Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and
research papers have been written and published on line, including
world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs,
selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Yum-O, the family cook book by Rachel Ray, Published by Clarkson Potter, New York.You can view her website at yum-o.org
Ingredients
1/2 cup berries of your choice
1/2 cup vanilla yogurt
1/4 cup cereal from the bottom of a box. such as cornflakes or crisped rice
Instructions
Layer the ingredients into a glass or parfait dish beginning with
berries, then the yogurt, and then the cereal. Repeat two more times to
finish with of cereal on top.
Serves 1
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Tuesday, 25 November 2014
Monday, 24 November 2014
Women's Health - Premenstrual syndrome(PMS): The adverse effects of Artificial Sweetener
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
1. Is artificial sweetener safe?
We are made to believe no calories sweetener promoted control weigh(1) and misled in believing that sweetener is better than sugar, Unfortunately, consumption sweetener was associated to weigh gain in the study of a sample of 22,231 adults(2)
In fact, it is not true. Sugar helps to provide energy for our body need, over consumption is the problem while sweetener contains aspartame, the substance causes more harm than good to our body including brain(4) and heart(3) and symptoms of pre menstrual syndrome such as depression, mood change(4) and anxiety(5).
2. Serotonin
Artificial sweetener depresses the nervous system(9) in fighting against stress resulting in less levels of serotonin(7) being produced leading to mood swing and depression(4).
3. Amino acids
Amino acids are important for liver in protein metabolism(8). Artificial sweetener contains high levels of aspartic and phenylalanine over 150 times sweeter than sugar, taking artificial sweetener may cause over dose of such amino acids(10) resulting in increasing the risk of nervous tension leading to memory lose, mood swing, depression and symptoms of PMS(4).
4. Methanol
When digest, methanol in the sweetener converts to formaldehyde(13) which is toxic to our body resulting in unbalancing the protein metabolism of the brain(12) leading to symptoms of PMS such as mood swing, depression(4) and anxiety(5). if it is over dose.
5. Addictive
The chemical aspartame is so addictive. It is wise to stop taking artificial sweetener slowly or ask your doctor for help. Abruptly stop taking aspartame may cause withdrawal symptoms(13).
6. Obesity and metabolic syndrome
Long term consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), particularly aspartame in perigestational period has shown to predispose offspring to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life(6).
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Low and no calorie sweeteners (LNCS); myths and realities. Riobó Serván P1, Sierra Poyatos R2, Soldo Rodríguez J3.(PubMed)
(2) Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners among U.S. adults is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2005) scores and more physical activity. Drewnowski A1, Rehm CD2.(PubMed)
(3) Modified High-Density Lipoproteins by Artificial Sweetener, Aspartame, and Saccharin, Showed Loss of Anti-atherosclerotic Activity and Toxicity in Zebrafish. Kim JY1, Park KH, Kim J, Choi I, Cho KH.(PubMed)
(4) Neurobehavioral effects of aspartame consumption. Lindseth GN1, Coolahan SE, Petros TV, Lindseth PD.(PubMed)
(5) Anxiety in mice following acute aspartame and ethanol exposure. LaBuda CJ1, Hale RL.(PubMed)
(6) Exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners during pregnancy and lactation: Impact in programming of metabolic diseases in the progeny later in life. Araújo JR1, Martel F2, Keating E3.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of repeated doses of aspartame on serotonin and its metabolite in various regions of the mouse brain. Sharma RP, Coulombe RA Jr.(PubMed)
(8) Relation between glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and protein metabolism. Holecek M.(PubMed)
(9) Effects of aspartame metabolites on astrocytes and neurons. Rycerz K1, Jaworska-Adamu JE.(PubMed)
(10) Effect of aspartame and protein, administered in phenylalanine-equivalent doses, on plasma neutral amino acids, aspartate, insulin and glucose in man. Møller SE.(PubMed)
(11) Aspartame ingestion with and without carbohydrate in phenylketonuric and normal subjects: effect on plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin. Wolf-Novak LC1, Stegink LD, Brummel MC, Persoon TJ, Filer LJ Jr, Bell EF, Ziegler EE, Krause WL.(PubMed)
(12) [Cognitive disorders in workers engaged into formaldehyde and methanol production]. [Article in Russian] [No authors listed](PubMed)
(13) Aspartame Withdrawal Symptoms: List Of Possibilities by Mental Health Daily Mental Health Blog
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
1. Is artificial sweetener safe?
We are made to believe no calories sweetener promoted control weigh(1) and misled in believing that sweetener is better than sugar, Unfortunately, consumption sweetener was associated to weigh gain in the study of a sample of 22,231 adults(2)
In fact, it is not true. Sugar helps to provide energy for our body need, over consumption is the problem while sweetener contains aspartame, the substance causes more harm than good to our body including brain(4) and heart(3) and symptoms of pre menstrual syndrome such as depression, mood change(4) and anxiety(5).
2. Serotonin
Artificial sweetener depresses the nervous system(9) in fighting against stress resulting in less levels of serotonin(7) being produced leading to mood swing and depression(4).
3. Amino acids
Amino acids are important for liver in protein metabolism(8). Artificial sweetener contains high levels of aspartic and phenylalanine over 150 times sweeter than sugar, taking artificial sweetener may cause over dose of such amino acids(10) resulting in increasing the risk of nervous tension leading to memory lose, mood swing, depression and symptoms of PMS(4).
4. Methanol
When digest, methanol in the sweetener converts to formaldehyde(13) which is toxic to our body resulting in unbalancing the protein metabolism of the brain(12) leading to symptoms of PMS such as mood swing, depression(4) and anxiety(5). if it is over dose.
5. Addictive
The chemical aspartame is so addictive. It is wise to stop taking artificial sweetener slowly or ask your doctor for help. Abruptly stop taking aspartame may cause withdrawal symptoms(13).
6. Obesity and metabolic syndrome
Long term consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), particularly aspartame in perigestational period has shown to predispose offspring to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life(6).
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Low and no calorie sweeteners (LNCS); myths and realities. Riobó Serván P1, Sierra Poyatos R2, Soldo Rodríguez J3.(PubMed)
(2) Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners among U.S. adults is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2005) scores and more physical activity. Drewnowski A1, Rehm CD2.(PubMed)
(3) Modified High-Density Lipoproteins by Artificial Sweetener, Aspartame, and Saccharin, Showed Loss of Anti-atherosclerotic Activity and Toxicity in Zebrafish. Kim JY1, Park KH, Kim J, Choi I, Cho KH.(PubMed)
(4) Neurobehavioral effects of aspartame consumption. Lindseth GN1, Coolahan SE, Petros TV, Lindseth PD.(PubMed)
(5) Anxiety in mice following acute aspartame and ethanol exposure. LaBuda CJ1, Hale RL.(PubMed)
(6) Exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners during pregnancy and lactation: Impact in programming of metabolic diseases in the progeny later in life. Araújo JR1, Martel F2, Keating E3.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of repeated doses of aspartame on serotonin and its metabolite in various regions of the mouse brain. Sharma RP, Coulombe RA Jr.(PubMed)
(8) Relation between glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and protein metabolism. Holecek M.(PubMed)
(9) Effects of aspartame metabolites on astrocytes and neurons. Rycerz K1, Jaworska-Adamu JE.(PubMed)
(10) Effect of aspartame and protein, administered in phenylalanine-equivalent doses, on plasma neutral amino acids, aspartate, insulin and glucose in man. Møller SE.(PubMed)
(11) Aspartame ingestion with and without carbohydrate in phenylketonuric and normal subjects: effect on plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin. Wolf-Novak LC1, Stegink LD, Brummel MC, Persoon TJ, Filer LJ Jr, Bell EF, Ziegler EE, Krause WL.(PubMed)
(12) [Cognitive disorders in workers engaged into formaldehyde and methanol production]. [Article in Russian] [No authors listed](PubMed)
(13) Aspartame Withdrawal Symptoms: List Of Possibilities by Mental Health Daily Mental Health Blog
Quick and #Healthy #recipe: Hot and #spicy #Walnuts
Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe attribute to Quick and easy family favorites by Vickie and JoAnn
Nut hits the spot as snack, and this snack is loaded with them. walnuts have more heart-healthy Omega-3 fat than other nuts. Use canola oil in the recipe to boost it Omega 3 content even more.
