
linked to metabolic syndrome (MS)(1079)(1080)(1083)(1084)(1085)
through influence the maintenance of weight loss(1079)(1082)(1084),
high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(1079), triglycerides(1079), and glucose
concentrations(1079)(1080), counteracted endothelial dysfunction(1080)(1081)
and ameliorated metabolic insulin resistance(1080) in skeletal
muscle and liver(1080).
Cinnamon(1086)
Cinnamon is a spice derived from the inner bark of tree, native
to South East Asia, of over 300 species of the genus Cinnamomum, belongings to
the family Lauraceae used in herbal and traditional
medicine as anti-microbial agent(1087) and to improve reproductive
organs(1088), prevent flatulence(1089) and menstrual cramping(1087), treat gastrointestinal
complaints(1089), diarrhea(1087), bad breath(1090), headache(1087),
etc.(1086)(1087).
Ingredients(1087)
1.
Cinnamic aldehyde
2.Cinnamyl
acetate
3.
Eugenol
4.
Aldehyde
5.
Pinene
6.
Coumarins
7.
Cinnzeylanol
8.
Cinnzeylanine
9.
Safrol
10.
Methylhydroxy chalcone polymer (MHCP)
Epidemiological
studies suggested that cinnamon cocsist a sgnificant anti insulin
resistance(1091)(1092)(1094) and anti metabolic
syndrome(1093)(1094)(1095)(1096)(1097) properties, such as lowering total
cholesterol(1093), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(1093) and improving
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(1093), may be due to its
antihyperglycaemic (1091)(1093) and potential to reduce postprandial blood
glucose levels(1091)(1092), liver fat(1098) and and improved glucose
homeostasis(1098) properties, by regulating the mechanisms of-medicated glucose
and lipid metabolism(1099), such as decreased the mRNA expression of
inflammatory cytokine(TNF-alpha) in adipose tissue(1100) and upregulated mRNA
expression of insulin-regulated membrane trafficking(1100) and whole body
glucose homeostasi(GLUT-4) in skeletal muscle(1100).
The
stress response and management herbs
Stress
in a natural reaction of human fight or fight response induced by pressure due
to such as an environmental condition or a stimulus. Long term stress can cause
deleterious and cumulative effects on human body(1104), including emotional or
cognitive problems, such as an increased risk of attentional
deficit/hyperactivity, anxiety, and language delay(1103), especially for people
with chronic illness, including women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
(PCOs)(1105).
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Ashwagandha(Withania
somnifera), also known as Indian Ginseng is a nightshade plant belongings to
the family Solanaceae, native to India, northern Africa, and the Middle East
used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years(1101) as
antitumors(1107)(1108), anti ulcers(1111), anti-stress(1112)(1115)(1118),
cognition Dysfunction(1109)(1110)(1118), anti-inflammatory(1113)(1116),
antioxidant(1114)(1117), immunomoduratory(1120)(1121), anti-aging(1119), etc.,
herbal medicine.
Phytochemicals(1102)
1.
Isopelletierine
2.
Anaferine
3.
Cuseohygrine
4.
Anahygrine
5.
Withanolides
6.
Withaferins
7.
Saponins
8. Sitoindosides
9.
Acylsterylglucosides
10. Z-Guggulsterone(1106)
10.
Etc.
Epidemiological
strong evidences suggested that herbal ashwagandha
processes anti stress related disorders( induced by oxidative
stress(1122)(1123) and long term stress(1123) effects, probably through its
antioxidant(1123)(1124)(1126), anti-stress(1112)(1115)(1118),
anti-inflammatory(1113)(1116), antioxidant(1114)(1117),
immunomoduratory(1120)(1121) effects. In rat model, hydroalcoholic extract
enhances its antioxidant effect against psychological symptoms(1132) induced by
long term stress, such as reduced motor performance(1124), cognitive
impairmen(1125)(1126, anxiety(1127)(1128), sleep disorder(1129)(1130),
depression(1131), etc. In phyisological symptoms, the herb has showed to reduce
fatigue(1133) risk of hypertension(1134), risk of stroke(1135). risk of
diabetes(1136), improve energy(1132), etc.