Prep. 10 minutes
Bake 20 minutes
Cool 15 minutes
Oven 300 degree F
Make 8 (1/4 cup) servings
1 tsp. ground coriander
1 tsp. ground cumin
!/2 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
1/2 tsp. cayenne pepper
2 cups walnuts halves
1 tsp. cooking oil
In a small bowl stir together coriander, cumin, salt, black pepper, and cayenne pepper; set aside. Place nuts in a 13x9x2 inch baking pan. Drizzle with the oil, stir to coat. Sprinkle with choice mixture; toss lightly.
Baking in a 300 degrees oven for 20 mutinies or until nuts are slightly toasted, stirring once or twice. Cool in pan for 15 minutes. Turn out onto paper towels; cool completely. Store, covered in a cool place.
Nutrition facts per serving: 214 Cal. 21 g total fat(2g sat. fat), O mg cholesterol, 147 mg sodium, 4g carbo, 2 g fiber, 5 g pro.
Daily value: 1% vitamin C, 3% calcium, 5% iron.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe attribute to Quick and easy family favorites by Vickie and JoAnn
Nut hits the spot as snack, and this snack is loaded with them. walnuts have more heart-healthy Omega-3 fat than other nuts. Use canola oil in the recipe to boost it Omega 3 content even more.
Prep. 10 minutes
Bake 20 minutes
Cool 15 minutes
Oven 300 degree F
Make 8 (1/4 cup) servings
1 tsp. ground coriander
1 tsp. ground cumin
!/2 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
1/2 tsp. cayenne pepper
2 cups walnuts halves
1 tsp. cooking oil
In a small bowl stir together coriander, cumin, salt, black pepper, and cayenne pepper; set aside. Place nuts in a 13x9x2 inch baking pan. Drizzle with the oil, stir to coat. Sprinkle with choice mixture; toss lightly.
Baking in a 300 degrees oven for 20 mutinies or until nuts are slightly toasted, stirring once or twice. Cool in pan for 15 minutes. Turn out onto paper towels; cool completely. Store, covered in a cool place.
Nutrition facts per serving: 214 Cal. 21 g total fat(2g sat. fat), O mg cholesterol, 147 mg sodium, 4g carbo, 2 g fiber, 5 g pro.
Daily value: 1% vitamin C, 3% calcium, 5% iron.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sunday, 23 November 2014
(Preview) Most common diseases of 50 plus - Thyroid Disease - Thyroid Adenoma : Preventions, Managements and Treatments
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid gland.
Thyroid disease: Thyroid adenoma
Thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor started in the layer of cell lined the inner surface of the thyroid gland. The disease is relatively common among adults living in the United States. Most thyroid nodules are Thyroid adenoma.
A. Risk factors
1. According to the study by the University of Campinas
a. Graves’ disease
The prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma in Graves' disease was 27.78% and 5.05%, respectively.
b. Older age with larger thyroid volumes are associated to increased risk of nodules.
c. Younger age and larger thyroid volume are associated to risk of thyroid carcinoma.
d. In patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the prevalence of thyroid nodules and carcinomas was 50.7% and 7.8%, respectively(8).
2. Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome such as hypertension, prediabetes and diabetes was all associated to independent risk factors for thyroid nodules(TN) after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, blood lipid levels, smoking status, and alcohol consumption(10)
4. Insulin resistance (IR)
According to the study by the Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, patients with impaired glucose metabolism have significantly increased thyroid volume and nodule risks(11)(12).
5. BRAF mutations
BRAF mutation (BRAFmut) was significantly associated with increased risk of thyroid lesions including Hashimoto´s thyroiditis, nodular goiters, hyperplastic nodules, follicular adenomas (FA), etc., according to the study by the King Abdulaziz University(13).
B. Causes
1. Iodine deficiency and excess
Iodine, as a trace element, is essential for thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). According to study, iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter, leading to mental retardation and brain damage as well as induced miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications in in pregnant women(4). On the other hand, iodine excess induced colloid goiter, the benign, noncancerous overgrowths of thyroid tissue with diagnosis of normal serum T4 and slightly decreased TSH. Depending to the severity of iodine deficiency or extent of iodine excess, each condition has a different thyroid tumor promotion mechanism(5).
2. Radiation therapy
Patients received radiotherapy to the head, neck, and upper thorax are at increased risk of developing subsequent thyroid malignancies, according to the University of Western Ontario(6).
3. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
B-Raf protein is responsible for cell signalling inside cells in regulation of cell growth.
According to the study by the University of Crete, deregulation of B-Raf showed to postpone onset of benign and malignant thyroid disease by more than 10 years(7).
C. Symptoms
Most people with thyroid adenoma are experience no symptoms. Symptoms may include the below, if the tumor has been growth large enough to interfere the function of nearby cells or organs or if it is a functional tumor, which produce excessive thyroid hormone to cause hyperthyroidism.
1. Difficulty breathing and swallowing
If the tumor is growth large enough, it may interfere with breathing of the lung such as partial blocking the air way or the food passing to the pharynx.
2. Voice changes
If the tumor is growth large enough, it may interfere with the voice box.
3. Neck pain
If the tumor is growth large enough, it may suppress the nerve cell in the neck.
4. Hypertension
Hyperthyroidism is associated with unpleasant symptoms and hypertension due to increased adrenergic tone, according to the study by the Harran University Faculty of Medicine(1).
5. Other symptoms
Depending to the age of the patients with thyroid adenoma, the presence of hyperthyroidism may be experience certain symptoms of tachycardia, fatigue, and weight loss, hyperactive reflexes, increased sweating, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness, polydipsia, and increased appetite, anorexia, atrial fibrillation and goiter, according to the study by the Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Rouen(2).
6. If thyroid adenoma is presented in people who have Hashimoto’s disease
According to the article by Dr. Bethany Taylor, posted in Steadyhealth, patients with Hashimoto’s disease may experience “general muscle slow-down leads to tiredness, while reduced body metabolism causes dry skin, hair loss, constipation and weight gain. Joints commonly swell up, while shortage of breath may develop due to effects on the heart. In women, periods may become heavy and slower brain activity might result in memory loss or poor concentration. Youngsters may fail to grow and may not do well at school”(3).
D. Complications and Disease associated to Thyroid adenoma
D.1. Complications
Hyperfunctioning nodules of the thyroid, found mostly in younger and predominantly female population contribute to 3% of thyroid cancer, according to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center(14).
D.2. Disease associated to Thyroid adenoma
1. Laryngopharyngeal primary squamous cell carcinoma
Laryngopharyngeal primary squamous cell carcinoma is found to coexist with thyroid nodules in some patients and patients with advanced malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract(15).
2. Gastric adenocarcinoma than urine iodine level
Iodine deficiency, is more likely to be associated with gastric adenocarcinoma compared to the existing iodine deficiency itself(16).
3. Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Although thyroid nodules are less common among children than among adults, In children cwith thyroid cancer, the finding of a thyroid nodule is 20%, according to the study by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center(17).
E. Misdiagnosis
1. Hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTT)
Hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTT) are very rare and difficult diagnosed thyroid tumors. The disease in some cases are misdiagnosed as papillary carcinoma initially(18).
2. Totally cervical thymoma
Totally cervical thymoma arised from ectopic thymic tissue is extremely rare . In some case it may be misdiagnosed as a thyroid nodule(19).
3. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may be diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) by FNA cytology(20).
4. Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum
A pharyngoesophageal diverticulum can be mistaken for a thyroid nodule on ultrasound scan as a result of nonthyroidal lesions can mimic thyroid nodules on imaging, according to the study by the Alexandra Hospital, Singapore(21).
5. Primary thyroid paraganglioma
Thyroid PGs are exceptionally rare tumors. In some cases, the diseases were misdiagnosed as medullar thyroid carcinoma (MTC) due to its anatomically mimic MTCs(22).
6. Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Riedel’s thyroiditis with a rapidly growing, hard, fixed, thyroid mass may mimic anaplastic thyroid cancer(23).
7. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the thyroid is rare and can mimic a primary thyroid epithelial tumor or thyroiditis clinically(24).
F. Diagnosis
After recording the past and present history and completing a physical exam, including searching the nodule in the surrounding tissue and abnormal lymph nodes nearby. The tests ordered may include
1. Blood test
The aim of the test is to measure the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroid hormones (FT4 and FT3), anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), stimulating antibodies (TSI) levels for exclusion of other thyroid diseases(25).
2. Echography and Thyroid scintigraphy
Echography is the first line examination to evaluate thyroid nodules by providing information of their structure, as well as abnormalities associated with thyroiditis. Thyroid scintigraphy not only allows establishing the functional characteristics of thyroid nodules (warm or cold) but also precises the origin of a hypothyroidism(25).
3. Ultrasonography
All ultrasound examinations for thyroid nodule should include a malignancy risk assessment based on tissues or structures nature of the nodule. In patients with multinodular thyroid gland, precise nodule mapping is necessary to allow accurately identify the nature of nodule(s) on iodine scan. Guide fine needle aspiration (FNA) is used for suspicious nodules(26).
4. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and Core needle biopsies (CNBs)
Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)is the most commonly used diagnostic method for the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Core needle biopsies (CNBs) is used for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and other non-follicular thyroid lesions and in cases if FNA finding is suspicious for malignancy(27).
The below sections only apply, if Thyroid adenoma has become cancerous excepted section of Treatments in conventional medicine.
G. Preventions
G.1. Diet
1. Legumes, organic soy and peanut
Daidzein, is a phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes, soy, peanut, etc. Combination of N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine derivative of 7-(O)-carboxymethyl daidzein (cD-tboc) and cytotoxic drugs showed to inhibit human thyroid cancer cell growth through deduction of tumor volume with no apparent toxicity(28).
2. Organic Soybean
An acidic methanolic extract and . Genistein from soybeans inhibited thyroid peroxidase-(TPO) catalyzed reactions essential to thyroid hormone synthesis(29).
3. Green tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin found abundantly in green tea, showed to possess remarkable therapeutic potential against various types of human cancer cells including thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo models(30).
G.2. Phytochemicals
1. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
According to the study by University of Calabria, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited cell proliferation and reduced motility of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through suppression of EGFR/ERK pathway and cyclin B1/CDK1 complex in cell division(32).
2. Isoflavone derivatives
Isoflavone derivatives, N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine derivative of 7-(O)-carboxymethyl daidzein (cD-tboc) exhibited anti proliferative effect through increased apoptosis and cell necrosis(death of most or all of the cells), according to study by the Tel-Aviv University(33).
3. Phytoestrogens
Epidemiological and pathological data suggest that thyroid cancer may well be an estrogen-dependent disease. Dietary phytoestrogens (including isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, daidzein lignan, secoisolariciresinol) containing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties, showed to strongly associate with risk reduction,, according to the present data from a multiethnic population-based case-control study of thyroid cancer conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area. Of 817 cases diagnosed between 1995 and 1998(34).
G.3. Antioxidants
1. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)
ALA, a potential agent could be used as an adjunctive agent to increase efficacy of radioiodine therapy if combined with a strategy to increase NIS protein in transport iodide into follicular cells of the thyroid gland, according to the study by the University of Ulsan College of Medicine(35).
2. Selenium
According to the study by the Cancer Registry of Norway, mineral selenium (Se) might reduce the risk of cancer and according to a pre-diagnostic case-control study from 1986, patients with low levels of selenium are associated to increase risk of thyroid cancer(36).
3. Vitamin D
According to study, vitamin D(3), 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) all exhibit antiproliferative effect on two thyroid cancer cell lines(37).
4. Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme Q was found in reduced levels in the thyroid tissue of patients with Graves’ disease and follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas(38).
H. Treatments
H.1. In conventional medicine perspective
1, Watchful waiting
In most cases of benign thyroid nodules, diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules, your doctor may suggest only simply watching your condition with regular interval physical exam and thyroid function tests(39).
2. Radiofrequency ablation
Audio frequency ablation is an effective and well tolerated treatment option for benign thyroid nodules. Radiofrequency ablation of recurrent thyroid cancers may be an alternative to surgery in patients at high surgical risk(41).
3. Surgery
If the tumor is growth large enough to interfere with function of nearby tissues or organs, surgery may be necessary.
5. In case of nodules that cause hyperthyroidism
a. Radioactive iodine
RAI therapy combined with lithium showed a higher cure rate, safe and time to cure was less than RAI alone(42). Treatment with radioactive iodine in patients with hyperthyroidism such as Graves' disease patient may induce swelling of the tissue(40).
b. Medication such as methimazole (MMI)
The aim of the medication is to reduce the symptoms of the disease but causes serious side effect(42a).
c. Surgery
In some cases if treatment with radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medications has not been effective, surgery may be necessary.
H.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Green tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, was shown to possess remarkable therapeutic potential against various types of human cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo models(43).
2. Polentilla alba
The main tasks during treatment of hyperplastic thyroid disease is to stop the growth of thyroid nodules. compensation of hypothyrosis; normalization of thyroid size. Pphytodrug of Polentilla alba could be recommended for monotherapy in combination with conservative therapy, according to the strudy by Kvacheniuk AN and Kvacheniuk EL(44). Polentilla alba in other study, also showed to reduce the volume of thyroid, normalize its function(45).
3. Shilajit (Fulvic Acid)
Shilajit is a multi-component natural occurring mineral substance used in Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine originated in India. According to the article of A NATURAL CURE FOR THYROID NODULES, posted in Coffey’s place, fulvic acid acts as a a chelator and detoxifier of heavy metals, chemical toxins and radiation from the body for treatment of n thyroid nodules(46).
H.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Ruanjian Xiaoying Decoction
Ruanjian Xiaoying Decoction (RJXYD), according to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, showed to shrink and soften the enlarged thyroid gland and thyroid nodules and improved the immune function of human(47).