Ginseng (Panax spp.)
(See
Herbal treatment for PCOs for more information)
[
Ginseng Asia is also known as Panax ginseng. Since it has been
grown in the cold places in the Asian, Asian ginseng is considered as yang
promoting, according to traditional Chinese medicine.
Korean
red ginseng extract (KRGE) in the experiment in PCOs induced rodent, improved
PCO-related ovarian dysfunction(830). In rat model, induced by injection of
estradiol valerate (EV), the extract also regulated sympathetic nerve activity
by significantly lower expression of NGF protein (involved in the growth of
peripheral nerve cells) and NGF
mRNA(the form of RNA that carries information from DNA) involved in the abnormal process
caused by steroid-induced PCO(830). Also, in the experiment of Ginseng total
saponins (GTS) involved polycystic ovaries induced by a single intramuscular
injection of 4 mg estradiol valerate (EV) in rats, GTS decreased the expression
of NGF in ovary tissue(831)].
(See
herbal medicine for weight loss)
[Ginseng
is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus Panax,
belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate where it grows,
ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng Asian ginseng (root), Red
ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng (root)(791).
In
10 obese middle-aged Korean women who took Panax ginseng extracts for 8 wk, showed effectively
in influence on gut microbiota in promoting weigh loss but depending to the
composition of gut microbiota prior to ginseng intake(792). In mice fed on a high-fat
diet, ginseng saponin and
ginsenosides not only exerted anti-obesity effects via the modulation of
physiological lipid metabolism in vivo or intracellular signalling in cell
culture systems, but also promoted anti-obesity effects, through abnormal
physiology via HFD. Leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which carry out critical
functions in energy and lipid metabolism(793)].
The
Phytochemicals
1.
Ginsenoside
2.
Notoginsenoside
3.
Chikusetsuaponin IV
4.
Panaxynol
5.
Ginsenyne
6.
Alpha pansinsene
7.
Beta pansinsene
8.
Beta farnesene
9.
Bicyclogermacrene
10.
Beta elemene
11.
Gama elemene
12.
Alpha neodovene
13.
Beta neodovene
14.
Alpha humulene
15.
Beta humulene
16.
Caryophyllene
17.
Beta gurjunene
18.
Alpha gurjunene
19.
Citric acid
20.
Isocitric acid
21.
Fumaric acid
22.
Oleic acid,
23.
Linoleic acid
24.
Beta sitosterol
25.
Stigmasterol
26. Daucosterol
27.
Sitosteryl-o-(6-O-fatty acyl)-glucpyranoside
28.
Etc.
Panax
ginseng, native to Korea, one of most frequent and wonderful used over thousand
years in herbal medicine for improvement of male over all health due to aging
diminished steroidal hormone in Asian(1138) has found to
process significant anti-stress (1137)(1143)(1144), such as adapt to stress(1138) through reverted
cholesterol (CL), creatine kinase (CK) activity(1137) anti oxidative
stress(1139)(1142)(1146) through its elevation in catalase (CAT), and
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as scavenger enzymes(1139). antioxidant
effects(1140).
In
immobilized mice, orally administered ginsenoside Rb1 found in Panax ginseng
exhibited its anti stress effects through
regulation of serum levels of
corticosterone(1145) and interleukin (IL)-6(1141).
In
chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model, ginsenosides also ameliorated stress
symptoms of depression(1147)(1149)(1150) through significantly suppressed
behavioral and biochemical changes(1147) and cognitive impairment,
neuroinflammation, and biochemical alterations through improved corticosterone
levels; and attenuated oxidative-nitrergic stress(1148).
In
stress induced metabolic syndrome(1151), ginseng' saponins (ginsenosides) are proven effectively
for its properties of anti-hyperglycemia, insulin sensitization, islet
protection, anti-obesity and anti-oxidation in many model systems, according to
Louisana State University System(1152).
Licorice
(See
herbal treatment of PCOs for more information)
[Gan
Cao is also known as Licorice
root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti allergy(856),
anti inflammation(855), anti ulcer(857), anti convulsion(858) agent and
to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength, cough with abundance of
phlegm, stomach and solar plexus pain, and improve cardiac function(855), etc.,
as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi, moistens the Lungs, calms cough,
deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12 channels(859).