2. According to TCM assistant
a. In case of thyroid nodules as a result of Qi and Blood Deficiency
Xiang Bei Yang Rong Tang with function to tonifiy Qi, regulates the Qi nourishes Blood and transforms Phlegm.
b. In case of thyroid nodules as a result of stagnation of Dampness, phlegm, Qi, and Blood in the area between the skin and flesh on the neck.
Hai Zao Yu Hu Tang with function to transform Phlegm, softens what is hard, reduce thyroid nodules; Eliminates thyroid nodules.
c. In case of Goiter or thyroid nodules due to a lack of iodine or Phlegm accumulation
Hai Zao Wan with function to eliminate thyroid nodules and releases the tension(48).
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References
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571552
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537590
(3) http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Hashimoto_s_Disease___Hyperthyroidism_a261.html
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297615
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475583
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25286003
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263826
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23762596
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789594
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720025
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395200
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633072
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925390
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641736
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344472
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23844325
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933378/
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839358
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21766278
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798886
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20665743
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19816814
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059128
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258502
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21600982
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464451
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776298
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815400
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995901
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22664335
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992568
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537635
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=thyroid+nodule+watch
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/245496015
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841482
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25285284
(42a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178068
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23356147
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23786024
(46) http://coffeysplace.blogspot.ca/2010/04/natural-cure-for-thyroid-nodules.html
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834970
(48) http://www.tcmassistant.com/symptoms/thyroid-nodule.html
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid gland.
Thyroid disease: Thyroid adenoma
Thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor started in the layer of cell lined the inner surface of the thyroid gland. The disease is relatively common among adults living in the United States. Most thyroid nodules are Thyroid adenoma.
A. Risk factors
1. According to the study by the University of Campinas
a. Graves’ disease
The prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid carcinoma in Graves' disease was 27.78% and 5.05%, respectively.
b. Older age with larger thyroid volumes are associated to increased risk of nodules.
c. Younger age and larger thyroid volume are associated to risk of thyroid carcinoma.
d. In patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the prevalence of thyroid nodules and carcinomas was 50.7% and 7.8%, respectively(8).
2. Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome such as hypertension, prediabetes and diabetes was all associated to independent risk factors for thyroid nodules(TN) after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, blood lipid levels, smoking status, and alcohol consumption(10)
4. Insulin resistance (IR)
According to the study by the Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, patients with impaired glucose metabolism have significantly increased thyroid volume and nodule risks(11)(12).
5. BRAF mutations
BRAF mutation (BRAFmut) was significantly associated with increased risk of thyroid lesions including Hashimoto´s thyroiditis, nodular goiters, hyperplastic nodules, follicular adenomas (FA), etc., according to the study by the King Abdulaziz University(13).
B. Causes
1. Iodine deficiency and excess
Iodine, as a trace element, is essential for thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). According to study, iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter, leading to mental retardation and brain damage as well as induced miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications in in pregnant women(4). On the other hand, iodine excess induced colloid goiter, the benign, noncancerous overgrowths of thyroid tissue with diagnosis of normal serum T4 and slightly decreased TSH. Depending to the severity of iodine deficiency or extent of iodine excess, each condition has a different thyroid tumor promotion mechanism(5).
2. Radiation therapy
Patients received radiotherapy to the head, neck, and upper thorax are at increased risk of developing subsequent thyroid malignancies, according to the University of Western Ontario(6).
3. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
B-Raf protein is responsible for cell signalling inside cells in regulation of cell growth.
According to the study by the University of Crete, deregulation of B-Raf showed to postpone onset of benign and malignant thyroid disease by more than 10 years(7).
C. Symptoms
Most people with thyroid adenoma are experience no symptoms. Symptoms may include the below, if the tumor has been growth large enough to interfere the function of nearby cells or organs or if it is a functional tumor, which produce excessive thyroid hormone to cause hyperthyroidism.
1. Difficulty breathing and swallowing
If the tumor is growth large enough, it may interfere with breathing of the lung such as partial blocking the air way or the food passing to the pharynx.
2. Voice changes
If the tumor is growth large enough, it may interfere with the voice box.
3. Neck pain
If the tumor is growth large enough, it may suppress the nerve cell in the neck.
4. Hypertension
Hyperthyroidism is associated with unpleasant symptoms and hypertension due to increased adrenergic tone, according to the study by the Harran University Faculty of Medicine(1).
5. Other symptoms
Depending to the age of the patients with thyroid adenoma, the presence of hyperthyroidism may be experience certain symptoms of tachycardia, fatigue, and weight loss, hyperactive reflexes, increased sweating, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness, polydipsia, and increased appetite, anorexia, atrial fibrillation and goiter, according to the study by the Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Rouen(2).
6. If thyroid adenoma is presented in people who have Hashimoto’s disease
According to the article by Dr. Bethany Taylor, posted in Steadyhealth, patients with Hashimoto’s disease may experience “general muscle slow-down leads to tiredness, while reduced body metabolism causes dry skin, hair loss, constipation and weight gain. Joints commonly swell up, while shortage of breath may develop due to effects on the heart. In women, periods may become heavy and slower brain activity might result in memory loss or poor concentration. Youngsters may fail to grow and may not do well at school”(3).
D. Complications and Disease associated to Thyroid adenoma
D.1. Complications
Hyperfunctioning nodules of the thyroid, found mostly in younger and predominantly female population contribute to 3% of thyroid cancer, according to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center(14).
D.2. Disease associated to Thyroid adenoma
1. Laryngopharyngeal primary squamous cell carcinoma
Laryngopharyngeal primary squamous cell carcinoma is found to coexist with thyroid nodules in some patients and patients with advanced malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract(15).
2. Gastric adenocarcinoma than urine iodine level
Iodine deficiency, is more likely to be associated with gastric adenocarcinoma compared to the existing iodine deficiency itself(16).
3. Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Although thyroid nodules are less common among children than among adults, In children cwith thyroid cancer, the finding of a thyroid nodule is 20%, according to the study by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center(17).
E. Misdiagnosis
1. Hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTT)
Hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTT) are very rare and difficult diagnosed thyroid tumors. The disease in some cases are misdiagnosed as papillary carcinoma initially(18).
2. Totally cervical thymoma
Totally cervical thymoma arised from ectopic thymic tissue is extremely rare . In some case it may be misdiagnosed as a thyroid nodule(19).
3. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may be diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) by FNA cytology(20).
4. Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum
A pharyngoesophageal diverticulum can be mistaken for a thyroid nodule on ultrasound scan as a result of nonthyroidal lesions can mimic thyroid nodules on imaging, according to the study by the Alexandra Hospital, Singapore(21).
5. Primary thyroid paraganglioma
Thyroid PGs are exceptionally rare tumors. In some cases, the diseases were misdiagnosed as medullar thyroid carcinoma (MTC) due to its anatomically mimic MTCs(22).
6. Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Riedel’s thyroiditis with a rapidly growing, hard, fixed, thyroid mass may mimic anaplastic thyroid cancer(23).
7. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the thyroid is rare and can mimic a primary thyroid epithelial tumor or thyroiditis clinically(24).
F. Diagnosis
After recording the past and present history and completing a physical exam, including searching the nodule in the surrounding tissue and abnormal lymph nodes nearby. The tests ordered may include
1. Blood test
The aim of the test is to measure the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroid hormones (FT4 and FT3), anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), stimulating antibodies (TSI) levels for exclusion of other thyroid diseases(25).