In
treatment of PCOs(862), combination of licorice
and 100 mg spironolactone showed the activation of the renin-aldosterone system
in lowering blood pressure and water (fluid) balance(860). reducing the
prevalence of side effects related to the diuretic activity of
spironolactone(860). In model rats experiment, Ganshao Paste (CGP), showed the
decrease of serum levels of LH, T, and FSH and increase of serum estradiol
(E2), and progesterone (P)(861)(865)].
(See The Insulin resistance improvement and/or anti metabolic syndrome herbs:
Licorice for more information)
1.
PCOs
[
Licorice, in a review of 33 studies of herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), showed a stronge evidences in
improved metabolic hormone profile and improved fertility outcomes and
regulation of ovulation and inhibition of hyperandrogenism in PCOS(860). In
model rats experiment, Ganshao Paste (CGP), also decreased serum levels of LH,
T, and FSH and increased of serum estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P)(861)(860)(865).
According to University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, licorice may have a
potential effect on metabolic syndrome(862) in women with PCOs.
2.
Blow flow
Licorice
improves the blood flow in the body by exerting its anti thrombosis(983) and
inhibiting the levels of bad cholesterol(984)(985) and triglyceride levels(985)
and increasing HDL-cholesterolcontent(984) in reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease(985) and blood stagnation(897) in the abdominal region
induced induced infertility(986).
3.
Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin,
one of main ingredient from licorice, exhibited anti inflammatory effect
pharmacologically in treatment of inflammatory diseases(988)(989)(990), lowered
high serum testosterone levels in oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic women, and
induced conception in some women(991). As antioxidant, the phytochemical also
inhibit irregular cell growth(992)(993) and microbial invasion(994)(995) causes
of cancers(992)(993) and infection and inflammation(994)(995) respectively. in
adrenocortical function and behavour, it also regulated the levels of
cortisol(996), induced by over production of serotonin cause of hormone
imbalance(997).
4. Phytoestrogen
See
phytoestrogen in black cohosh
[Phytoestrogen found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor
sites in women body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic
effects(909), to induce hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of
ovulation and fertility(910)(911)].
5. Lecithin
Lecithin
is a fat like substance called a phospholipid improved lipid transfer,
cholesterol efflux, HDL genesis and and remodeling at the blood-brain barrier (BBB)(998). against cells from
oxidation surrounding the brain(999), in reducing psychotic symptoms(1002) such as stress(1000)(1001), and
depression(1002).
Side
effects
1.
It may raise blood pressure(1003)(1004(1006)
2.
Long term usage of large dosage can also cause edema(1004)(1006) and
hypokalemia(1004)(1005)(1006).
3.
Overdose can be toxic(106), in inducing rhabdomyolysis or myoglobinuria(1006).
4.
Etc.]
Phytochemicals(1058)
1.
Glycyrrhizic acid
2.
Licochalcone A
3.
Licochalcone B
4.
Licoflavone
5.
Liquiritin
5.
Liquiritigenin
7.
Isoliquiritigenin
8.
Ononins
9.
4′，7-dihydroxyflavone
10.
Glycyrrhetinic acid
11.
11-deoxyglycyrrhetinic acid
12.
β-sitosterol
13.
Etc.
Licorice's
phytochemicals, especially glycyrrhizin, have shown efffectively in
ameliorated insulin
resistance(1059)(1061)(1063)(1064), hyperglycemia(1059)(1060),
dyslipidemia(1059)(1063) and oxidative stress(1064) in fructose-induced
metabolic syndrome(1059)(1061)(1063) in animal(1059)(1060)(1061)models,
probably through its interference of the development of visceral obesity(1064)
and cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic
syndrome(1062), anti inflammatory(1062), antioxidant(1062) and an associated
with a decrease in tissue lipid deposition(1063) effects].
In chronic unpredictable stress rat model, total flavonoids
extract(1153) (licorice flavonoids,
LF) and liquiritin(1154), a phyochemical found in locorice exerted anti-depressive(1153)(1154)(1155) and
anti-cognitive impairment(1156) property through total flavonoids extract
neurogenesis protective effect(1153) and defense of liquiritin and flavonoids
extract against oxidative stress(1154)(1156).
Yokukansan,
a traditional Japanese formula, containing licorice showed effectively in
amelioration of behavioral symptoms, such as aggressiveness,
excitability, and hallucination, through reduced stress increased the serotonin
2A (5-HT2A) receptors density on the plasma membrane of the prefrontal cortex
(PFC)(1158).
In
high-glucose stress,
Glabridin(1159)(1160), an isoflavan from licorice root reduced high-glucose stress(1159)(1160) through its anti inflammatory
activity(1159), up-regulates manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and
paraoxonase 2(1160).
In
anti oxidative stress, licorice showed to contribute to their overall health
promoting pharmacological effects against free radicals(1161)(1162)(1163)(1164)
induced diseases such as cancer(1161), cardiac dysfunction(1162) liver
diosease(1164), etc., through its anti-inflammatory(1161)(1163)(1164),
anti-oxidant activities(1161)(1162)(1163)(1164).
According
to University of Western Sydney, Glycyrrhiza glabra, one of Chinese herbs,
exhibited strong evidences of neuroprotective activity for promotion of healthy
ageing and longevity(1157).
Rhodiola (Rhodiola
rosea)
Rhodiola
Rosea, one of the perennial plant grows in coldest region in
the world, including the Arctic, is a genus Rhodiola, belongings to the family
Crassulaceae, used in traditional medicine as an antiaging(1167)
agent, and to treat fatigue(1168)(1169), depression(1170)(1171), anemia(1172),
impotence(1173), inflammation(1174), infections(1175), nervous system disorders(1176)(1177),
enhance physical endurance(1178), and increase an organism's resistance to
stress(1167)(1179).etc.
Phytochemicals(1165)(1166)
1
.Salidroside
2.
Sosavin
3.
Rosin
4.
Sosarin
5.
Tyrosol
6.
Lignan major compounds in the
7.
Heterodontoside,
8.
Viridoside
9.
Mongrhoside
10.
Cyanogenic glucoside rhodiocyanoside A
11.
Epigallocatechin and gallate
12 .
Epiga
13.
Etc.
In
an evaluating anti-stress effects, rhodiola rosea, exhibited positive
effects on mental and physical performance under stress(1180)(1181),
improved attention and cognitive function associated with its antidepressant
activity(1180)(1182) and stress-protective effect of adaptogen(1181),
through regulation of nitric oxide (NO) and cortisol levels(1180)(1181).
According
to Gesundheitsbezirk Bozen,, rhodiola rosea active substance
phenylpropanoide also processed sedative, anti-depressive(1180) and
stress-modulated properties through stimulating the distribution of dopamine
and serotonin(1182).
In
animal model, the herb showed to display antidepressant(1181)(1182)(1184),
adaptogenic(1181)(1184), anxiolytic(1184)(1186), nociceptive(1183)(1185) and
locomotor activities(1186) induced by intense physical and psychological
stress(1183).
In
oxidative stress induced animal models, rhodiola is effective in the
empowerment of performance(1187), modulation of the immune system(1187) against
oxidative damage(1187).
Salidroside
(SAL), an active component of Rhodiola rosea protect endothelium(1189)
against H2O2-induced endothelial dysfunction(1188)(1189) and
oxidative-stress-associated cardiovascular dysfunction(1189) through preventing
the overactivation of oxidative stress-related downstream signaling
pathways(1188).
Rhaponticum
or Maral root
Rhaponticum also known as Maral
root, is an herbaceous perennial plant belongings the family Asteraceae,
used in traditional Siberian, Russian and Chinese medicine as
anti-depressant(1191)(1192), anti anxiety(1192), anti menopausal
complaints(1192)(1193), antioxidant(1194)(1195), immunomodulatory(1194)(1195),
anticancerogenic(1194)(1196)(1197), antimicrobial(1194)(1195)(1198)(1199) and
adaptogen agent(1194) and to treat impotence(1194), enhance mental and physical
performance(1194)(1200), support the nervous(1194)(1201) and cardiovascular
system(1194)(1202)(1203), improve work capacity(1194), etc.