2. Echography and Thyroid scintigraphy
Echography is the first line examination to evaluate thyroid nodules by providing information of their structure, as well as abnormalities associated with thyroiditis. Thyroid scintigraphy not only allows establishing the functional characteristics of thyroid nodules (warm or cold) but also precises the origin of a hypothyroidism(25).
3. Ultrasonography
All ultrasound examinations for thyroid nodule should include a malignancy risk assessment based on tissues or structures nature of the nodule. In patients with multinodular thyroid gland, precise nodule mapping is necessary to allow accurately identify the nature of nodule(s) on iodine scan. Guide fine needle aspiration (FNA) is used for suspicious nodules(26).
4. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and Core needle biopsies (CNBs)
Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)is the most commonly used diagnostic method for the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Core needle biopsies (CNBs) is used for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and other non-follicular thyroid lesions and in cases if FNA finding is suspicious for malignancy(27).
The below sections only apply, if Thyroid adenoma has become cancerous excepted section of Treatments in conventional medicine.
G. Preventions
G.1. Diet
1. Legumes, organic soy and peanut
Daidzein, is a phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes, soy, peanut, etc. Combination of N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine derivative of 7-(O)-carboxymethyl daidzein (cD-tboc) and cytotoxic drugs showed to inhibit human thyroid cancer cell growth through deduction of tumor volume with no apparent toxicity(28).
2. Organic Soybean
An acidic methanolic extract and . Genistein from soybeans inhibited thyroid peroxidase-(TPO) catalyzed reactions essential to thyroid hormone synthesis(29).
3. Green tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin found abundantly in green tea, showed to possess remarkable therapeutic potential against various types of human cancer cells including thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo models(30).
G.2. Phytochemicals
1. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
According to the study by University of Calabria, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited cell proliferation and reduced motility of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through suppression of EGFR/ERK pathway and cyclin B1/CDK1 complex in cell division(32).
2. Isoflavone derivatives
Isoflavone derivatives, N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine derivative of 7-(O)-carboxymethyl daidzein (cD-tboc) exhibited anti proliferative effect through increased apoptosis and cell necrosis(death of most or all of the cells), according to study by the Tel-Aviv University(33).
3. Phytoestrogens
Epidemiological and pathological data suggest that thyroid cancer may well be an estrogen-dependent disease. Dietary phytoestrogens (including isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, daidzein lignan, secoisolariciresinol) containing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties, showed to strongly associate with risk reduction,, according to the present data from a multiethnic population-based case-control study of thyroid cancer conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area. Of 817 cases diagnosed between 1995 and 1998(34).
G.3. Antioxidants
1. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)
ALA, a potential agent could be used as an adjunctive agent to increase efficacy of radioiodine therapy if combined with a strategy to increase NIS protein in transport iodide into follicular cells of the thyroid gland, according to the study by the University of Ulsan College of Medicine(35).
2. Selenium
According to the study by the Cancer Registry of Norway, mineral selenium (Se) might reduce the risk of cancer and according to a pre-diagnostic case-control study from 1986, patients with low levels of selenium are associated to increase risk of thyroid cancer(36).
3. Vitamin D
According to study, vitamin D(3), 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) all exhibit antiproliferative effect on two thyroid cancer cell lines(37).
4. Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme Q was found in reduced levels in the thyroid tissue of patients with Graves’ disease and follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas(38).
H. Treatments
H.1. In conventional medicine perspective
1, Watchful waiting
In most cases of benign thyroid nodules, diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules, your doctor may suggest only simply watching your condition with regular interval physical exam and thyroid function tests(39).
2. Radiofrequency ablation
Audio frequency ablation is an effective and well tolerated treatment option for benign thyroid nodules. Radiofrequency ablation of recurrent thyroid cancers may be an alternative to surgery in patients at high surgical risk(41).
3. Surgery
If the tumor is growth large enough to interfere with function of nearby tissues or organs, surgery may be necessary.
5. In case of nodules that cause hyperthyroidism
a. Radioactive iodine
RAI therapy combined with lithium showed a higher cure rate, safe and time to cure was less than RAI alone(42). Treatment with radioactive iodine in patients with hyperthyroidism such as Graves' disease patient may induce swelling of the tissue(40).
b. Medication such as methimazole (MMI)
The aim of the medication is to reduce the symptoms of the disease but causes serious side effect(42a).
c. Surgery
In some cases if treatment with radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medications has not been effective, surgery may be necessary.
H.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Green tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, was shown to possess remarkable therapeutic potential against various types of human cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo models(43).
2. Polentilla alba
The main tasks during treatment of hyperplastic thyroid disease is to stop the growth of thyroid nodules. compensation of hypothyrosis; normalization of thyroid size. Pphytodrug of Polentilla alba could be recommended for monotherapy in combination with conservative therapy, according to the strudy by Kvacheniuk AN and Kvacheniuk EL(44). Polentilla alba in other study, also showed to reduce the volume of thyroid, normalize its function(45).
3. Shilajit (Fulvic Acid)
Shilajit is a multi-component natural occurring mineral substance used in Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine originated in India. According to the article of A NATURAL CURE FOR THYROID NODULES, posted in Coffey’s place, fulvic acid acts as a a chelator and detoxifier of heavy metals, chemical toxins and radiation from the body for treatment of n thyroid nodules(46).
H.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Ruanjian Xiaoying Decoction
Ruanjian Xiaoying Decoction (RJXYD), according to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, showed to shrink and soften the enlarged thyroid gland and thyroid nodules and improved the immune function of human(47).
2. According to TCM assistant
a. In case of thyroid nodules as a result of Qi and Blood Deficiency
Xiang Bei Yang Rong Tang with function to tonifiy Qi, regulates the Qi nourishes Blood and transforms Phlegm.
b. In case of thyroid nodules as a result of stagnation of Dampness, phlegm, Qi, and Blood in the area between the skin and flesh on the neck.
Hai Zao Yu Hu Tang with function to transform Phlegm, softens what is hard, reduce thyroid nodules; Eliminates thyroid nodules.
c. In case of Goiter or thyroid nodules due to a lack of iodine or Phlegm accumulation
Hai Zao Wan with function to eliminate thyroid nodules and releases the tension(48).
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will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
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Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571552
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537590
(3) http://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/Hashimoto_s_Disease___Hyperthyroidism_a261.html
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297615
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475583
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25286003
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263826
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23762596
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789594
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720025
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395200
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633072
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925390
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641736
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344472
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23844325
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933378/
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839358
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21766278
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19798886
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20665743
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19816814
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059128
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258502
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21600982
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464451
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776298
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815400
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995901
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22664335
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992568
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537635
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=thyroid+nodule+watch
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/245496015
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841482
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25285284
(42a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178068
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23356147
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23786024
(46) http://coffeysplace.blogspot.ca/2010/04/natural-cure-for-thyroid-nodules.html
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834970
(48) http://www.tcmassistant.com/symptoms/thyroid-nodule.html
Women's Health - Premenstrual syndrome(PMS): The Causes(Revised edition with references)
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
The Causes
1. Unhealthy diet(1)
Unhealthy diet with over consumption of saturated fat, trans fat, artificial, caffeine, etc and under consumption of fiber, vital vitamins and minerals promoted over production of bad estrogen(2) and weakened liver function in carbohydrate synthesis and fat and protein metabolism(3) to cause PMS.
2. digestive disorder
Strong digestive system is important to provide vital nutrients for our body in regulating its normal function(7). Unfortunately, it is unknown that women with PMS are found to have digestive disorder(8) before menstruation
3. Vitamins and Minerals deficiency(4)
Vitamins and minerals are important for regulating the hormone production in our body, especially for women during menstrual cycle. Deficiency of vitamins and minerals causes nervous disorder(5), liver malfunction(6) and hormone imbalance(7) resulting in PMS(7).
4. Sluggish liver
For what ever reason, women with PMS are found to have a sluggish liver(9)(10) before menstruation. Since liver is vital in regulating the levels of estrogen through production of cholesterol and fat and protein metabolism(3), sluggish liver causes nervous tension(3) and hormone imbalance(6).
5. Hormonal imbalance
Over production or under production of certain hormones before menstruation as resulting of thyroid malfunction(13), pituitary gland abnormality function(12), liver inability in metabolism(6), abnormal function of adrenal gland(11) etc. cause hormonal imbalance resulting in PMS.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple WaySuper foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) A clinician's guide to the premenstrual syndrome. Barnhart KT1, Freeman EW, Sondheimer SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Hormone_imbalance(Wikipedia)
(3) Shifts in dietary carbohydrate-lipid exposure regulate expression of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated gene PNPLA3/adiponutrin in mouse liver and HepG2 human liver cells. Hao L1, Ito K1, Huang KH1, Sae-tan S2, Lambert JD2, Ross AC3.(PubMed)
(4) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A guide for the treating clinician. Elliott H.(PubMed)
(5) Nutritional therapies for mental disorders. Lakhan SE1, Vieira KF.(PubMed)
(6) Nutritional assessment in chronic liver disease(Uptodate)
(7) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A guide for the treating clinician. Elliott H.(PubMed)
(8) The menstrual cycle affects rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome but not healthy volunteers. Houghton LA1, Lea R, Jackson N, Whorwell PJ.(PubMed)
(9) [Study on preparation method of Yueanjian for treatmen of premenstrual syndrome]. [Article in Chinese] Li X1, Gan Y, Zhang H, Qiao M, Hou Z, Guan Z, Liang M.(PubMed)
(10) [Effects of jingqianshu granule on expression of 5-HT(1A)R of PMS model rats with liver-qi stagnation]. [Article in Chinese] Su Y1, Xue L.(PubMed)
(11) Adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in patients with premenstrual syndrome. Lombardi I, Luisi S, Quirici B, Monteleone P, Bernardi F, Liut M, Casarosa E, Palumbo M, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR.(PubMed)
(12) [Effects of jingqianshu granule on expression of 5-HT(1A)R of PMS model rats with liver-qi stagnation]. [Article in Chinese] Su Y1, Xue L.(PubMed)
(13) Thyroid axis function during the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome. Girdler SS1, Pedersen CA, Light KC.(PubMed)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
The Causes
1. Unhealthy diet(1)
Unhealthy diet with over consumption of saturated fat, trans fat, artificial, caffeine, etc and under consumption of fiber, vital vitamins and minerals promoted over production of bad estrogen(2) and weakened liver function in carbohydrate synthesis and fat and protein metabolism(3) to cause PMS.
2. digestive disorder
Strong digestive system is important to provide vital nutrients for our body in regulating its normal function(7). Unfortunately, it is unknown that women with PMS are found to have digestive disorder(8) before menstruation
3. Vitamins and Minerals deficiency(4)
Vitamins and minerals are important for regulating the hormone production in our body, especially for women during menstrual cycle. Deficiency of vitamins and minerals causes nervous disorder(5), liver malfunction(6) and hormone imbalance(7) resulting in PMS(7).
4. Sluggish liver
For what ever reason, women with PMS are found to have a sluggish liver(9)(10) before menstruation. Since liver is vital in regulating the levels of estrogen through production of cholesterol and fat and protein metabolism(3), sluggish liver causes nervous tension(3) and hormone imbalance(6).
5. Hormonal imbalance
Over production or under production of certain hormones before menstruation as resulting of thyroid malfunction(13), pituitary gland abnormality function(12), liver inability in metabolism(6), abnormal function of adrenal gland(11) etc. cause hormonal imbalance resulting in PMS.
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References
(1) A clinician's guide to the premenstrual syndrome. Barnhart KT1, Freeman EW, Sondheimer SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Hormone_imbalance(Wikipedia)
(3) Shifts in dietary carbohydrate-lipid exposure regulate expression of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated gene PNPLA3/adiponutrin in mouse liver and HepG2 human liver cells. Hao L1, Ito K1, Huang KH1, Sae-tan S2, Lambert JD2, Ross AC3.(PubMed)
(4) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A guide for the treating clinician. Elliott H.(PubMed)
(5) Nutritional therapies for mental disorders. Lakhan SE1, Vieira KF.(PubMed)
(6) Nutritional assessment in chronic liver disease(Uptodate)
(7) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A guide for the treating clinician. Elliott H.(PubMed)
(8) The menstrual cycle affects rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome but not healthy volunteers. Houghton LA1, Lea R, Jackson N, Whorwell PJ.(PubMed)
(9) [Study on preparation method of Yueanjian for treatmen of premenstrual syndrome]. [Article in Chinese] Li X1, Gan Y, Zhang H, Qiao M, Hou Z, Guan Z, Liang M.(PubMed)
(10) [Effects of jingqianshu granule on expression of 5-HT(1A)R of PMS model rats with liver-qi stagnation]. [Article in Chinese] Su Y1, Xue L.(PubMed)
(11) Adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in patients with premenstrual syndrome. Lombardi I, Luisi S, Quirici B, Monteleone P, Bernardi F, Liut M, Casarosa E, Palumbo M, Petraglia F, Genazzani AR.(PubMed)
(12) [Effects of jingqianshu granule on expression of 5-HT(1A)R of PMS model rats with liver-qi stagnation]. [Article in Chinese] Su Y1, Xue L.(PubMed)
(13) Thyroid axis function during the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome. Girdler SS1, Pedersen CA, Light KC.(PubMed)
(
Fruit Salsa with Cinnamon Chips
Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe attribute to Quick and easy family favorites by Vickie and JoAnn
Kiwis, apple, raspberries, and strawberry make up this colorful salsa. It 'll be a treat that guests will not want to miss.....especially when served with homemade cinnamon chips.
2 kiwis, peeled and diced
2 Golden delicious apples. cored, peeled and diced
1/2 Lb. raspberries
16 Oz. pkg. strawberry, bulled and diced
1 c. plus 2 T. sugar and divided
1 T. brown sugar, packed
3 T. strawberry preserves
1 to 2 T. cinnamon
10 (10-inch) flour tortillas, sliced into wedges
butter flavored non-stick vegetable spray
Combined all fruits into a large bowl, mix in 2 tsp. sugar, brown sugar and strawberry preserves. Cover and chill for 15 minutes.
Mix together remaining 1 cup of sugar and cinnamon. Arrange tortilla wedges in a single layer on an ungreased baking sheet; coat chips with butter flavored vegetable spray. Sprinkle with desired amount of cinnamon-sugar.
Bake at 350 degrees for 8 to 10 minutes. Repeat with remaining tortilla wedges, cool 15 minutes. Serve chips with chilled fruit mixture.