Phytochemicals(1190)
1.
Rosavin
2.
Rosin
3.
Rosarin
4.
Salidroside
5.
Ecdysteroids
6.
Flavonoids
7.
Phenolic acids
8.
Polyacetylenes,
9.
Sesquiterpene lactones
10.
Triterpenoid glycosides
11.
Terpenes
12.
Etc.
In
in Wistar rats model, N-feruloylserotonins, isolated from the seeds of Leuzea carthamoides (WILLD.) DC, showed
effectively in selective stress-reducing
effects against stress-sensitive,
such as reduced anxiety in the high-pain(1005).
In
AdMax formulas, containing Leuzea carthamoides Iljin, Rhodiola rosea L.,
Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, and from dry berries of Schizandra chinensis
Baill, improve response to stimulus and stress, physical endurance and counteract
fatigue accordiung to Genext Research, Inc.(1006).
According
to Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, herbal rhaponticum also processed anti
metabolic syndrome(1204) such as serum lipid profile(1207)(1204),
corticosterone, also known as 17-deoxycortisol and
11β,21-dihydroprogesterone,(1208)(1204) and cytokine
concentrations(1209)(1204), glucose tolerance(1211)(1204), systolic blood
pressure(1212)(1204), triacylglycerol accumulation(1207)(1204)(1204) and its
induction of inflammation(1210)(1204), stress(1204)(1214),
and hepatic steatosis(1213) in rat model(1004).
In
Oxidative(respiratory) burst, is a chain reaction of rapid release of reactive oxygen
species (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) from different types of
cells, N-feruloylserotonin
(N-f-5HT) isomers(1215)(1216)) isolated from seeds of Leuzea carthamoides (Wild) DC, inhibited
dose-dependent oxidative burst in human through its pharmacological activity
against oxidative stress in ischemia-reperfusion, inflammation
and other pathological conditions(1215)(1216).
Schisandra (Wu Wei Zi)
Schisandra
also is known as Wu Wei Zi, a twining shrub living its life by climbing on
other vegetation, belongings to the family Schisandraceae,
native to Asia and North America,
The warm, sweet, bitter, sour, acrid, salty herb has been used in tradional
Chinese medicine as antioxidant(1218)(1219), anti stress(1220)(1221), anti
microbial(1224)(1225)(1226) agent and to improve metabolism(1227)(1228),
enhance central nervous system(1229)(1230)(1233), treat
hypertension(1231)(1232) and hypotension during exhaustion of circulatory
function(1217), coughing(1234)(12135), insomnia(1237), premenstrual syndrome
(PMS)(1239), menopausal symptoms(1240), depression(1233), irritability(1233), erectile
dysfunction (ED)(1238), lower cholesterol(1241) and regulate blood
glucose(1233), improve memory(1222)(1223), etc.
by
promoting function of lung and kidney channels(1217).
Phytochemicals(1217)
1.
Schizandrin
2.
Deoxyschisandrin
3.
Gamma-schisandrin
4.
Schisandrol
5.
Pseudo-gamma-schisandrin
6.
Schizandrate B
7.
Gomisin A, B, C, F, G
8.
Angeloylgomisin H
9.
Tigloylgomisin H
10.
Benzoylgomisin H
11.
Epigomisin O
12.
Malic acid
13.
Citric acid
14.
Tartaric acid
15.
Succinic acid
16.
A-pinene
17.
Camphene
18.
B-pinene
19.
Byrcene
20.
A-terpinene
21.
Limonene
22.
G-terpinene
23.
P-cymene
24.
Etc.
In
chronic psychological stress male rat model, schisandra protect against stress
induced complications such as carbohydrate metabolism(1227)
and neurosis, psychogenic depression, astheno-depressive states,
schizophrenia and alcoholism disorders(1233) and improved mental
performance(1233).through its reduction of the levels of corticosterone (CORT)
and glucose and protect the structure of the adrenal cortex(1227).