Makes 10 to 15 servings
Ashley Connelly, Louisa, VA
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Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe attribute to Quick and easy family favorites by Vickie and JoAnn
Kiwis, apple, raspberries, and strawberry make up this colorful salsa. It 'll be a treat that guests will not want to miss.....especially when served with homemade cinnamon chips.
2 kiwis, peeled and diced
2 Golden delicious apples. cored, peeled and diced
1/2 Lb. raspberries
16 Oz. pkg. strawberry, bulled and diced
1 c. plus 2 T. sugar and divided
1 T. brown sugar, packed
3 T. strawberry preserves
1 to 2 T. cinnamon
10 (10-inch) flour tortillas, sliced into wedges
butter flavored non-stick vegetable spray
Combined all fruits into a large bowl, mix in 2 tsp. sugar, brown sugar and strawberry preserves. Cover and chill for 15 minutes.
Mix together remaining 1 cup of sugar and cinnamon. Arrange tortilla wedges in a single layer on an ungreased baking sheet; coat chips with butter flavored vegetable spray. Sprinkle with desired amount of cinnamon-sugar.
Bake at 350 degrees for 8 to 10 minutes. Repeat with remaining tortilla wedges, cool 15 minutes. Serve chips with chilled fruit mixture.
Makes 10 to 15 servings
Ashley Connelly, Louisa, VA
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Saturday, 22 November 2014
(Preview) Most common diseases of 50 plus - Thyroid Disease - Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome : Preventions, Managements and Treatments
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid gland.
Thyroid disease: Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome is a condition affected individuals with elevated serum thyroid hormone levels and inappropriately normal or elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) usually required no treatment(a). Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome affects approximately 1 in 40,000 live births involved over 100 differently identified mutations.
A. Symptoms
1. Hyperactivity, emotional lability, a below average intelligence quotient, and short stature
Thyroid hormone resistance mutations are associated with a wide variety of symptoms. including hyperactivity, emotional lability, a below average intelligence quotient, and short stature(1).
2. Hyperthyroid symptoms
People with resistance to thyroid hormone may be experience hyperthyroid symptoms, such as sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), increased appetite, nervousness, anxiety and irritability, tremor, etc., if they were born to a mother with Graves' disease and treated with methimazole and iodine(2)(3).
3. Psychiatric disorders
Children born in families with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH)may develop psychiatric symptoms(4).
4. Other symptoms
According to the study by the Northwestern University Medical School, resistance to thyroid hormone can cause, delayed bone maturation, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, and hearing defects, as well as variable features of hyper- and hypothyroidism(5), failure to thrive, growth retardation and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood, and goitre and thyrotoxic cardiac symptoms in adults(5a).
B. Causes
Genetic mutation
Thyroid hormone resistance of genetic mutation, such as THRbeta gene, A317T(7) and E333D(8), MCT8(9) and SECISBP2(9) has showed to effect (9) the thyroid hormone receptor in causation of reduced hormone binding affinity, concentration of free thyroid hormone in the circulation(6).
Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone due to gene mutation may also affect the movement of ions and enzyme involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones, according to the University of Chicago. In rare case, patients may also explicit impaired thyroid hormone production involved two rare congenital disorders, such as lingual ectopy of the thyroid gland and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH)(10).
B.2. Risk factors
1. Dominant inheritance
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an inherited syndrome of reduced tissue in response to production of thyroid hormone due to effect of mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR beta) gene in induced impairment of T3-mediated function( (11). Gene R243W mutation in thyroid hormone receptor β in father, without showing any symptom but not the mother, was also detected in the offspring(12).
2. Graves' disease
In thyroid hormone receptor β mutations, usually inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern may also present in baby with hyperthyroid symptoms born to a mother with Graves' disease and treated with methimazole and iodine(12).
3. Minor alterations at the DNA level
Mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta gene is found to be associated with 122 different mutations of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), in induction of minor alterations at the DNA level, according to the study by the Stoke Mandeville Hospital(13).
C. Complications and diseases associated to Thyroid hormone resistance
C.1. Complications
1. Growth retardation/short stature and skeletal dysplasia
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) has shown to responsible for growth retardation/short stature, skeletal dysplasia, constipation, and defective thyroid receptor α (TRα) in children(14).
2. Hyperthyroxinemia
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an uncommon inherited cause of hyperthyroxinemia due to inappropriate secretion of TSH, according to the study by the University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom(15).
3. Cardiovascular risk
Patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) are shown to be associated with arterial stiffness and elevated LDL-cholesterol levels, the causation of increased cardiovascular risk(16).
C.2. Diseases associated to Thyroid hormone resistance
1. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)
Thyroid hormone resistance patients may be at increased risk to develop thyroid cancer(17), including papillary thyroid carcinoma(19).
2. A pituitary tumor
Inappropriate TSH secretion of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) may have an inclination for the development of pituitary hyperplasia and adenoma(18).
3. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
High-dose thyroid hormone replacement in treatment of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) may induce ameliorated the features of hypothyroidism but decreased number of circulating platelets (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP))(20).
4. Postpartum thyroiditis
Although it is rare, woman affected by resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) caused by mutation V283A in THRB genes, may also experience to postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) after pregnancies(21).
5. Chronic thyroiditis
Coincidence of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and chronic thyroiditis is rare, but it can occur in patients with RTH, according to a report of the five-year medical history of a Japanese woman and her father with RTH (22).
D. Misdiagnosis and Diagnosis
D.1. Misdiagnosis
1. Hyperthyroidism
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) in some incidences may be initially misdiagnosed as hyperthyroidism(23).
2. Falsely diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of RTH vs. TSHoma is sometimes difficult and challenging as both syndromes show similarity of inappropriate secretion of TSH(SITSH).(25).
3. Coexistence of mutation genes
Coexistence gene mutations, such as of THRB and TBG in the same individual may complicate the interpretation of thyroid function tests because of different genetic defects in affecting thyroid function(26).
4. Grave's disease
RTH is often misdiagnosed as Graves' disease. Gene mutation differentiation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta may reduce risk of misdiagnosis(27).
D.2. Diagnosis
If you are experience certain symptoms of the above and your doctor suspects that you have developed abnormal thyroid function, after recording the past and present history and completing a physical exam, the tests may include
1. Urinary test
The aim of the test is to analyze the cortisol metabolites in urine. The alternation of both quantitatively and qualitatively have been found to be associated to thyroid dysfunction. The abnormal ratio of the urinary concentrations of cortisol metabolites appears to be a good marker for peripheral thyroid hormone resistance, according to Showa University(28).
2. Blood test
Unfortunately, the blood test results of the disorder can also be found in other disorders such as TSH-oma (pituitary adenoma), making the differential diagnosis of RTH vs. TSH-oma sometimes difficult and challenging(29).
3. Identifying a mutation of the thyroid receptor
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare condition usually diagnosed in patients with classic thyroid function tests (TFTs) of elevated thyroid hormone levels with nonsuppressed TSH. Gene mutation diagnosis is always necessary for correct differentiation(30).
E. Treatments
Table. Suggested therapeutic approaches for resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) patients.
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will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8475937
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622209
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905724
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151830
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870171
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594618
(5a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9350446
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622209
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19227423
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177139
(9) http://www.bprcem.com/article/S1521-690X%2807%2900026-7/abstract
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053391
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8954015
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905724
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132274
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940126
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7998483
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803680
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553855
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327621
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23457315
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382302
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134553
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723809
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16445164
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673200
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214067
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633200
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151830
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257864
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214067
(30) http://www.bprcem.com/article/S1521-690X%2807%2900026-7/abstract
(31) http://www.hotthyroidology.com/editorial_79.html
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid gland.
Thyroid disease: Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome
Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome is a condition affected individuals with elevated serum thyroid hormone levels and inappropriately normal or elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) usually required no treatment(a). Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome affects approximately 1 in 40,000 live births involved over 100 differently identified mutations.
A. Symptoms
1. Hyperactivity, emotional lability, a below average intelligence quotient, and short stature
Thyroid hormone resistance mutations are associated with a wide variety of symptoms. including hyperactivity, emotional lability, a below average intelligence quotient, and short stature(1).
2. Hyperthyroid symptoms
People with resistance to thyroid hormone may be experience hyperthyroid symptoms, such as sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), increased appetite, nervousness, anxiety and irritability, tremor, etc., if they were born to a mother with Graves' disease and treated with methimazole and iodine(2)(3).
3. Psychiatric disorders
Children born in families with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH)may develop psychiatric symptoms(4).
4. Other symptoms
According to the study by the Northwestern University Medical School, resistance to thyroid hormone can cause, delayed bone maturation, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, and hearing defects, as well as variable features of hyper- and hypothyroidism(5), failure to thrive, growth retardation and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood, and goitre and thyrotoxic cardiac symptoms in adults(5a).
B. Causes
Genetic mutation
Thyroid hormone resistance of genetic mutation, such as THRbeta gene, A317T(7) and E333D(8), MCT8(9) and SECISBP2(9) has showed to effect (9) the thyroid hormone receptor in causation of reduced hormone binding affinity, concentration of free thyroid hormone in the circulation(6).
Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone due to gene mutation may also affect the movement of ions and enzyme involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones, according to the University of Chicago. In rare case, patients may also explicit impaired thyroid hormone production involved two rare congenital disorders, such as lingual ectopy of the thyroid gland and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH)(10).
B.2. Risk factors
1. Dominant inheritance
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an inherited syndrome of reduced tissue in response to production of thyroid hormone due to effect of mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR beta) gene in induced impairment of T3-mediated function( (11). Gene R243W mutation in thyroid hormone receptor β in father, without showing any symptom but not the mother, was also detected in the offspring(12).
2. Graves' disease
In thyroid hormone receptor β mutations, usually inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern may also present in baby with hyperthyroid symptoms born to a mother with Graves' disease and treated with methimazole and iodine(12).
3. Minor alterations at the DNA level
Mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta gene is found to be associated with 122 different mutations of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), in induction of minor alterations at the DNA level, according to the study by the Stoke Mandeville Hospital(13).
C. Complications and diseases associated to Thyroid hormone resistance
C.1. Complications
1. Growth retardation/short stature and skeletal dysplasia
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) has shown to responsible for growth retardation/short stature, skeletal dysplasia, constipation, and defective thyroid receptor α (TRα) in children(14).
2. Hyperthyroxinemia
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an uncommon inherited cause of hyperthyroxinemia due to inappropriate secretion of TSH, according to the study by the University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom(15).
3. Cardiovascular risk
Patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) are shown to be associated with arterial stiffness and elevated LDL-cholesterol levels, the causation of increased cardiovascular risk(16).
C.2. Diseases associated to Thyroid hormone resistance
1. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)
Thyroid hormone resistance patients may be at increased risk to develop thyroid cancer(17), including papillary thyroid carcinoma(19).
2. A pituitary tumor
Inappropriate TSH secretion of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) may have an inclination for the development of pituitary hyperplasia and adenoma(18).
3. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
High-dose thyroid hormone replacement in treatment of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) may induce ameliorated the features of hypothyroidism but decreased number of circulating platelets (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP))(20).
4. Postpartum thyroiditis
Although it is rare, woman affected by resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) caused by mutation V283A in THRB genes, may also experience to postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) after pregnancies(21).
5. Chronic thyroiditis
Coincidence of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) and chronic thyroiditis is rare, but it can occur in patients with RTH, according to a report of the five-year medical history of a Japanese woman and her father with RTH (22).
D. Misdiagnosis and Diagnosis
D.1. Misdiagnosis
1. Hyperthyroidism
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) in some incidences may be initially misdiagnosed as hyperthyroidism(23).
2. Falsely diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of RTH vs. TSHoma is sometimes difficult and challenging as both syndromes show similarity of inappropriate secretion of TSH(SITSH).(25).
3. Coexistence of mutation genes
Coexistence gene mutations, such as of THRB and TBG in the same individual may complicate the interpretation of thyroid function tests because of different genetic defects in affecting thyroid function(26).
4. Grave's disease
RTH is often misdiagnosed as Graves' disease. Gene mutation differentiation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta may reduce risk of misdiagnosis(27).
D.2. Diagnosis
If you are experience certain symptoms of the above and your doctor suspects that you have developed abnormal thyroid function, after recording the past and present history and completing a physical exam, the tests may include
1. Urinary test
The aim of the test is to analyze the cortisol metabolites in urine. The alternation of both quantitatively and qualitatively have been found to be associated to thyroid dysfunction. The abnormal ratio of the urinary concentrations of cortisol metabolites appears to be a good marker for peripheral thyroid hormone resistance, according to Showa University(28).
2. Blood test
Unfortunately, the blood test results of the disorder can also be found in other disorders such as TSH-oma (pituitary adenoma), making the differential diagnosis of RTH vs. TSH-oma sometimes difficult and challenging(29).
3. Identifying a mutation of the thyroid receptor
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare condition usually diagnosed in patients with classic thyroid function tests (TFTs) of elevated thyroid hormone levels with nonsuppressed TSH. Gene mutation diagnosis is always necessary for correct differentiation(30).
E. Treatments
Table. Suggested therapeutic approaches for resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) patients.
| ___________________________________________________________________ | |
| Drugs | Untoward effects and limitations |
| ___________________________________________________________________ | |
| TRIAC | Effective in almost all patients |
| D-T4 | Effective in almost all patients |
| T3 | Production of daily peaks of very high T3 concentrations, which |
| contribute to maintain clinical hyperthyroidism | |
Bromocriptine | Transient effect owing to TSH escape from inhibition |
| Sms analog | Transient effect owing to TSH escape from inhibition |
| Corticosteroid | Cause of severe inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and cushingoid features |
| Antithyroid drugs | Cause of further increase in TSH circulating level with consequent increase of goiter size and to hyperplasia at pituitary thyrotroph level |
| b-blockers | Effects limited to b-adrenergic blockade.
Propranolol inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, causing a
worsening of tissue hypometabolic state. Cardiac selective compounds,
such as atenolol devoid of effect on peripheral T4 conversion, appear to
be more useful(31). |
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8475937
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622209
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905724
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151830
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870171
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594618
(5a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9350446
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622209
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19227423
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177139
(9) http://www.bprcem.com/article/S1521-690X%2807%2900026-7/abstract
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053391
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8954015
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905724
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132274
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940126
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7998483
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803680
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553855
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327621
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23457315
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382302
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134553
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723809
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16445164
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673200
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214067
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633200
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151830
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8257864
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214067
(30) http://www.bprcem.com/article/S1521-690X%2807%2900026-7/abstract
(31) http://www.hotthyroidology.com/editorial_79.html
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