In
physiological stress, the herbal medicine also exerted its stress-protective
effect against a broad spectrum of harmful factors including heat shock, skin
burn, cooling, frostbite, immobilisation, swimming under load in an atmosphere
with decreased air pressure, aseptic inflammation, irradiation, and heavy metal
intoxication(1233).
In
oxidative stress induced damage heart(1242) tissues in animal models,
schisandrin B (Sch B), a dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative isolated from
the fruit of Schisandra chinensis attenuated cardiotoxicity via antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory effects(1242). In oxidative stress induced liver damage, oral
administration of Schisandra Lignans Extract (SLE)(1243)(1244) or
triterpenoid(1245) a chemical constituent from Schisandra chinensis
significantly reduced liver damage(1243)(1244)(1245) in experimental animal
model, through its effects of balance of oxidation and reduction in
cells(1243) or upregulating cell cycle progression(1244) and anti tumor
antigen(1244), or ameliorating oxidative stress(1245).
the
dry regions of India, northern Africa, and the Middle East - See
more at: http://www.chopra.com/ccl/ashwagandha#sthash.3NRUTGqC.dpuf
the
dry regions of India, northern Africa, and the Middle East - See
more at: http://www.chopra.com/ccl/ashwagandha#sthash.3NRUTGqC.dpuf
the
dry regions of India, northern Africa, and the Middle East - See
more at: http://www.chopra.com/ccl/ashwagandha#sthash.3NRUTGqC.dpuf, used in
Ayurvedic medicine for applied externally to treat tumors, tubercular glands,
carbuncles, and
Women
with PCOS who are under holistic treatment must keep in mind that herbal,
nutritional, and lifestyle therapies can take time to achieve the improvement
of their symptoms, quality of life, and, the goal to start a family.
“[Women]
might notice improvement as early as a month or two,” said Dr. Stansbury, “but
since this is shifting your whole hormonal balance and acting on the liver and
adrenals and ovarian function and pituitary feedback loops, I give women a
six-month to 12-month game plan.”, according to American botanical
council(1245a)
The
Herbal Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs)
Epidemically, increased
incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity over 3 decades in the
develop world now has spread to South East Asian population, due to over 20
years of economic prosperity causes of lifestyle changes in populations with
very different initial habits. Suggestions of reduced fat intake less than 30%
of total calories with a low proportion of saturated fat with high in fiber
from predominantly low-glycaemic-index-carbohydrate foods is recommended.
Calorie intake should be distributed between several meals per day with
restricted intake of snacks and drinks(1827a)(828).
1. Turmeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to
the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used in traditional
medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing
agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema,
inflammations, etc.
Berberine (BBR), a major chemical constituents found
abundantly in turmeric and plants exerted its effect in improving some of the
metabolic(829) and hormonal derangements in a group of treated Chinese women
with PCOS(829).
2. Korean red ginseng
Ginseng Asia
is also known as Panax ginseng. Since it has been grown in the cold places in
the Asian, Asian ginseng is considered as yang promoting, according to
traditional Chinese medicine.
Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) in the experiment in PCOs
induced rodent, improved PCO-related ovarian dysfunction(830). In rat model,
induced by injection of estradiol valerate (EV), the extract also regulated
sympathetic nerve activity by significantly lower expression of NGF protein
(involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells) and NGF mRNA(the form of RNA that
carries information from DNA) involved
in the abnormal process caused by steroid-induced PCO(830). Also, in the
experiment of Ginseng total saponins (GTS) involved polycystic ovaries induced
by a single intramuscular injection of 4 mg estradiol valerate (EV) in rats,
GTS decreased the expression of NGF in ovary tissue(831).
3. Aloe vera
Aloe Vera is species of succulent plant in the genus Aloe,
belonging to the Family Xanthorrhoeaceae, native to Sudan. It has become very popular for
commercial cultivation due to its health benefits. Aloe vera has been used in
herbal medicine in treating many kinds of disease, including wound(842), burn
healing(835)(836), minor skin infections(837), sebaceous cysts(838),
diabetes(839)(840)(843), and elevated of cholesterol(841), etc. It is also one
of many popular herb studied in scientific ways with some conflicted results.
Aloe vera gel (AVG)
exhibited significant reduction in plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol
levels, with an increase in HDL cholesterol(843) and reversion of abnormal
estrous cyclicity, glucose
intolerance, and lipid metabolizing enzyme activities, to normal in PCOS induced
in Charles Foster female rats(833). On Letrozole induced polycystic
ovarian, Aloe vera gel formulation exerted a protective
effect against the PCOS phenotype by restoring the ovarian
steroid status, and altering key production
of steroids activity(834).
4. Salvia
miltiorrhiza (Dan Shen)
Dan Shen is also known as Red Sage Root. The bitter
and slightly cold herb has been used in TCM as antithrombotic, antihypertonic
(lowering blood pressure), antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
sedative agent and to treat dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, palpable tumors,
angina,restlessness, insomnia, irritability, etc., by enhancing the functions
of heart and liver(848).
Cryptotanshinone, isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, in the
experiment involved prenatally androgenized (PNA) rats as a model of polycystic
ovary syndrome, improved estrous cycles, reduced 17-hydroxyprogesterone,
androstenedione, testosterone, glucose, insulin levels, and lowered
AUC-Glu(Measurements were made of the area under the curve of glucose by intravenous glucose tolerance test)
and HOMA-IR( a method used to
quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function)(832).
5. Chamomile
Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of
many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae, used in traditional
medicine as antispasmodic(844) and anti-inflammatory(845) constituents and for
treatments of diarrhea(844),
menstrual cramps(844) and sleep disorders(847), reduce cramping and spastic
pain in the bowels(844), relieve excessive gas and bloating in the
intestine(844), etc.
Intraperitoneal injections of Chamomile alcoholic-extract for ten days in the testing on the biochemical and
clinical parameters in a rat model of PCOS not only induced recovery from a PCO
induced state in rats(846), but
also increased dominant follicles and better endometrial tissue
arrangements(846)(849).
6. Spearmint tea
Spearmint tea is a species of Mint belonging to the Lamiaceae,
native to Europe and southwest Asia. The herb has been used in folk medicine
for treatment of pain reliever(850), loss of appetite(851), common cold(851),
bronchitis(851), sinusitis(851), fever(851), nausea(851), vomiting and
indigestion(851), etc.
Spearmint tea
inhibited the production of the levels or activity of androgen hormones in the
human body may be considered as a natural agent for PCOs.(852). In
Hirsutism polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), drinking spearmint tea twice
a day for a 1 month period, showed the significantly reduce total testosterone
levels, due to the inhibition of androgen properties(853). In other study
of polycystic ovary syndrome and idiopathic hirsutism, steep Spearmint tea for
5 days twice a day in the
follicular phase of their menstrual cycles significant decreased in free
testosterone and increased in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone
and estradiol(854).
8. Licorice
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. The sweet
and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti allergy(856), anti
inflammation(855), anti ulcer(857), anti convulsion(858) agent and to
treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength, cough with abundance of
phlegm, stomach and solar plexus pain, and improve cardiac function(855), etc.,
as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi, moistens the Lungs, calms cough,
deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12 channels(859).
In treatment of PCOs(862), combination of licorice and 100 mg spironolactone
showed the activation of the renin-aldosterone system in lowering blood
pressure and water (fluid) balance(860). reducing the prevalence of side
effects related to the diuretic activity of spironolactone(860). In model rats
experiment, Ganshao Paste (CGP), showed the decrease of serum levels of LH, T,
and FSH and increase of serum estradiol (E2), and progesterone
(P)(861)(865).
9. HemoHIM
HemoHIM is a herbal formula containing three edible herbs,
Angelica Radix, Cnidium Rhizoma and Paeonia Radix approved by Korean FDA
as health functional supplement assisting functions of the immune
system(863)(964). In adult PCOs cycling rats induced EV injection and
administered orally (100 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 35 consecutive days, the
formula lowered the high numbers of antral follicles and increased the number
of corpora lutea(864), normalized ovarian morphology and the expression of
nerve growth factor (NGF) in PCOs(864).
